guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

Transcription

1 guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

2 Government of Catalonia Department of the Environment and Housing Waste Agency of Catalonia November 2008 Study carried out by: Urban Ecology Agency of Barcelona and Waste Agency of Catalonia Translation from Catalan into English and revision of hyperlinks, March 2013 Translation: t&s Traducciones y Tratamiento de la Documentación, S.L. Design: Noema Consulting

3 guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

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5 1 Contents

6 page 4 1 Contents 1. Contents 3 2. Introduction 9 3. How the guide is set up Waste prevention Definition of prevention Basic terminology Benefits of prevention Local waste prevention instruments Regulatory framework governing prevention Analysis of the management of waste in regard to prevention Characterisation of waste streams Analysis of the composition of municipal waste Waste generation forecasting Understanding waste generation processes Assessment of the economic and environmental costs of waste management Economic costs Environmental costs Determining the levels of awareness and expectations of the public and local economic agents Review of regulatory and planning targets Assessing the impact of waste prevention 39

7 page 5 6. Drawing up the plan Aspects to consider when designing the plan Defining the scope of the plan Defining the plan's targets Defining qualitative targets Defining quantitative targets Defining general waste prevention indicators Defining the strategic lines of action Strategies Linking to crosscutting strategies Additional measures Waste management measures affecting waste prevention strategies Timetable Assessment of consistency between measures and their long-term impact Monitoring instruments and assessing progress Types of monitoring action Contents of monitoring reports Proposed contents of a local waste prevention plan 65 guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

8 page 6 7. Annex Information sheets for the analysis 68 D1. Composition of waste in Catalonia 68 D2. Procedure for calculating the standard bag 70 D3. Procedure for calculating the net cost 75 D4. Environmental impacts of waste management 78 D5. Methods for analysing agents' awareness Information sheets on waste prevention measures 81 A1. Encouraging home composting 81 A2. Encouraging community composting 83 A3. Encouraging the use of the aerated bin to collect the OFMSW 84 A4. Promoting measures to combat food wastage. Responsible purchasing and consumption of foodstuffs 86 A5. Regulations on advertising materials and/or free newspapers 88 A6. Promoting the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information 89 A7. Encouraging the reuse of textbooks and other books 91 A8. Encouraging the public to drink tap water 93 A9. Promoting the supply of and demand for products with less packaging and products sold in bulk 95 A10. Promoting the replacement of disposable bags with reusable bags 97 A11. Promoting the use of less packaging (secondary and tertiary) 99 A12. Promotion of reusable glass containers 100 A13. Fostering the reuse of clothing 102 A14. Promoting the use of reusable nappies 104 A15. Fostering the reuse of goods and products 106

9 page 7 A16. Fostering the repair of goods and products 109 A17. Promoting the supply of and demand for goods and products which generate less waste 111 A18. Fostering the consumption of non-material goods and services 113 A19. Promoting networks and rental points for shared items 114 A20. Greening government and environmentally friendly public procurement 117 A21. Promoting good environmental practices during public events and festivities 120 A22. Awards for waste prevention initiatives 122 A23. Taxes linked to the generation of waste Information sheets for instruments 129 E/CI. Educational and communication instruments 129 EI. Economic instruments 130 OI. Organisational instruments 131 RI. Regulatory instruments 132 guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

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11 2 Introduction

12 page 10 2 Introduction The purpose of this guide is to develop one of the tools contained in the new PROGREMIC Sub-programme for Waste Prevention, providing information on how to prepare local waste prevention plans. The amount of waste generated by each inhabitant of the more developed countries is one indicator of the total amount of resources they consume. The more waste we generate, the clearer it is that our production and consumption model is unsustainable. The quantity of municipal waste generated in Europe is constantly growing, with each inhabitant of large cities now generating over 600 kg a year ( '-100 kg' campaign, ACR+). The volume of municipal waste generated in Catalonia is high (4,311,370 tonnes in 2007), but the trend has flattened somewhat, with the waste generated per person remaining stable throughout 2005, 2006 and 2007 at 1.64 kg per day. There has been a significant increase in recent years in the volumes of certain traditionally minority waste fractions generated in Catalonia, some of which have virtually doubled in absolute terms. These include textiles, furniture, electrical and electronic equipment and building rubble. This increase is partly due to the launch of selective collection initiatives which have made these materials easier to identify and measure, but also due to the consumption of new services and products (such as new consumer electronics) and the high rate at which such goods are replaced in response to fashion or new technologies, rapid obsolescence (e.g. computers) and the fact that many are impossible or too costly to repair. Other fractions which continue to increase are packaging (especially in terms of volume) and paper (mainly advertising materials and the growth of free newspapers). The current production and consumption model impacts on the environment in a number of ways. Most notably, the consumption of products (including production, transport and distribution) is responsible for around 50% of the emissions that contribute to climate change. A further issue is the social impact of the clearly inequitable manner in which resources are distributed globally. New collection and treatment infrastructures also have to be developed to keep up with the increasing quantities of waste that must be managed, representing a major burden on public finances and generating their own environmental impacts. Reducing the amount of waste produced in the first place requires major changes in how waste is managed and demands a major commitment from all involved: governments, companies, businesses, associations, public authorities, etc. Local government bodies are key actors in the planning and management of waste. Municipal authorities must act as facilitators, encouraging concerted action by all the agents involved at their respective levels, in a spirit of continuous improvement. If waste reduction targets are to be met, it will be necessary to plan and implement a medium- and long-term strategy that will ensure all agents are involved and aware. This strategy will be implemented via the development of local municipal waste prevention plans.

13 page 11 Local (or supra-local) planning will provide continuity and a framework for the individual measures being implemented, incorporating them into a global strategy that will: Ensure a more coherent management of municipal waste in accordance with regulatory structures. Improve levels of leadership and agreement. Make more effective use of resources (cost-benefit). Increase the levels of commitment and coordination of all those involved. Raise awareness and levels of involvement. Ensure the measures implemented are more effective and help prevent more waste. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

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15 3 How the guide is set up

16 page 14 3 How the guide is set up The guide provides detailed information on the methodology and steps involved in the preparation of the most thorough and complete waste prevention plans. Although this is a complex task, it is possible to simplify the contents of each section of the plan to reflect the resources, knowledge and needs of each local authority. The purpose of this guide is to develop consistent local waste prevention strategies that local bodies will be willing to implement. The guide contains four sections: An introduction to waste prevention. The methodology proposed for preparing an analysis of how waste is managed prior to drawing up a prevention plan. The methodology for drafting a strategy plan and all the tasks involved: scope, objectives, timetable, etc. A set of explanatory documents, including: Examples of waste management studies. Measures that can be implemented to prevent waste. Tools that may be used to help implement such measures.

17 4 Waste prevention

18 page 16 4 Waste prevention 4.1. Definition of prevention PROGREMIC defines waste prevention as the measures taken before a substance, material or product becomes waste and which reduce: The quantity of waste (including reusing and extending the useful life of products). The negative impacts of the waste generated on public health and the environment. The hazardous substances contained in materials and products. > FIGURE 1. Types of waste prevention Quantitative prevention Types of waste prevention Qualitative prevention For the purposes of this guide, preventing municipal waste refers to: Reducing the quantity (by weight or volume) and the hazardousness of the municipal waste generated. Prevention includes: Preventing the production of waste at source. Reducing the quantity and/or hazardousness of the waste. Reusing products (including individual and community composting schemes). In general, there are four types of measures to encourage prevention: > Measures to promote environmentally responsible production by businesses and traders: business plans to prevent waste, reducing the production of advertising materials, magazines and press, the organisation of eco-friendly events, etc. Reducing the quantity of waste generated (weight, volume, number of units) Reducing the quantity of hazardous or polluting substances contained in products and waste > Measures to promote responsible purchasing: promoting intangible consumption and long-lasting products, reducing the amount of packaging used at the point of sale, rules on the distribution of unaddressed advertising material, promoting ecolabelling, green clauses in public procurement contracts, etc. > Measures to promote the responsible use of products: training in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT), promoting reusable products, measures to encourage repairing products, second-hand exchanges, etc. > Measures to prevent waste entering the collection circuits: reuse and household composting.

19 page Basic terminology The key terminology 1 used in relation to waste prevention is defined below: > Bulky municipal waste (BMW): waste which puts a strain on ordinary municipal waste systems due to its large dimensions. > Characterisation of waste: determining the type, composition, weight and/or volume and proportion of the various components of a sample of waste. > Community composting: composting technique for organic garden and food waste generated by the occupants of a number of households and carried out at a central point shared by the users. > Compost: the organic, clean and partially stable product resulting from the composting process, which can be used to improve soil and help plants to grow. > Compostable: material which can be composted. > Compostable bags: bags made of a biodegradable raw material that breaks down in the composting process. > Composter: small container in which organic matter is deposited in order to produce compost. > Composting: aerobic microbiological transformation process of organic waste into compost under controlled conditions. > Deposit-refund system (DRS): management model, generally applied to packaging, whereby the packager implements a system to physically recover the packaging from the market in order to reuse it (DRS reuse) or recover the materials (DRS materials recovery (mr)). To ensure packaging is returned, the packager charges the customer a deposit which is repaid when the packaging is returned. This process may occur throughout the distribution and sales chain right through to the end consumer. > Environmental impact: alterations to the original state of the environment as a result of human activity. > Household composting: composting technique (e.g. using self-composters) for organic garden and food waste generated by the occupants of a single household and carried out on site. > Inappropriate waste: items found within a certain fraction of selectively collected municipal waste which are not listed as acceptable. > Inorganic fraction (IFMSW - inorganic fraction of municipal solid waste): refers only to the dry fraction of municipal waste. > Intangible consumption: consumption which is not based on material goods, primarily consumption of services. > Large-scale producer: company or institution which, because of its nature, generates a large quantity of a certain fraction, justifying the use of specific collection measures. 1 Based on the terminology used in the PROGREMIC guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

20 page 18 > Light packaging: packaging which has a low weight/volume ratio. This mainly refers to plastic bottles and jars, plastic film, tins and aseptic cartons or laminated cardboard for liquids. > Non-segregated fraction: the municipal waste remaining after selective waste collection has been carried out, which may still contain recoverable materials. > Organic fraction (OFMSW - organic fraction of municipal solid waste): principally biodegradable food waste (vegetables, fruit, shells, peel, meat, fish, grains, etc.) and plant waste (gardening and pruning waste). > Packaging and packaging waste (PPW): products manufactured in any material used to contain, protect, distribute or present merchandise, from raw materials to finished goods, at any stage in the manufacturing, distribution and consumption chain. All single-use items used for this purpose are also defined as packaging. This definition includes only primary or sales packaging (in contact with the product), secondary or grouped packaging (contains a number of sales units) and tertiary or transit packaging (used to group secondary packaging together). Packaging used and consumed exclusively in industry, businesses, services or farms and therefore not commonly used or consumed in private households is defined as industrial or commercial packaging. Packaging waste is all the packaging or packaging material that the owner disposes of or is required to do so under current legislation. > Plant fraction (PF): biodegradable municipal plant waste from gardening and pruning. > Preparation for reuse: includes measures to check, clean and repair items to be recovered, preparing a discarded product or its components so that it can be reused with no other process being necessary. > Prevention: measures taken prior to a substance, material or product being discarded as waste in order to reduce: The quantity of waste (including reusing and extending the useful life of products). The negative impacts of the waste generated on public health or the environment. The hazardous substances contained in materials and products. > Recycling: recovering waste by using the materials in the manufacture of the same product or a new product. > Reduction at source: with respect to municipal waste, this refers to reducing the volume or hazardousness of waste through the responsible consumption of products that generate less waste and reusable products. > Responsible consumption: buying patterns that reflect attitudes moving away from unthinking mass consumption in favour of acquiring more ethical goods based on real needs and which are not unduly influenced by advertising. In the context of preventing waste, this means consuming goods that generate less waste. > Reuse: any action whereby a product or its components are not discarded but reused for the same purpose for which they were originally designed.

21 page 19 > Selective collection: separation and classification of waste to facilitate recovery and appropriate management. > Self-composting: composting at source of organic garden and food waste. This includes both home and community composting. > Separation at source: separation of different waste fractions into different containers at the time and place where they are generated in order to facilitate their collection and subsequent recovery. > Unique waste generator: activity which produces one or more waste fractions which, due to its specific nature, its location, or the quantity or quality of the waste generated, may benefit from specific management to improve recovery levels. > Waste collection centre: centre for receiving and storing municipal waste which is not eligible for household collection, to ensure it can be correctly recovered or managed. These facilities may be used by private householders and small businesses in accordance with municipal rules. > Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): electrical and electronic equipment, its materials, consumables and subunits thereof, from both private households and professional uses, from the moment they become waste. > Waste generation: amount of waste produced in a specific geographical area Benefits of prevention > Saving natural resources and energy, especially in production processes. > Reducing environmental impacts associated with the processes of producing goods (emissions, water and soil contamination, etc.) and with waste management activities (collection, treatment and final disposal). > Reducing the costs associated with waste management activities (collection, transport, treatment and final disposal). There are major economic benefits to reducing waste at source, as investing in prevention could have a notable impact in the medium and long term on spending on waste management. Measures to prevent waste at source could also generate jobs, e- specially locally (in the fields of communications, repair and reuse, etc.). > Compliance with legal requirements: there is a growing body of legislation governing waste management which establishes general and specific targets on prevention (the EU's strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste, legislation on packaging, electrical and electronic equipment, etc.) and a waste management framework that prioritises prevention at source. For a number of years now this has meant that prevention must be a key priority of waste management planning. > Waste management: all activities involved, including collection, transport, storage, recovery, treatment and disposal of waste. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

22 page Local waste prevention instruments A number of instruments must be used together to achieve the best results in terms of waste prevention: technical, organisational, regulatory and economic mechanisms and tools for communication and participation, as shown in figures 2 and 3. These management tools must be directed at the various agents involved in prevention: producers, consumers, social agents, government bodies, etc. > FIGURE 2. Instruments and agents involved in prevention Manufacturers Suppliers Distributors These tools are less effective if used independently of each other. Conversely, if they are developed in parallel and with the participation of all the agents involved, the synergies produced lead to improved results. The involvement of all the agents is therefore necessary in order to bring together as many prevention instruments, and as many types of prevention instrument, as possible. Retailers Citizens Associations Supralocal authorities Local authorities { Technical instruments Organisational instruments Regulatory instruments Economic instruments Educational and communication instruments {

23 page 21 > FIGURE 3. Local prevention instruments Environmentally friendly procurement Best practices in municipal buildings Organisation of public events Use of self-composters, food banks Best available technology (BAT) Ecodesign Business plans for prevention These include measures aimed at reducing the consumption of natural resources, minimising toxic substances contained in waste and reducing the quantity of final waste. Technical Environmental taxes: taxes linked to the generation of waste (pay-per-bag, -tag, -bin, etc.). Tax exemptions and rebates for implementing prevention measures Deposit systems Subsidies Designed to change the behaviour of the agents involved through financial rewards and penalties. Economic Local prevention instruments Educational and communication Designed to change the behaviour of the agents involved through providing information on the environmental impacts associated with the generation of waste, the benefits of prevention and the measures which can be taken. Communication campaigns Courses, conferences, workshops and seminars Guides and manuals Press releases and articles Exhibitions Regulatory Designed to change the behaviour of the agents involved through the approval and application of local regulations on measures to prevent waste. Organisational Designed to establish an organisational system to coordinate the various agents, institutions and processes involved in prevention. Municipal ordinances on municipal waste prevention Specific ordinances on the use of reusable crockery at local events, household composting, banning the distribution of letterbox advertising materials, etc. Collaboration agreements Voluntary agreements Steering committees Working groups guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

24 page Regulatory framework governing prevention Since the early 1990s the regulatory framework has developed to the point where prevention is now the top priority in many rules on waste management, some of which even set specific quantitative targets. > TABLE 1. Regulations on prevention GENERAL SIXTH EU ENVIRONMENT ACTION PROGRAMME Target to reduce total urban waste generated by 20% by EUROPEAN STRATEGY ON THE PREVENTION AND RECYCLING OF WASTE This strategy aims to help Europe become a recycling society that seeks to avoid waste and uses waste as a resource. The main objectives of the Community legislation preceding the adoption of this strategy still apply, namely limiting waste, and promoting the reuse, recycling and recovery of waste. To achieve these aims, the strategy includes updating the existing regulatory framework, adding a life-cycle analysis approach to the policy and clarifying, simplifying and removing overlap in EU waste policy. This will help resolve existing problems in applying EU policy and move Europe in the direction of an environmentally efficient recycling economy. DIRECTIVE 2006/12/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL OF 5 APRIL 2006 ON WASTE The Directive requires Member States to take appropriate measures to encourage, first, the prevention or reduction of waste production by: the development of clean technologies more sparing in their use of natural resources; the technical development and marketing of products designed so as to make no contribution or to make the smallest possible contribution, by the nature of their manufacture, use or disposal, to increasing the amount or harmfulness of waste and pollution hazards; the development of appropriate techniques for the final disposal of dangerous substances contained in waste destined for recovery; second: the recovery of waste by means of recycling, reuse or reclamation or any other process with a view to extracting secondary raw materials; or the use of waste as a source of energy. Regulation Sixth EU Environment Action Programme COM(2005)666 Directive 2006/12/EC of 5 April 2006 on waste Scope EUROPE EUROPE EUROPE

25 page 23 DIRECTIVE 2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL ON WASTE (in approval process) The Directive, which is currently being approved, lays down measures to protect the environment and human health by preventing or reducing the adverse impacts of the generation and management of waste and by reducing overall impacts of resource use and improving the efficiency of such use. It broadens the definitions contained in previous Directives including those on reuse and preparation for reuse, selective collection, and biowaste. The waste hierarchy is defined as follows: a) prevention b) preparing for reuse c) recycling d) other recovery, e.g. energy recovery (for which a specific formula is defined) (e) disposal The Directive also defines when a substance or object is considered to be a by-product and when waste ceases to be waste. It also contains some general requirements on extended producer responsibility. With regard to prevention, the Directive requires by the end of 2011 the formulation of a product ecodesign policy and an action plan for further support measures at European level seeking to change current consumption patterns. It also calls for the setting by the end of 2014 of waste prevention objectives for The Member States must approve Prevention Programmes with specific targets and indicators. Regulation 2008 Directive on waste (in approval process) Scope EUROPE NATIONAL URBAN WASTE PLAN The plan sets the following targets concerning prevention: To reduce the generation of urban waste, expressed as tonnes of waste per resident, by almost 6% a year, with the target of maintaining the total amount of waste produced in 2002 at the same level as in the benchmark year, 1996 (January 1997), despite population growth in the period. To reduce the weight of packaging waste by 10% by 30 June 2001, as set out in Article 5c of Law 11/97 on packaging and packaging waste. The following targets for the reuse of packaging were set for 2004, to be reviewed at that date in the light of the practical results achieved and European Union averages: National Urban Waste Plan SPAIN guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

26 page 24 Regulation Scope % Average In HORECA* channels Bottled water Soft drinks Beer (by volume) Wine** *HORECA: hotels, restaurants and catering **Table wine, excluding wines with Designation of Origin classification and similar. Reusable packaging is defined as packaging which has been reused at least 10 times. LAW 6/1993, REGULATING WASTE Law 6/1993, of 15 July, modified by Law 15/2003, of 13 June, regulating waste, established the following with respect to waste prevention: Art. 6. General programme. The Government of Catalonia shall prepare a programme to coordinate the joint actions required to promote: a) The prevention and minimisation of waste and its hazardousness. b) The reuse of waste. Art. 7. Measures to reduce waste. The Government must encourage: a) The use of technologies that help reduce waste or the dispersal thereof and to save natural resources. b) The manufacture, sale and use of products that can be reused or whose materials can be recovered as byproducts or raw materials. c) The use of appropriate technologies for treating the hazardous substances or materials contained in waste. Measures may also be established to reduce the generation of waste and its hazardousness through the use of taxes or charges on the generation and disposal of refuse, among others. Priority is given to measures targeted at packaging. Law 9/2008 introduced the following changes to Law 6/1993: A new waste hierarchy was established (reducing the generation of waste, reuse, selective collection, recycling and other forms of material recovery, energy recovery and disposal of refuse). Law 6/1993, of 15 July, modified by Law 15/2003, of 13 June, regulating waste, and by Law 9/2008 CATALONIA

27 page 25 Regulation Scope PREVENTION OF PACKAGING WASTE The aim of the Directive is to harmonise national measures on managing packaging and packaging waste to prevent or reduce its impact on the environment. The measures established prioritise preventing the generation of packaging waste and then, in line with other basic principles, reusing packaging, recycling and other measures. Prevention: The Member States must implement prevention measures in line with the targets set out in the Directive, which must include: National programmes. Projects to introduce producer responsibility to minimise the environmental impact of packaging. Similar actions adopted, if appropriate in consultation with economic operators, and designed to bring together and take advantage of the many initiatives taken within Member States as regards prevention. The Commission shall help to promote prevention by encouraging the development of suitable European standards which aim to minimise the environmental impact of packaging. The Commission shall, as appropriate, present proposals for measures to strengthen and complement the enforcement of the essential requirements and to ensure that new packaging is put on the market only if the producer has taken all necessary measures to minimise its environmental impact without compromising the essential functions of the packaging. Reuse: In accordance with the Treaty, the Member States must encourage systems for reusing packaging without damaging the environment. Levels of heavy metals in packaging The Directive establishes upper limits on the sum of the concentration levels of lead, cadmium, mercury and hexavalent chromium in packaging and its components. In order to meet these targets, Member States are authorised to establish stricter limits than those set in the Directive, provided these measures do not distort domestic markets or impede other Member States' compliance with the Directive. Law 11/1997 established a target of reducing all packaging waste generated by 10% before 30 June Those responsible for marketing packaged products or industrial or commercial packaging which after use generate quantities of packaging waste greater than the limits established by the Spanish Government or, if appropriate, by the Autonomous Communities, are required to prepare business plans for minimising and preventing the generation of waste at source and the hazardousness of the packaging waste generated. These prevention plans must be approved by the Autonomous Communities in accordance with current regulations. Directive 2004/12/EC, of 11 February 2004, modifying: Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste, transposed into Spanish law by: Law 11/1997, of 24 April, on packaging and packaging waste Royal Decree 252/2006, of 3 March, revising the recycling and recovery targets established in Law 11/1997 EUROPE SPAIN guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

28 page 26 Regulation Scope PREVENTION OF WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT: Applicable from 13 August 2005: Producers are responsible for managing the disposal of waste equipment. They may take sole responsibility or as part of one or a range of management systems. Users may return equipment to the retailer provided they buy another item with the same features or uses. Producers and distributors will agree on how to handle these items. Producers must establish collection systems when the equipment is not collected from private individuals. They may reach agreements with local authorities to handle the items at no cost to the latter. Producers (via distributors or municipal facilities) must ensure there is a system for collecting and handling equipment and will be responsible for the cost thereof. Municipalities with over 5,000 inhabitants must establish selective collection systems for these items. Those with fewer inhabitants will be covered by regulations established by the Autonomous Community. The individual producers and the integrated management systems (IMS) that they set up must assume the cost of selective collection from the collection point. They may sign agreements with local authorities under which the latter will assume any additional costs. Equipment must be labelled. Applicable from 1 July 2006: Measures to prevent waste in the design and manufacturing of products and restrictions on the use of certain hazardous substances. Design to facilitate dismantling, repair, reuse, and recycling. Target for prior to 31 December 2006: Selective collection: 4 kg/inhabitant/year (private individuals). Large electrical appliances and vending machines: recovery of 80% of total weight; recycling or reuse of 75% of each component, material or substance. IT and telecommunications equipment and consumer electronics: recovery of 75% of total weight of each item; recycling or reuse of 65% of each component. Small electrical appliances, lighting, electric and electronic tools (except large-scale stationary industrial equip ment), toys: recovery of 70% of total weight of each item; recycling or reuse of 50% of each component. Gas discharge lamps: 80% of components, materials and substances. Items reused in their entirety are not included in the targets until December Directive 2003/108/EC, of 8 December 2003, modifying: Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), transposed to Spanish law by: Royal Decree 208/2005, of 25 February, regarding electrical and electronic equipment and its waste management EUROPE SPAIN

29 page 27 PREVENTION OF WASTE FROM END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES Producers are required to meet all or a significant part of the management and cost of systems for the collection, treatment and recovery of end-of life vehicles. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that economic operators set up systems for the collection of all end-of life vehicles and, as far as technically feasible, of waste used parts, to guarantee the availability of collection facilities within their territory, and to ensure that the last holder and/or owner can deliver the end-of life vehicle to an authorised treatment facility without any cost. Prevention: In order to promote the prevention of waste, Member States shall encourage: a) vehicle manufacturers, in liaison with material and equipment manufacturers, to limit the use of hazardous substances in vehicles and to reduce them as far as possible from the conception of the vehicle onwards, so as in particular to prevent their release into the environment, make recycling easier, and avoid the need to dispose of hazardous waste; b) the design and production of new vehicles which take into full account and facilitate the dismantling, reuse and recovery, in particular the recycling, of end-of life vehicles, their components and materials; c) vehicle manufacturers, in liaison with material and equipment manufacturers, to integrate an increasing quantity of recycled material in vehicles and other products, in order to develop the markets for recycled materials. Member States shall ensure that materials and components of vehicles put on the market after 1 July 2003 do not contain lead, mercury, cadmium or hexavalent chromium other than in cases listed in Annex II under the conditions specified therein. The Commission shall on a regular basis, according to technical and scientific progress, issue new directives in respect of issues such as limits on substances and types of material as set out in the Annexes to the Directive. Member States shall take the necessary measures to encourage the reuse of components which are suitable for reuse and the recovery of components which cannot be reused. Objectives: By no later than 1 January 2006, for all end-of life vehicles, reuse and recovery shall be increased to a minimum of 85% by average weight per vehicle and year. By no later than 1 January 2015, for all end-of life vehicles, reuse and recovery shall be increased to a minimum of 95% by average weight per vehicle and year. Regulation Directive 2000/53/EC, of 18 September 2000, on endof-life vehicles Modified by Decision 2002/525/EC, of 27 June Transposed into Spanish law by: Royal Decree 1383/2002, of 20 December, on the management of end-of-life vehicles National Plan for End-of-Life Vehicles ( ) Scope EUROPE SPAIN guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

30 page 28 Regulation Scope PREVENTION OF WASTE FROM BATTERIES AND ACCUMULATORS This legislation is intended to minimise the impact of batteries, accumulators and spent batteries on the environment, thus contributing to the protection, preservation and improvement of the quality of the environment. In order to achieve its environmental targets, the Directive prohibits the sale of certain types of battery and accumulator containing mercury and cadmium. It also requires Member States to achieve a high collection rate for spent batteries and accumulators and to encourage more environmentally friendly behaviour from all operators involved in the life cycle of batteries and accumulators, such as producers, distributors and consumers and especially operators directly involved in the treatment and recycling of waste batteries and accumulators. The Commission should also monitor, and Member States should encourage, technological developments that improve the environmental performance of batteries and accumulators throughout their entire life cycle, including through participation in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS). Batteries or accumulators may not contain more than 0.002% of cadmium or % of mercury by weight, except those used in emergency and alarm systems, medical equipment and wireless equipment. Member States may use economic instruments to promote the collection of waste batteries and accumulators or to promote the use of batteries and accumulators containing less polluting substances, for instance by adopting differential tax rates. If they do so, they shall notify the measures related to the implementation of those instruments to the Commission. Member States shall achieve the following minimum collection rates: a) 25% by 26 September 2012; b) 45% by 26 September COM(2003) 723 C5-0563/ /0282 (COD) EUROPE CONTROLLED LANDFILL SITES The Directive encourages measures aimed at preventing biodegradable waste, including measures on individual and community composting of the organic fraction. Measures should be taken to reduce environmental impacts during the whole life-cycle of the landfill, in particular the production of methane gas from landfills, in order to reduce global warming, through the reduction of the landfill of biodegradable waste and the requirements to introduce landfill gas control. These measures should also encourage the selective collection of biodegradable waste, separation in general, recovery and recycling. Directive 1999/31/EC, of 26 April 1999, on the landfill of waste Transposed into Spanish law by: EUROPE

31 page 29 Regulation Scope Member States were required to set up a strategy by 2001 to achieve these targets: Reduce biodegradable waste going to landfills: years: 75% of the total amount (by weight) of biodegradable municipal waste produced in years: 50% : 35%. Measures to be implemented: recycling, composting, biogas production and materials/energy recovery. Royal Decree 1481/2001, of 27 December 2001, regulating the disposal of waste in landfill sites SPAIN INCINERATION The Directive applies to waste incineration and co-incineration plants (with some exclusions depending on the type of waste treated) and does not contain any specific requirements in regard to waste prevention. It sets strict limits on emissions both for existing plants (from 28 December 2005) and new plants (from 28 December 2002) together with technical requirements on the delivery and reception of waste, operating conditions and the application and granting of permits for such plants. Under Catalan regulations, all municipal waste incineration must produce energy. The Decree enacting the Directive stipulates that 40% of the energy contained in the incinerated waste must be recovered. With regard to prevention, Article 4.1 stipulates that public authorities' waste management programmes must set quantifiable targets for reducing waste and for recovery and must allocate resources to achieve these targets. Article 4.2 states that municipalities that use incineration as a system for treating the remaining fraction must set quantifiable targets for reducing municipal waste and for recovery. Directive 2000/76/EC, of 4 December 2000, on waste incineration Transposed into Spanish law by: Royal Decree 653/2003 on the incineration of waste Court of Justice Decision of 13 February 2003, ref. C-458/00 and C- 228/00 Law 11/2000, of 13 November 2000, regulating the incineration of waste Decree 80/2002, of 19 February 2002, regulating the conditions applicable to the incineration of waste EUROPE SPAIN EUROPE CATALONIA guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

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33 5 Analysis of the management of waste in regard to prevention

34 page 32 5 Analysis of the management of waste in regard to prevention Prior to preparing a local municipal waste prevention plan, it is necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of the current situation with regard to the generation and management of waste which will affect and determine prevention strategies. > FIGURE 4. Composition of waste in Catalonia Source: PROGREMIC See Information Sheet D1 in Annex 7.1 for further details 5.1. Characterisation of waste streams Analysis of the composition of municipal waste Other 27% Organic matter 36% Understanding the waste streams generated in the municipality is the starting point for planning prevention strategies. Figures on the quantities of waste generated and their nature (especially their hazardous or toxic content) will enable the municipality to identify those streams for which it is most important to develop measures. This analysis may be carried out by studying the contents of the standard bag per municipality or, if this is not possible, the average composition for Catalonia may be taken as the starting point. Light packaging 12% Glass 7% Paper and cardboard 18% The Waste Agency of Catalonia is working on updating the contents of the standard bag in Catalonia in order to refine the calculation method and, thus, the statistical representativeness of the results. This will include a breakdown of the typical composition for different types of municipality. The data will therefore be upto-date and can be extrapolated to the different local entities which may be included in the plans. Waste streams are characterised as having a specific weight in accordance with the waste generated in the municipality and a volume based on the materials they contain. The volume occupied by waste is significant for some fractions such as light pack-

35 page 33 aging and some types of bulky waste, as it may affect collection and the associated costs. Certain wastes are toxic or may contain hazardous or polluting substances. Some of the waste collected in the municipality will be separated through selective collection, but a large part will be the non-segregated fraction collected by the general collection services. To gain an understanding of all the waste generated it is therefore necessary to examine both types of collection in order to identify the standard bag for the municipality. For selective collection, this involves determining: The quantities collected through municipal selective collection services (recycling bins, special collections, waste collection centres). As far as possible, waste collected from households should be distinguished from commercial waste. The quantities collected through other channels, such as the collection of clothes or bulky waste by social integration enterprises, ragmen, etc. It must be noted that the fractions collected will include inappropriate waste and therefore the quantities recorded on delivery to the treatment or recycling plant will be the gross quantities of the fraction. For the non-segregated and inorganic fractions of municipal solid waste, this involves determining: The quantities collected by municipal services for the collection of non-segregated waste (or the inorganic fraction of municipal solid waste, IFMSW, according to the Residu Mínim [Minimum Waste] waste management model). As far as possible, waste selectively collected from households should be distinguished from commercial waste. The non-segregated fraction is a mixture of fractions with a specific composition. It is important to understand the composition of this fraction, as it represents the majority of the waste collected, while selective collection only represents a small part of the total collected. See Information Sheet D2 in Annex 7.1 for further details Based on the quantities collected of both the selective and nonsegregated fractions and the composition of the waste in each type of collection, the quantities of each fraction generated can be calculated. The composition of the contents of the standard bag per municipality is obtained by adding these quantities together and will determine the real streams generated. This information will also be used to calculate general waste prevention indicators. When calculating the standard bag, it is important to differentiate as far as possible between household and commercial waste, as they have different features and the preventive measures required need to be specific to each generator. The breakdown of the different fractions found in the standard bag will also ensure information is available on the waste to which prevention strategies may be applied, such as: the organic fraction, pruning waste, light packaging, packaging cardboard, plastic bags, textiles, bulky waste, hazardous waste, etc. For reference see the breakdown of the fractions in the standard bag for Catalonia in Information Sheet D1 in Annex 7.1. It must be noted that the contents of the standard bag per municipality are calculated globally and may vary at different guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

36 page 34 times of the year. Municipalities with a high level of tourism will need to factor this in. It may also vary in different neighbourhoods or areas of the municipality depending on the specific characteristics of the residents. These factors must also be considered when preparing prevention strategies. The contents of the standard bag per municipality will determine the waste streams generated. It will provide information on the quantities generated, the volume thereof and the fractions of hazardous waste Waste generation forecasting To complete the analysis, it will be necessary to add waste generation forecasts based on population growth trends. Possible changes in the overall composition of waste may be linked to consumption and production patterns which cause waste streams to shrink or expand in the future.

37 page Understanding waste generation processes It is useful to understand the processes that lead to the generation of waste in the municipality and to be able to identify the generators of the waste streams identified in Section 5.1, as these will be the target for the planned measures. Each type of generator will produce certain fractions and use specific collection services. Identifying the features of the generation processes (the source and management of waste) will be the starting point for establishing specific measures to prevent waste for each type of waste generator. > FIGURE 5. The generation process in relation to planning waste prevention measures The waste generation process Generator Type of generator Organisation in relation to the generation and management of waste Management at point where waste is generated Fractions generated Quantities generated Frequency with which waste is generated Characteristics of the waste (volume, toxicity) Source of waste generated Collection system Type of collection system (selective or not) Municipal collection, handling by authorised waste manager Characteristics of collection system Destination of the waste The description of the type of generator must include the following information: Households: number of inhabitants, age, origin, consumption habits and lifestyle, number and types of homes (vertical, horizontal, houses with gardens, etc.). Municipal facilities and services: number and type of facility, service and activities carried out. Economic activity: number and type of activities and services provided. Municipal events: number and type of events (when held, duration, frequency). guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

38 page 36 It is particularly important to identify, in connection with the waste generation process, the key factors for the planning of prevention measures: i. Generator: identify generators of large quantities or hazardous wastes: Households. Generators of large amounts of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, light packaging, bulky waste and textile waste. May be the target of general measures aimed at the public in relation to these key fractions. Municipal facilities and services. Generators of highly specific types of waste depending on the activities carried out. Will be the target of internal measures addressed to the authority itself. Economic activity. Generators of large amounts of specific waste which is homogeneous in content. Will be the target of specific measures in accordance with the type of activity. Public events. May generate large quantities of certain types of waste in a defined period. Will be included in measures to prevent waste at public events. number of users of these products or derived from the results of the standard bag calculation). iii. Collection system: determine what waste collection systems are used and how this affects the options for reusing or repairing items (e.g. bulky waste, WEEE, etc.). The following characteristics must be identified: Collection point Waste handling methods Destination of the waste Identifying waste generation processes will provide information on the generation and management of waste for each generator, making it possible to plan measures addressed to each of them. This process will also identify the most significant waste streams and those with the greatest potential for reduction, together with the collection systems affecting reuse. ii. Fraction: detect the waste streams generated in large quantities, especially hazardous wastes and those where there is greater potential for reducing them if the appropriate measures are applied, such as: Plant fraction, in municipalities with many low-density homes or large areas of woodland. Bulky waste and textiles, which are produced in large quantities and which may be reusable. Nappies, large quantities of this type of waste are generated, especially by day care centres and nursing homes (estimates of the quantities generated will be based on an estimate of the

39 page Assessment of the economic and environmental costs of waste management Economic costs Managing waste involves costs and revenues for government agencies and the private agents involved. For local authorities in particular, waste management involves a range of costs associated with the collection and transport of waste to the appropriate waste managers, treatment and recycling and final disposal in landfills (disposal costs and landfill or incineration taxes in Catalonia). Selective collection can, however, produce revenue streams for the municipality from the sale of materials and payments from integrated management systems. Tax rebates are another source of municipal revenues. In accordance with Law 16/2003, of 13 June, on the financing of waste infrastructures and waste disposal taxes, the Government of Catalonia is responsible for the entire cost of the investments planned in treatment infrastructures under the municipal waste management programme. Local authorities will be responsible for the operating costs thereof. Given the cost of managing waste and the benefits that may derive from preventing it (discussed in the section on the benefits of prevention), it is necessary to carry out an assessment of the costs and revenues involved. This will identify the most expensive waste streams for the municipality, both in terms of collection and of final treatment and management. It will also make it possible to identify the savings arising from the application of specific prevention measures and reduce the amount of certain waste streams to be managed. The possibility of generating other types of economic benefit (new jobs, subsidies, etc.) should also be assessed. The economic benefits of reducing waste management costs are a key factor when deciding what measures to include in a waste prevention plan. The analysis must therefore include a study of the costs and benefits Environmental costs See Information Sheet D3 in Annex 7.1 for further details Managing waste consumes energy, generates emissions into the atmosphere, contaminates water and soil, produces noise and smells, and uses public spaces, and causes other nuisances that damage the environment and generate costs. Some of these impacts occur at the local scale and directly affect the waste generators. The local authority is responsible for minimising them (noise, smells, traffic problems, the use of public guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

40 page 38 space for collection systems, etc.). The management of waste has impacts at other levels, however, from the regional level (water, soil and air contamination) to the global, contributing to climate change and other environmental impacts. See Information Sheet D4 in Annex 7.1 for further details 5.4. Determining the levels of awareness and expectations of the public and local economic agents Among the most important impacts are the consumption of energy and the emissions resulting from the collection and transport of waste (especially fractions such as light packaging), the potential impact on the environment of collection systems, treatment facilities (especially incineration plants) and final disposal (in particular the disposal of biodegradable materials in landfill, which contributes to global warming). The SIMUR (Information and Urban Waste Modelling System) is a tool for assessing these environmental impacts. It calculates fuel and power consumption, emissions, the energy and emissions saved by recycling materials, and the potential impacts of a waste management model. One of the aims and benefits of prevention strategies is to avoid and minimise the impacts deriving from the generation and management of urban waste. Calculating the impacts of managing municipal waste streams is therefore vital for setting priorities when defining a prevention plan and the measures to be included in it. In order to design the measures to be included in the prevention plan, it is necessary to determine the levels of awareness, the behaviour and the expectations of the agents involved (the general public, the local authority, local associations and businesses, etc.). This will require research to identify: The current behaviours, attitudes and habits of each type of agent in regard to preventing waste, and their knowledge and perceptions of the issue. The various agents expectations regarding this issue: what they are prepared to do and how they think things should change. The possible incentives which would be effective and which should be included in measures to encourage agents to cooperate in preventing waste. The barriers that could impede the changes that the measures are designed to bring about. The following methods may be used to carry out this analysis: Review of existing studies Surveys Focus groups See Information Sheet D5 in Annex 7.1 for further details

41 page 39 It is advisable to gain an understanding of the behaviours and expectations of the agents involved prior to planning measures to prevent waste. Possible incentives which could be included in the measures should be assessed, as should any barriers that could impede the process of changing perceptions and behaviour Review of regulatory and planning targets Regulations and plans on preventing waste will provide information on trends in this area, the targets to be achieved and the waste streams that should be prioritised. A review of current and pending legislation and the planning issues affecting the municipality (at the European, Spanish, Catalan and supramunicipal levels) must be carried out prior to developing local strategies and, as far as possible, the targets and trends contained in them must be built into the waste prevention plan Assessing the potential of waste prevention For a range of reasons, not all waste fractions have the same potential for reduction: The generation of waste may be unavoidable, or it may be difficult to reduce the amount of waste produced, due to the design or characteristics of the goods or products concerned. The variety and availability of products on the market and the pricing thereof may discourage the use of alternative products that generate less waste. The effectiveness of waste prevention measures varies according to the target waste fraction, how the measure is applied and the response of the target agents. When designing a strategy, therefore, it is essential to consider the potential for waste reduction in light of past experience and the levels of reductions achieved from applying waste prevention measures to certain waste streams, or by running pilot schemes to obtain this information. The following table gives examples of the potential of waste prevention based on prior experience: guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

42 page 40 > TABLE 3. Waste prevention measures. '-100 kg' campaign Generation Potential waste Potential kg/inhabitant/year reduction 3 reduction of CO 2 (kg/inhab./year) 2 (kg/inhab./year) 1 Organic waste Promote composting at source (at home, in neighbourhoods, green spaces) Fight against food waste Promote reusable nappies Paper waste Fight against unwanted flyers or newspapers Encourage dematerialisation (schools and offices) Packaging Choose products whose packaging can be returned Promote tap water Developing reusable bags Fight against over-packaging Bulky and other waste Promote reuse of clothes Promote reuse of furniture, WEEE, toys, other bulky waste >20 Fight against excess buying 12 2 No data >160 2 Internal ACR+ working groups. 3 According to GHG Balance of Prevention Actions, RDC for IBGE Bruxelles Environnement Source: ACR+, 2007.

43 page 41 Waste streams Measures implemented Waste generated per head kg/inhab./year Potential for preventing waste Waste prevented kg/inhab./year % of waste stream % of total waste generated Paper advertising materials Limiting distribution to users who request it % 1.1% Information and optimising distribution % 0.7% Drink packaging Target for refillable packaging set at 60% % 1.4% Target for refillable packaging set at 82% % 3.3% Nappies Promoting the use of reusable nappies % 0.4% Organic matter Food banks No data 3.3 No data 0.7% Other measures applied to households 35.6* No data No data 11.5% Events Replacing disposable plates 5.5* 0,8 14% 0.2% *Excluding waste selectively collected Source: Institute of Waste Management, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

44 page 42

45 6 Drawing up the plan

46 page 44 6 Drawing up the plan The second stage in preparing the local municipal waste prevention plan is the design and drafting of the plan. This will include defining the scope of the plan, waste prevention targets, the strategies and measures to be implemented, the timetable for implementing them and the economic, material and human resources required. Waste streams and fractions Links between factors Agents Major streams in terms of quantity, volume and toxicity Major generators of certain streams 6.1. Aspects to consider when designing the plan The following aspects must be considered when designing the plan, together with the results of the studies carried out in stage one, in order to establish targets and waste prevention measures for specific waste streams and generators. The diagram distinguishes between the waste streams and fractions, agents and the types of measure to be implemented. It also shows the most important links between them. Streams with regulatory targets Streams with potential in terms of prevention (and reuse) Streams with a major economic impact Streams with an impact on the environment and people (transport, treatment) Streams which are not easily reintroduced into the productive cycle or for which specific managers are not currently available Agents who will be most receptive to measures Agents who will definitely cooperate positively and with good results Agents who do not have easy access to collection systems (e.g. in remote areas) Characteristics of the measures: Name and duration of the measure Instruments to be developed (name and type) Links between measures and synergies Human and material resources Cost

47 page Defining the scope of the plan > Conceptual scope of the plan The plan will specify what is considered to be municipal waste prevention and what specific practices this includes. This definition must be based on the definition established in the PRO- GREMIC (see definition in Section 4.1). > Operational scope of the plan The waste prevention plan will cover waste generated within the municipality in accordance with the definitions 4 established by Law 6/1993, of 15 July, regulating waste. The streams covered by the plan and which will be subject to waste prevention measures must be precisely defined. This section must include the waste generators associated with these streams. > Geographical scope of the plan The area covered by the plan must be defined. In general this will be the municipality concerned, but plans may also be developed for groups of municipalities that form part of municipal associations or consortia. > Duration The plan must define the period over which the measures will be implemented and a timetable for meeting the waste prevention targets set. The duration of the local plans and the timetable for developing revised plans must be in step with the PROGREMIC , so that updates to this programme can be built into local plans. The timetable for these planning instruments must therefore be the same or similar Defining the plan's targets Both qualitative and quantitative targets must be taken into consideration and built into the framework established by the plan. The targets must be based on the starting point identified in the assessment carried out in stage 1, the municipality's goals for preventing waste and the waste prevention directives set out in the Catalan Municipal Waste Management Programme (PROGREMIC ). The municipality must set its own targets in line with its expectations and potential for preventing waste. It is important to incorporate in the plan those targets set in the PROGREMIC which are applicable at municipal level. Alternatively, as they must be in step, the municipality may adapt its own targets to those in the programme Defining qualitative targets The qualitative targets set define the spirit and types of preventive measures included in the plan. 4 Municipal waste is that generated in private homes, shops, offices and services. It is also all waste that is not considered hazardous when, due to its characteristics and composition, it can be added to the waste produced in the aforementioned places and activities. The following are also considered municipal waste: waste from cleaning public roads, green areas, recreational areas and beaches; dead household pets; furniture, utensils and abandoned vehicles; waste and rubble from minor building works and household repairs. Commercial waste is defined as that generated by the activities of retail and wholesale businesses, hotels, restaurants, bars, markets, offices and services. Waste generated by industry that is considered under the aforementioned law to be of a similar nature to municipal waste is treated as comparable to waste in this category. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

48 page 46 The qualitative targets set out in the PROGREMIC which are applicable at municipal level are detailed below. These targets must be reflected in the plan's waste prevention milestones: Send a clear message to society about waste prevention and responsible consumption. Incorporate measures to encourage responsible and intangible consumption in daily life. Get economic agents to make a commitment to help prevent waste. Prevent, in particular, the generation of packaging and paper waste and the 'other' or 'minority' fractions. Encourage a return to the old habits of reusing and repairing items. Discourage the production of items which generate waste that has harmful effects on the environment or people. Discourage the production of items which generate waste that is difficult to reintroduce into the productive cycle. In addition to these targets, the plan must include targets in line with the municipality's expectations regarding waste prevention: Build waste prevention measures into the management of municipal waste. Ensure all agents in the municipality are involved in implementing the plan. Ensure all social sectors become more committed and involved in decision-making processes affecting waste prevention. Reduce those fractions which are generated in large quantities or which are problematic to manage in the municipality. Reduce those fractions which have the greatest economic or environmental impact for the municipality Defining quantitative targets The quantitative targets set may involve milestones for reducing waste in general or for reducing the levels of specific fractions. The inclusion of quantitative targets in the plan demonstrates political willingness to act to prevent waste. Quantifying a target also focuses minds on the need to act to achieve it and motivates the agents involved. The PROGREMIC also includes quantitative targets to be achieved within the timeframe set. Adding the impact of the proposed measures to the assumption that the flattening trend of recent years will be maintained, the programme sets a target of reducing the waste generated per head by 10% from 1.64 kg/inhabitant/day at present to 1.48 kg/inhabitant/day by In addition, based on measures to reduce the use of disposable plastic bags (one of the most potent symbols of current consumption models), the programme sets targets of reducing the use of bags by 30% per person by 2009 and 50% by The plan must also include specific targets based on the current generation of specific streams and the expectations and potential for reducing waste implied in the measures to be implemented. The potential for reducing each stream must be considered when setting targets. Two types of quantitative target may be set: A general target for reducing the total quantity generated: % reduction per head of total waste generated compared with the base year.

49 page 47 Specific targets for certain streams/fractions for which waste prevention measures will be planned: % reduction per head of the fraction generated compared with the base year. The base year for calculating the target will be the first year of the plan. These targets must be accompanied by a timetable for achieving them (these milestones may also be included in the timetable for implementing the plan, see Section 6.6). As a general rule, the time frame set for achieving the targets will be the period covered by the plan, but intermediate targets may also be set. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

50 page 48 > TABLE 4. Examples of quantitative targets Composition of standard bag 2006* General fraction Waste generated per head (Catalonia 2007, base year) kg/inhabitant/day Fractions for which measures will be introduced Target % of reduction per head Generated in target year 2012 kg/inhabitant/day 36% Organic fraction (organic matter and plant waste) Organic matter 8% % Paper and cardboard Non-packaging paper Packaging cardboard 6% % Glass Packaging glass 3% % 4% 2% Light packaging - plastics Light packaging - metals Light packaging - mixed Plastic film (plastic bags) Rigid plastic (plastic bottles) 5% % Bulky waste, wood, WEEE, textiles, sanitary textiles, rubble, other Furniture and household appliances, textiles, sanitary textiles, nappies, other 15% % General reduction target 15% The targets included in this example are very ambitious for all the waste streams covered, and the total reduction is greater than that set in the PROGREMIC Based on the composition of the standard bag for Catalonia 2006 and average waste generated per head in Catalonia Base year 2007, target year The breakdown of the fractions and sub-fractions of the standard bag make it possible to establish more specific indicators for each category of waste.

51 page Defining general waste prevention indicators Having set quantitative targets, it is possible to assess the effectiveness of the measures implemented and to monitor progress on reducing waste. This general monitoring is performed by calculating general waste prevention indicators. These indicators show waste reduction as a percentage in regard to the base year for all waste generated or waste streams for which targets have been set. The result will show to what extent each target has been met. Taking the initial situation into account, the waste generated in each stream must be monitored in detail over time in order to quantify progress. >FIGURE 6. Sample calculation of the general waste reduction indicator for all waste generated General indicators - general reduction targets Name of indicator: % of reduction in total waste generated Calculation formula Unit Description (kg / inhabitant / day_base_year) - (kg / inhabitant / day_target_year) kg / inhabitant / day_base year % This indicator shows the reduction in waste generated per head in the target year compared with the base year. > FIGURE 7. Sample calculation of the general waste reduction indicator for the organic fraction generated (%) General indicators - targets per fraction Name of indicator: Reduction in the generation of the organic fraction (%) Calculation formula Unit Description (kg / inhabitant / day_organicmatter_base_year) - (kg / inhabitant / day_organicmatter_target_year) kg / inhabitant / day_organicmatter_base_year % This indicator shows the reduction in the quantity of the organic matter generated per head in the target year compared with the base year. The figure for kilograms/inhabitant/day refers to the total quantity of the fraction generated in the municipality (see Section 5.1 on how to calculate the stream of organic matter generated). The calculation for other streams is the same, using the figure for the stream concerned. It is important to note that the calculation of the streams generated will be closely tied to the calculation of the standard bag at that moment. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

52 page 50 Progress on achieving the qualitative targets in the plan can be judged by monitoring certain general quantitative indicators and some of the specific indicators linked to certain measures (see information sheets on measures in Annex 7.2). These links are detailed below: > TABLE 5. Using general and specific indicators to monitor qualitative targets Send a clear message to society about waste prevention and responsible consumption. Build waste prevention measures into the management of municipal waste. Defining own indicators: Number of measures implemented. Number of communication campaigns organised or other educational and communication instruments (courses, exhibitions, workshops). Indicators linked to the qualitative monitoring of the plan. Based on the results of surveys and psychosocial studies on awareness raising and levels of knowledge. Specific indicators relating to public involvement in measures, such as: Number of users of the community composting system. Number of homes with water purification systems. Number of users of rental points or networks. Specific indicators relating to the number of agreements with businesses and entities in the municipality to implement waste prevention measures. Get economic agents to make a commitment to help prevent waste. Ensure all agents in the municipality are involved in implementing the plan. Ensure all social sectors become more committed and involved in decision-making processes affecting waste prevention. Specific indicators relating to the number of businesses or entities taking part in or cooperating in the application of measures such as: Number of businesses with responsible paper consumption measures in offices. Number of businesses offering products in reusable glass containers. Number of businesses promoting products with less packaging. Number of businesses promoting reusable containers (to replace disposable bags). Number of businesses promoting products with less packaging. Specific indicators relating to measures applied within the local authority itself on greening and environmentally friendly procurement.

53 page 51 Prevent, in particular, the generation of packaging and paper waste and the 'other' or 'minority' fractions. Discourage the production of items which generate waste that has harmful effects on the environment or people. Discourage the production of items which generate waste that is difficult to reintroduce into the productive cycle. Reduce those fractions which are generated in large quantities or which are troublesome to manage in the municipality. Reduce those fractions which have the greatest economic or environmental impact for the municipality. General waste prevention indicators: Percentage of reduction in the generation of different fractions. Specific indicators relating to waste prevention measures for streams, such as: Estimate of quantities of OFMSW and pruning waste composted. Quantity of food redistributed through food banks. Estimated reduction in the quantity of water containers used. Quantity and type of goods reused. Encourage a return to the old habits of reusing and repairing items. Specific indicators relating to measures on reuse and repair, such as: Number of points of sale (or donation) of second-hand goods. Quantity and type of goods reused. Quantity and type of repaired goods which have been reused. Quantity of clothing reused. Incorporate measures to encourage responsible and intangible consumption in daily life. Specific indicators relating to measures on responsible consumption and the purchase of products that generate less waste, such as: Number of products available with less packaging. Number of reusable items distributed by businesses instead of disposable plastic bags. Quantity and types of product sold in reusable glass containers in the municipality. Number of non-material goods and services acquired by residents. Number of users of the points mechanism for best waste prevention practices when shopping. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

54 page Defining the strategic lines of action The waste prevention plan must set out the strategic lines of action which will provide the framework for all the measures. These measures can be broken down differently according to their nature, as follows: > TABLE 6. Classification of waste prevention measures Waste stream affected by the measure Type of material (e.g. paper, glass, hazardous waste, etc.) Type of product (e.g. packaging, nappies, etc.) Type of source (households, shops, events, municipal maintenance) Target agents Households Shops Local government Instruments for implementing the measure Technical Organisational Regulatory Economic Communication and participation Purpose of the measure Reduction at source Reuse

55 page 53 The strategic lines set out in the PROGREMIC will be used as the basis for defining waste prevention measures. The programme includes a great many measures covering the entire life cycle of goods, including production, distribution, purchase and use, and encourages an integrated approach to the whole product. It also includes measures to encourage repairing and preparing items for reuse as the main way of dealing with furniture, electrical appliances, clothes, etc. The PROGREMIC Sub-programme for Waste Prevention specifies which waste streams to prioritise and the relevant measures, as can be seen in the following table, which details the lines of action to be implemented for each type of waste and the potential for reducing each fraction in order to achieve the general reduction target of 10% per head. PROGREMIC also sets out the following general measures which do not refer to any specific waste stream: Extending and continuing to provide technical support and subsidies for projects dedicated exclusively to waste prevention. Encouraging a greener approach to public events. Measures to encourage environmentally friendly public procurement (green purchasing). These general measures and some of the measures proposed for each waste stream are applicable at the local level and may therefore be included in the waste prevention plan. The Waste Agency of Catalonia will promote them and provide the instruments needed to enable local entities to apply the measures in their area. The measures which are directly applicable at the municipal level are shown in bold text in the table. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

56 page 54 > TABLE 7. Objectives and specific instruments in the PROGREMIC Sub-programme for Waste Prevention Composition of standard bag 2006 Fraction Potential for preventing waste Measures 36% Organic matter 2 Encouraging home composting, especially in rural areas. Also community composting in education centres, green spaces, etc. Measures to combat food wastage. Measures involving the Fundació Banc dels Aliments. 18% Non-packaging paper and cardboard Packaging paper and cardboard 2 Regulating the distribution of advertising materials. Evaluation of the application of financial instruments to non-packaging paper. Campaigns to encourage the responsible use of paper. Dematerialisation of information. 7% Glass 1 Promoting returnable packaging. 6% 4% 2% Light packaging - plastics Light packaging - metals Light packaging - mixed 1 Business plans for waste prevention. Promoting ecodesign. Proposing the development of a Spain-wide deposit-refund system (DRS mr) for certain packaging types. Encouraging the minimum use of packaging. Regulating the use of disposable plastic bags. Promoting the consumption of tap water, improving its quality in homes. 27% Bulky waste, wood, WEEE, textiles, sanitary textiles, rubble, other 4 Developing measures to encourage reuse and repair, especially of furniture and waste electrical and electronic equipment. Fostering pilot schemes for the use of reusable nappies. Fostering the reuse of clothing. Fostering intangible consumption and gift-giving. 100% TOTAL 10

57 page Strategies It is necessary to define the waste prevention strategies to be implemented within the framework of the plan. Each municipality may adopt those measures it is feasible to implement in line with the available funds and resources and with its own expectations for progress on issues of waste prevention. Although there are different ways of classifying the measures, as seen in table 8, those measures which only affect a single specific stream can be classified by waste stream. This is the classification method used in the PROGREMIC Other measures to prevent waste across a range of streams can be grouped under the general measures section. The measures proposed will be linked to the objectives defined and vice versa. The two must therefore be consistent. The process of determining the waste prevention measures to be implemented must also take into consideration the results of the assessment and issues detailed in Section 6.1. The plan must include the following precise details of the content of each measure: Line of action (measures for waste streams or general measures). Name of the measure. Objectives of the measure. Justification for implementing the measure (include links to strategic lines in the PROGREMIC ). Groups involved: groups promoting and targeted by the measure. Description of the measure and the specific actions to be taken. This must include the resources necessary to implement the actions. Instruments which must be put in place to carry out the actions (educational/communication, economic, organisational and regulatory). Timetable (duration and frequency of actions). Links to other measures in the plan and other external waste management measures. Indicators for monitoring results. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

58 page 56 Annex 7.2 contains information sheets defining the following measures, which may be used to facilitate the drafting of the strategies to be included in the plan and determine which measures can be implemented: See information sheets in Annex 7.2 > TABLE 8. Waste prevention measures Measure Waste prevention measures for waste streams General waste prevention measures Measures to prevent organic waste Measures to prevent paper waste Measures to prevent packaging waste Measures to prevent glass waste Measures to prevent other waste fractions Other measures 1 Encouraging home composting 2 Encouraging community composting 3 Encouraging the use of the aerated bin to collect the OFMSW 4 Promoting measures to combat food wastage Responsible purchasing and consumption of foodstuffs 5 Regulations on advertising materials and/or free newspapers 6 Promoting the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information 7 Encouraging the reuse of textbooks and other books 8 Encouraging the consumption of tap water 9 Promoting the supply of and demand for products with less packaging and products sold in bulk 10 Promoting the replacement of disposable bags with reusable bags 11 Promoting the use of less packaging (secondary and tertiary) 12 Promoting the use of reusable glass containers 13 Fostering the reuse of clothing 14 Promoting the use of reusable nappies 15 Fostering the reuse of goods and products 16 Fostering the repair of goods and products 17 Fostering the supply of and demand for products that generate less waste 18 Fostering the consumption of non-material goods and services 19 Promoting networks and rental points for shared items 20 Greening government and environmentally friendly public procurement 21 Greening public festivals and events 22 Awards for waste prevention initiatives 23 Taxes linked to the generation of waste

59 page Linking to crosscutting strategies Crosscutting strategies developed in relation to the prevention and management of waste (communication and education plans and initiatives to involve the public) must be internally consistent and in line with any management plan and, of course, the waste prevention plan. It is therefore necessary when drafting and applying these strategies to unify: The objectives The messages (tone, structure and image) The instruments applied The resources used Coordinating the different strategic planning instruments in this way will enable all involved to move in the same direction and will create synergies that will boost outcomes. In the context of municipal waste management planning, the waste prevention plan may be implemented in two ways: As a sub-programme or section of a broader waste management plan. As a separate plan developed in parallel to general waste management plans. Environmental communication and education plans, meanwhile, must include programmes that prioritise general awareness and help the public to behave in an environmentally responsible manner based on critical thinking in regard to both the management and prevention of waste. These crosscutting environmental education plans must include specific measures to address the prevention and management of waste in line with other communication measures, both general and specific (water, energy, etc.) in order to change individual and collective habits. The following issues must be taken into consideration in order to coordinate the waste prevention plan with other strategic plans: The participation and coordination of all the departments involved in the development and implementation of the different strands of strategic planning. The messages, objectives and measures defined must be consistent. The plan may need to be integrated in the medium- or longterm future with other waste management, environmental education or general education plans. Using the normal means and channels of communication with the public to raise awareness of environmental issues, in particular the prevention and management of waste Additional measures Waste management measures affecting waste prevention strategies Other aspects of municipal waste management may have some impact on waste prevention measures and on the commitment of the general public and economic agents. Their participation in the development of the plan will depend on the image projected and their levels of awareness regarding municipal waste management. Waste management must not therefore be seen as a problem but rather as another quality service provided by the municipality. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

60 page 58 It is vital that waste collection services (and street cleaning services) meet certain quality and efficiency requirements in order to bring about improvements in aspects such as public involvement, perceptions of municipal waste management and waste prevention outcomes. > Adapting waste collection services to the characteristics of each area in the municipality. Mixed collection models must be developed which are appropriate to the urban and socioeconomic characteristics of each area in the municipality. > Location of collection systems close to users. The effectiveness of the collection systems developed will largely depend on how closely they are sited to their users, and the design of any system must take this into account. > Good perceptions of the service. In addition to providing an effective service capable of collecting all the waste generated, it is necessary to provide a quality service with a good image. This means ensuring bins are never overflowing, dirty or broken, requests and complaints are always dealt with and uncontrolled dumping is prevented. The perception of a good service with the right image is vital to ensure that the public use the service correctly, and it will therefore help to improve the outcomes of waste management. Apart from these criteria for improving the collection service, there are other selective collection methods that can complement certain waste prevention methods (see information sheets): The collection and management of pruning and plant waste for home or community composting, a process which requires material suitable for composting (plant waste often needs to be shredded and distributed). Selective collection systems built into certain activities to complement waste prevention measures, e.g. to encourage a greener approach at public events or within the local authority, the responsible use of paper, etc. The collection of bulky waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment, linked to the appropriate handling of these items so they can be repaired, if necessary, and reused. The management of waste collection centres and mini collection centres must also take into account the correct handling of these items so that they can be reused in the future. The selective collection of OFMSW in widely dispersed areas may not be efficient and home composting may be more effective. > Adapting, optimising and coordinating. The management model must be adaptable to changes and developments in waste management strategies and targets, to new technologies and to changing needs within the municipality. It must be as efficient as possible in respect of its operation, energy consumption and environmental impacts. And services must be coordinated to ensure they function well and produce good results.

61 page Timetable The waste prevention plan must include a timetable for the implementation of the measures, stating when they come into force, their duration and frequency. The timetable will reflect how strategies are to be implemented over the life of the plan. In general, the stages of the plan will be as follows: > FIGURE 8. Stages in the waste prevention plan Initial assessment Preparation of the plan (design measures) Implementation of the plan (carry out measures) Monitoring results New proposals and changes / revision of the plan As described in the section on defining the scope of the plan, the period covered by each measure planned must be included in the timetable. The timetable may also include milestones for the achievement of quantitative targets. These will also have an impact when defining later strategies. > FIGURE 9. Sample timetable for the plan The example shows the measures programmed in the first year of a plan and the earlier assessment and preparation stages. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

62 page Assessment of consistency between measures and their long-term impact When designing a waste prevention plan, it is important to ensure that the strategies it contains are consistent with each other and the targets set. This means selecting the best measures for building on local and supralocal waste prevention trends and synergies in order to improve outcomes. The strategies must be ordered logically over the duration of the plan at appropriate intervals. Below is an assessment of the measures proposed in terms of their contribution to driving trends and synergies: > Timing of the measures Individual measures (I): Measures relating to one-off campaigns. The effect of these measures is usually seen during the campaign and immediately afterwards. These measures will therefore need to be repeated periodically in order to maintain momentum and consolidate the practices concerned. > Complexity of the measures Type-1 complexity: measures requiring one-off communication and educational campaigns. Type-2 complexity: measures requiring one-off communication and educational campaigns plus the implementation of technical instruments and monitoring processes. Type-3 complexity: measures requiring one-off communication and educational campaigns plus the development of other more complex technical, economic and regulatory instruments and monitoring activities, or a change in agents' operating structures. > Links between measures Some measures are so closely linked to others that implementing them in parallel will in most cases facilitate the best use of resources and lead to better results. Implementing the different measures for each waste stream together will, logically, help improve individual results (this is obvious, and is not therefore indicated in the table). Continuous measures (C): Measures that, once implemented, and given their specific nature, will remain in force. They will, therefore, drive local trends more or less automatically. Some of these continuous measures will require campaigns to remotivate the public to continue with the voluntary actions needed and to get more people to take up the practices (C*).

63 page 61 > TABLE 9. Waste prevention measures Measure Timing Complexity Related measures Main related instruments Measures to prevent organic waste Measures to prevent paper waste Measures to prevent packaging waste Measures to prevent glass waste Measures to prevent other waste fractions Other measures 1 Encouraging home composting C* 2 2 EC1, EC2, EC3, E1, E2 2 Encouraging community composting C* 2 1 EC1, EC2, EC3, E1, E2 3 Encouraging the use of the aerated bin to collect the OFMSW I* 1 - EC1, E2 4 Promoting measures to combat food wastage I* 1 21 EC1, EC3, O1 Responsible purchasing and consumption of foodstuffs 5 Regulations on advertising materials and/or free newspapers C* 3 - EC1, E3, E4, O1, R1 6 Promoting the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information C* 2 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC3, E1, O1 7 Encouraging the reuse of textbooks and other books C* 2 - EC1 8 Encouraging the consumption of tap water I* 1 20, 21 EC1, E1, E2 9 Promoting the supply of and demand for products 10, 11, 17, with less packaging and products sold in bulk C* 3 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC2, EC3, E1, O1 10 Promoting the replacement of disposable bags EC1, EC2, with reusable bags C* 3 9, 22 E1, E4, O1, R1 11 Promoting the use of less packaging (secondary and tertiary) C* 3 9, 20 EC1, EC2, E1, O1 12 Promoting the use of reusable glass containers C* 3 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC2, E1, E4, O1 13 Fostering the reuse of clothing C* 1 15 EC1, EC2, O1 14 Promoting the use of reusable nappies C* 2 15 EC1, E1, E2 15 Fostering the reuse of goods and products C* 3 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC3, EC4, E1, E2, O1 16 Fostering the repair of goods and products C* 3 15, 20, 22 EC1, EC2, EC3,EC4, E1, E2, O1 17 Fostering the supply of and demand for products EC1, EC2, EC3, that generate less waste C* 3 9, 15, 20, 21, 22 EC4, E1, O1 18 Fostering the consumption of non-material goods and services I* 1 22 EC1, EC3, EC4, E4 19 Promoting networks and rental points for shared items C* 2 15, 16, 20, 21, 22 EC1, EC3, EC4, E4, O1 20 Greening government and environmentally friendly 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, public procurement C* 3 16, 17, 19, 21 EC1, EC2, EC3, R2 21 Greening public festivals and events I* 2 4,6,8,9,12,15,17,19,20 EC1, EC2, EC3, EC4, E3, R1 22 Awards for waste prevention initiatives I* 2 9,10,12,15,16,17,18,19 EC1, EC3, EC4 23 Taxes linked to the generation of waste C* 3 - EC1 guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

64 page 62 In order to develop waste prevention measures, it is necessary to implement certain educational, communication, regulatory, economic and organisational instruments. The main instruments to be created within the framework of the proposed measures are detailed below. Annex 7.3 contains the information sheets describing each of these instruments. See information sheets in Annex 7.3 > TABLE 10. Instruments for implementing waste prevention measures Main instruments for implementing measures Measures which include them Educational and communication instruments Economic instruments Organisational instruments Regulatory instruments EC1 Educational and communication campaigns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 EC2 Training activities 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 20, 21 EC3 Publications 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 EC4 Other educational and communication activities 15, 16,17,18, 19, 21, 22 E1 Rebates on waste management fee 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 E2 Municipal subsidies 1, 2, 3, 8, 14, 15, 16 E3 Taxes for issuing licences and control of and tax on the special use of public spaces 5, 21 E4 Deposit systems 5, 10, 12, 19 O1 Agreements: cooperation agreements and voluntary agreements 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17 R1 Municipal ordinances governing waste prevention 5, 10, 21 R2 Other regulatory instruments 20

65 page Monitoring instruments and assessing progress Monitoring the plan will allow a continuous detailed assessment of the measures and the results obtained. This will ensure the plan is sufficiently flexible and will make it possible to incorporate any changes needed in response to the results achieved or to changes in the regulations or in higher-level planning instruments (PROGREMIC ) Types of monitoring action The following reviews should be performed throughout the life of the plan: > Annual reports on the implementation of the plan These reports are intended to monitor in detail the measures, their results and progress on achieving the targets. This will allow the strategies and/or measures planned for the next year to be modified. > Final review upon finalisation of the plan This review will be performed at the end of the period covered by the plan. It is hoped that at this point all the measures will have been implemented and the targets met. The targets and strategies for the next plan will be based on the conclusions of this review Contents of monitoring reports > Overall results of implementing the plan The overall results of the plan will be determined by analysing: The waste streams generated (quantities generated of each fraction expressed as kg/inhabitant/day, and a calculation of the standard bag (see Section 5.1)). The general indicators relating to the quantitative targets (see Section 6.3). The extent to which the qualitative objectives have been met by means of the related indicators as set out in table 5. > Monitoring the measures included in the plan A report must be produced for each measure implemented, which will include: A summary of the actions and activities carried out in respect of the measure The resources and channels used The actual implementation dates The investments linked to implementing the measure The results obtained from implementing the measure A calculation of the specific indicators relating to the measure Reasons must be given for the failure to implement any planned measures or for delays to the implementation thereof, and a new timetable must be produced. The contents of the annual reports and final review are detailed in the following section. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

66 page 64 > Qualitative monitoring A qualitative review may be carried out to obtain a deeper understanding of public awareness, habits, attitudes and potential responses to waste prevention strategies and the measures included in the plan. This will allow the analysis of aspects such as the needs, the gaps in the knowledge and the level of awareness of the different agents involved. This review may involve three types of action: Regular surveys of different groups in the population into their knowledge and habits relating to waste prevention and the application of the plan. Focus groups to discuss waste prevention issues. Sociological studies on specific issues over a longer period in order to understand where the public lacks information or is insufficiently engaged and to develop measures in response.

67 page Proposed contents of a local waste prevention plan 1 Introduction 2 Areas of authority 3 Basic waste prevention terminology 4 Analysis of the management of waste in regard to prevention a. Characterisation of waste streams i. Analysis of the composition of municipal waste ii. Waste generation forecasting b. Understanding waste generation processes c. Assessment of the economic and environmental costs of waste management i. Economic costs ii. Environmental costs d. Determining the levels of awareness and expectations of the public and local economic agents e. Review of regulatory and planning targets f. Assessing the impact of waste prevention 5 Scope of the plan a. Conceptual scope of the plan b. Operational scope of the plan c. Geographical scope of the plan d. Duration 6 Objectives a. Qualitative or general objectives b. Quantitative targets 7 Strategic lines a. Summary of waste prevention measures b. Definition of waste prevention measures (in accordance with the specifications set out in the information sheets in Annex 7.2) c. Additional measures 8 Timetable 9 Financial costs and benefits 10 Measures to monitor the plan guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

68 page 66

69 7 Annex

70 page 68 7 Annex 7.1. Information sheets for the analysis D1. Composition of waste in Catalonia The results of the study on the composition of waste carried out by the Waste Agency of Catalonia and published in 2006 are shown below. For the purposes of this study, the calculation method considered to be the most accurate was to use the weighted average with the lowest deviation for each population group and subgroup. This produced the following figures for the standard bag in Catalonia for 2004 and 2005: > TABLE 11. Composition of waste generated in Catalonia 2004 and 2005 % Standard bag Household organic waste 31.7% 31.0% Plant fraction 3.9% 4.2% Non-packaging paper and cardboard 11.3% 11.6% Packaging cardboard 6.9% 6.8% Glass 6.5% 6.6% Light packaging 11.6% 11.6% Other plastics 2.7% 2.7% Other metals 1.4% 1.6% Textiles 4.6% 4.4% Sanitary textiles 3.2% 3.2% Hazardous household waste 0.8% 0.7% Wood 2.5% 2.7% WEEE (all) 0.8% 0.9% Other bulky waste 5 5.3% 5.2% Earth and rubble 3.5% 3.5% Other 3.1% 3.2% Residue 10 mm (excluding OM) 0.2% 0.2% TOTAL 100% 100% 35.6% 35.2% 18.2% 18.4% 6.5% 6.6% 15.7% 15.8% 23.9% 24.0% 100% 100% 5 No detailed breakdown of the bulky waste fraction is available. This fraction must therefore be added to those of WEEE, wood and scrap metal to obtain a more realistic global figure.

71 page 69 Bearing in mind the statistical reliability of the sample and the composition figures used, the results in the table above were broadly grouped into the main fractions and rounded to obtain the standard composition of waste in Catalonia used for the PRO- GREMIC The volume of the various types of waste fraction generated has increased substantially, given that the composition of this fraction has changed significantly in the period Although the relative weights of the other fractions have decreased in the period, the amount generated has increased in absolute terms. > TABLE 12. Composition of waste generated in Catalonia 2005 > TABLE 13. Total waste generated in Catalonia based on the standard bag for the PROGREMIC and the new standard bag for the PROGREMIC Standard bag in Catalonia (%) Composition of waste Generation 2001 % Standard bag PROGREMIC Generation 2005 % Standard bag PROGREMIC OFMSW + plant fraction 36% Paper and cardboard 18% Glass 7% Light packaging 12% Other 27% TOTAL 100% OFMSW + plant fraction 1,361,751 38% 1,510,613 36% Paper & cardboard 752,547 21% 755,307 18% Glass 286,684 8% 293,730 7% Light packaging Other plastics 645,030 18% 683,972 16% Other metals Various 537,533 15% 952,526 24% TOTAL 3,583, % 4,196, % The table below shows total waste generated in 2001 (calculated according to the composition used for the PROGREMIC ) and in 2005 (calculated using the composition obtained by the Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC). guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

72 page 70 D2. Procedure for calculating the standard bag The information needed to calculate the composition of the standard bag is as follows: > The quantities collected of each fraction via: Municipal selective collection (recycling bins, special collections, waste collection centres, etc.). Selective collection by other entities, e.g. the collection of clothes or bulky waste by social integration enterprises, ragmen, etc. Non-segregated waste (or the inorganic fraction of municipal solid waste, IFMSW, according to the Residu Mínim [Minimum Waste] waste management model) collected by municipal services. The figures for all fractions may be expressed as tonnes/year. As far as possible, waste collected from households should be distinguished from commercial waste. > Characterisation 6 of the different fractions: Light packaging: figures for the characterisations performed by Ecoembes are available. OFMSW: figures for the characterisations performed by the ARC are available. Paper and glass: if the municipality does not have its own characterisations, standard figures may be requested from the ARC and used, as these fractions are not variable. Other selectively collected waste: if specific figures are not available, it may be assumed that the fraction does not contain inappropriate waste. Waste collected at the municipal waste collection centre will not contain inappropriate waste, as this is controlled at the facility. Similarly, it can be assumed that there will be no inappropriate waste contained in the fraction of 6 Studies of the composition of waste collected bulky waste collected by request, in abandoned bulky waste, in pruning waste and in waste collected at specialised establishments (batteries and pharmaceutical products). Collected commercial waste: it is useful to distinguish between the different types of commercial collection and, if they are assessed separately, to break them down by the corresponding fractions (organic commercial waste, commercial cardboard, etc.). Non-segregated fraction (or IFMSW): it is important to characterise this fraction; specific studies of its composition can be carried out or figures requested from the ARC, provided figures for the composition of waste delivered to treatment plants are available. The ARC has developed a specific methodology for characterising non-segregated fraction. Further studies are planned into the composition of waste in Catalonia within the framework of the PROGREMIC and the monitoring of the standard bag. The non-segregated fraction generated in a range of municipalities will be analysed. This will make it possible to calculate the contents of the standard bag for municipalities with similar characteristics. The results can then be used by local entities. > Steps for calculating the standard bag: 1 Measure the percentages of each component of a fraction collected, i.e. the appropriate and inappropriate waste found in each fraction. Multiply these percentages by the total tonnes of the fraction collected to give the weight of each of the components of the fraction. Apply the same calculation to each fraction collected within the municipality. 2 Add together the weights of each component contained in each fraction to give the total generated for each component. The result will show the amount generated of each type of waste and

73 page 71 make it possible to calculate its relative weight in respect of all the waste produced. How the characterised waste is broken down into its different components will affect the final waste streams appearing in the standard bag. In most cases the calculation of the standard bag will be based on the assumption that the quantities collected equal the quantities generated, as no figures are available for waste that escapes the waste management system through loopholes. Municipalities do not usually have sufficient information on the waste removed from bins by third parties or on uncontrolled dumping. > Example standard bag calculation from the ARC study: The spreadsheet used to calculate the composition of the waste used in the ARC study, produced using the steps described above, is presented below. The items included in the calculation are labelled in the image: A Quantity of organic fraction collected. B Characterisation of organic fraction collected. Composed of OFMSW (appropriate waste) + inappropriate waste. C Quantity of each component in the organic waste bin (tonnes of OFMW + tonnes of inappropriate waste). D Sum of each component contained in the various fractions collected for the classification of waste streams in the standard bag. E Sum of waste streams found in each system, which equals the total generated of said stream. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

74 page 72 > FIGURE 10. Screenshot of calculation of the standard bag for the ARC study B A D C

75 page 73 E guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

76 page 74 The SIMUR waste management simulation programme being developed by the ARC with the Urban Ecology Agency of Barcelona is the most suitable tool for calculating the standard bag in the municipality and ensuring standardisation. The input and output screens for calculating the composition of waste in the standard bag are shown below. > FIGURE 11. Screenshots of the SIMUR programme: data input screen and the resulting standard bag > Determining the volume of waste streams generated: There are standard figures on the density of the different fractions which, when applied to the quantities in each municipal waste stream generated, can be used to calculate its volume. Fraction Organic Density kg/l Paper and cardboard 0.1 Glass Plastics 0.02 Metals 0.1 Textiles 0.06 Other Source: White et al., 2001

77 page 75 D3. Procedure for calculating the net cost The following information is needed to calculate the net cost of municipal waste management: Cost of collecting each fraction (operating costs + investment costs + other). Cost of treating each fraction collected. Revenues derived from the management of each fraction (income from Ecoembes, Ecovidrio, tax rebates for waste disposal, sale of materials, etc.). tonnes managed. It is therefore necessary to calculate the effect reducing the waste generated would have. Other indirect economic benefits from preventing waste must also be taken into account, as set out in sections 4.3 and The results of this analysis can be used as an additional criterion when deciding which wastes to apply prevention measures to. Calculating the total waste management cost indicator per tonne of waste collected may reveal on which fractions the municipality is focussing its financial resources. The municipality can then carry out a more detailed analysis of these wastes to determine how reducing the number of tonnes generated would help to reduce costs at each stage of managing the waste, taking the following into account: Treatment costs are normally proportional to the tonnes treated and so any reduction in the number of tonnes delivered to the plant will produce a saving at this stage of waste management. Depending on the system used (bins, door-to-door collection, on-request collection etc.), collection costs may not be so directly linked to the volumes collected but rather to the service provided. Unless a reduction in the quantity generated allows the service to be reduced, there will be no direct economic saving. This must be assessed for each fraction individually. The revenues the municipality receives are calculated in a number of ways, some of which are based on the number of guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

78 page 76 Several examples of the net cost calculation are given below, showing how the results vary according to the waste management model used and the figures available: > TABLE 15. Examples of the net cost calculation 7 CASE 1. Five-bin collection model Item Collection Costs (euros) Treatment Revenues (euros) Ecoembes / Ecovidrio / tax rebate / other Net cost Tonnes/year Euros/tonne OFMSW 175,531 9,308 23, ,061 1, Non-segregated 3,795,846 2,201,294 5,997,140 79, Glass 156, ,633 23,236 2, Packaging 320, ,397-88,083 2, Paper 808, , ,575 6, Bulky waste 742, ,899 3, Collection centres 624,543 18, , ,243 4, Other 87,656-87,656 - TOTAL 6,624,513 2,228,694 1,308,791 7,544,415 99, CASE 2. Five-bin collection model in a municipal association Item Collection Costs (euros) Treatment Tax Revenues (euros) Ecoembes Ecovidrio Sales of recovered materials Net cost Tonnes/year Euros/tonne OFMSW 110,679 70,089 84,354 96,414 1, Non-segregated 286, , ,183 4, Paper and cardboard 97,007 29,261 22,219 29,439 16, Glass 36,463 34,018 2, Packaging 127, ,264 16, Bulky waste 31,651-9 Batteries 1, , Collection centre 72, , , TOTAL 764, , , ,290 54, ,515 7,

79 page 77 CASE 3. Door-to-door collection model Item Costs (euros) Revenues (euros) Ecoembes Collection Treatment Ecovidrio Tax rebate Other revenues Net cost Tonnes/year Euros/tonne Household OFMSW 203,836 59,413 79, ,639 1, Commercial OFMSW 47,421 37,172 49,809 34, Household non-segregated fraction 58,268,36 177,715 37, ,271 1, Com. non-segregated fraction + nappies 25,278 79,402 8,207 96, Household nappies 34, , , Household glass 21,030 17,608 3, Commercial glass 8,392 5,983 2, House. packaging 145,132 86,854 58, Com. packaging 12,709 16,509-3, Household paper 80,278 18,100 17,241 17,684 27, Com. cardboard 16,426 9,224 8,342 9,012-10, Bulky waste 76,541 22,938 99, Collection centre 115,258 18,876 96, Other costs 397, , , TOTAL 1,242, , , , ,564 1,104,593 8, Examples taken from simulation of municipal waste management systems in Catalonia using the SIMUR programme, ARC, Only includes bulky waste collected in the street and sent to landfill, as other recyclable bulky waste goes to the waste collection centre and no breakdown is available. 9 The cost of treating bulky waste is included in the operating costs of the waste collection centre. 10 The cost of treating waste batteries is included in the operating costs of the waste collection centre. 11 Operating costs of the waste collection centre. 12 Includes revenues from charges to the public for using the waste collection centre. 13 This total includes the operating costs of the waste collection centre. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

80 page 78 D4. Environmental impacts of waste management To analyse the environmental impact of waste management, it is necessary to identify the aspects detailed below. Although such studies are usually costly and complex, it is possible to carry out a qualitative assessment of the environmental impact of each stage of waste management, in particular the collection of each fraction, as this is the area over which local entities have greatest control and for which they have the most information and experience. > Impacts brought about by collection systems: Impacts from the transport of waste: Consumption of fossil fuels. Emissions into the atmosphere from dustcarts and other waste collection vehicles. These are particular contributors to global warming and the formation of photochemical oxidants. Transport mobility problems. Heavier and slower traffic due to the presence of dustcarts and waste transport trucks. Noise nuisance from transport and bin emptying and cleaning operations. Use of public space: most waste is collected in street-level bins that occupy a considerable amount of public space. The growing use of selective collection, ensuring that bins are located closer to users to make them easier to use, and increasing volumes of waste generated all mean more bins have to be provided. Currently we do not have sufficient experience with new waste collection systems which reduce this type of impact, such as underground bins and pneumatic collection systems, or objective data to assess their effectiveness. Other impacts: on the landscape, smells, etc. > Impacts brought about by treatment plants: Emissions into the air and water Soil contamination Smells Social impacts (NIMBY effect) > Impacts brought about by the final treatment of waste: Landfills: emissions into the air and water. Biogas emissions from the dumping of fermentable materials (exacerbated by low levels of selective collection of OFMSW and still high levels of paper and cardboard in the non-segregated fraction) are particular contributors to global warming. Incinerators: emissions into the air and water and the produc - tion of ash (hazardous waste). If it is planned to carry out more detailed analysis of the environmental impacts from the consumption of fuel and emissions at each stage of the waste management process, it is necessary to use a tool to facilitate and standardise the calculations and allow different management scenarios to be compared. The aim is to identify those waste streams with the greatest impact and to compare the results against simulations of other situations where waste prevention measures have been applied. The SIMUR (Information and Urban Waste Modelling System) can be used to perform an overall assessment of the impacts of waste management, compare the results for different waste streams and analyse different scenarios, calculated using the following parameters: Fuel consumption and emissions from collection services. Fuel consumption and consumption/generation of power at treatment plants and landfill facilities. Emissions generated and saved as a result of the consumption/generation of

81 page 79 energy and direct emissions from processes. Energy savings and emissions avoided as a result of recycling materials. 14 Energy and emissions balances in all stages of the waste management process. Potential impact 15 based on analysis of the emissions balance. Energy balance indicators (MJ/tonne handled) and impact indicators (potential impact per tonne handled). These indicators allow the impacts of the different waste streams to be compared. 14 Calculates the energy and emissions savings or credit from recovering materials for recycling. The recovery of waste materials and their reintroduction into the productive cycle leads to a reduction in the use of raw materials. This saving therefore corresponds to the difference between the energy consumed and emissions generated in the production of paper, glass, textiles, plastics, etc., from raw materials and from recycled materials. 15 By performing a life-cycle assessment (LCA) based on the emissions balance or an inventory of the environmental burdens associated with the waste management system, a life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) can then be carried out. This will enable the information generated in the inventory to be more easily interpreted, estimating the potential impacts of this type of methodology. Some screenshots from the programme for calculating these indicators and some of the output screens showing the results of the environmental impact assessment are reproduced below. > FIGURE12. Screenshots of the SIMUR programme: output screens with the results of the energy and emissions balances and analysis of the potential impact Balance of emissions Energy balance by energy source guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

82 page 80 Potential impact a range of opinions and points of view which can be dealt with at length. The qualitative method, therefore, focuses on the meanings attached to waste prevention and how people make sense of them. The perceptions and values of the people interviewed can be explored in detail to give a better understanding of the psychosocial conditions and factors affecting waste prevention habits. The data produced by the qualitative method is a collection of statements and arguments used by members of the public to explain, understand and participate in waste prevention. > Quantitative techniques: surveys A survey is a quantitative method that comprises researching a sample of people who represent a larger population and which is performed in the context of their everyday lives. Standard questioning techniques are used to obtain quantifiable measures of a wide range of objective and subjective characteristics of the population. D5. Methods for analysing agents' awareness > Qualitative techniques: focus groups Focus groups enable researchers to understand the meanings attached by different people to certain issues. The advantage of this type of research is that it is based on discussions among a small group of people (6-10). This interaction is the distinguishing feature of this method. The discussion is not intended to generate a consensus between the group's members, but simply to collect The great scope of these techniques for standardising data facilitates the processing and statistical analysis of the results. The disadvantage is that, unlike discussion groups, they do not allow complex issues to be analysed in detail. The size of the sample analysed may vary, but it must be statistically representative of the total population. Surveys can be performed using a variety of channels: By post/ On-line/ Door-to-door/ By telephone/ On the street

83 page Information sheets on waste prevention measures Acronyms used in the information sheets: E/CI: Educational and communication instruments EI: Economic instruments OI: Organisational instruments RI: Regulatory instruments For more information on these instruments, see Annex Prevention of the organic fraction A1. Encouraging home composting > Aim: To introduce the practice of home composting in the municipality. > Background: Home composting means that organic matter and plant waste do not have to be managed within the municipal collection system. Household composting is a simple process which can complement the regular collection service, as it allows organic matter to be dealt with at source and, in more rural areas, can be an appropriate way to manage organic waste. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC > Promoter: Local council > Aimed at: Citizens > Description of measures: Home composting involves managing organic waste (organic matter and plant waste) at the point of origin using a biological process of aerobic decomposition which produces compost, a natural fertiliser. The process can be carried out in a composter or by mixing the organic waste in a heap on the ground. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

84 page 82 There are different types of composter suitable for different locations: Garden composters are used particularly in small or widely dispersed municipalities with houses that have vegetable plots, green areas or gardens where the compost can be used. Wormeries or vermicomposters can be used on terraces or indoors, in blocks of flats and densely populated urban areas. The organic waste is digested by red worms that transform it into fertiliser (vermicompost). > Resources needed: Composters, additional material (fork, spade, aerator, etc.) and, if necessary, a shredder. Availability of shredded plant fraction. > Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Communication campaign to promote home composting. E/CI. Training of users through home composting workshops and advisory groups, and technical monitoring to ensure home composting is working well. E/CI. Guide to home composting. EI. Municipal subsidies for the acquisition of composters (covering all or part of the cost to encourage participation). EI. Rebates on waste management fee for using home composting. > Timeline: Home composting is an on-going activity. After the initial campaign, reminders should be issued to bring new users into the scheme, with additional workshops for these new participants. The scheme can be promoted first in more widely dispersed areas and later to homeowners in more densely populated areas. > Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 2 Management of plant waste from municipal sources to provide structural material for the process of home composting (collected within the municipality or from other sources, shredded and distributed). Joint promotion of urban vegetable plots and the practice of home composting, and the use of the compost generated at these locations. > Examples: Spanish Network of Local Organisations for Household and Community Composting Citizens' Network for Household Composting in Reus _id=37&category_id=3 Household composting in Girona Household composting in Tiana d=31 Manual on home composting, Waste Agency of Catalonia mpostatge.pdf > Monitoring indicators: Number of home composters in service. Estimate of quantities of OFMSW and pruning waste composted.

85 page 83 2 Prevention of the organic fraction A2. Encouraging community composting > Aim: To introduce the practice of community composting in the municipality. > Background: Community composting means that organic matter and plant waste does not have to be managed within the municipal collection system. Community composting is a simple process which can complement the regular collection service as it allows organic matter to be dealt with at source and, in more rural areas, can be an appropriate way to manage organic waste. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC > Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations > Aimed at: Citizens, schools, associations, the owners of urban vegetable plots > Description of measures: Community composting involves managing organic waste (organic matter and plant waste) at the point of origin using a biological process of aerobic decomposition which produces compost, a natural fertiliser. The process can be carried out in a composter or by mixing the organic waste in a heap on the ground. There are different forms of community composting: Community composting in green spaces within the municipality for the use of residents and the municipal parks service. Community composting for blocks of flats and densely populated urban areas in communal zones which are appropriate for this activity. Composting in educational centres, civic centres, urban vegetable plots, etc. > Resources needed: Composters, additional material (fork, spade, aerator, etc.) and, if necessary, a shredder. Availability of shredded plant fraction. > Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Communication campaign to promote community composting. E/CI. Training of individual users through workshops on community composting, advisory groups and technical monitoring groups, and supervisory groups for composting in green spaces. E/CI. Guide to community composting. EI. Municipal subsidies for the acquisition of composters (covering all or part of the cost to encourage participation). EI. Rebates on waste management fee for taking part in community composting. > Timeline: Community composting is an on-going activity. After the initial campaign, reminders should be issued to bring new users into the scheme, with additional workshops for these new participants. > Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 1 Management of pruning waste from municipal sources to provide structural material for the process of community composting (collected within the municipality or from other sources, shredded and distributed). guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

86 page 84 Joint promotion of urban vegetable plots and the practice of home composting, and the use of the compost generated at these locations. > Examples: Community composting in El Pallars Sobirà, El Pallars Sobirà Regional Council ct_id=35&category_id=3 Community composting plant in Boadella i les Escaules _id=41&category_id=3 Agenda 21 Escolar, Barcelona City Council Composting in schools, L'Alt Empordà Regional Council Manual on home composting, Waste Agency of Catalonia mpostatge.pdf Community composting experiences in schools, Government of Catalonia (GENCAT) f64ca3109a92b904e9cac3bb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=648b0acb0f VgnVCM d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=648b0ac b0f597210vgnvcm d0c1e0arcrd&vgnextfmt=default Monitoring indicators: Number of community composters in service. Estimate of quantities of OFMSW and pruning waste composted. 3 Prevention of the organic fraction A3. Encouraging the use of the aerated bin to collect the OFMSW > Aim: To introduce the use of the aerated bin and the compostable bag into homes for the collection of OFMSW in the municipality. > Background: The organic fraction of municipal solid waste is very humid (>80%). Evaporating part of this humidity reduces the weight and volume of the OFMSW collected, and helps prevent the accumulation of leachates. > Promoter: Local council > Aimed at: Citizens > Description of measures: Introduction of the combined use of aerated bins and compostable bags (semi-permeable to water vapour) for the selective collection of OFMSW. This system ensures the waste is naturally ventilated so that a good part of the water content in the organic fraction can evaporate. Using these bins and bags together can lead to a significant reduction, around 30%, in the weight of the organic material collected (depending on the composition of the fraction, how often the bin is

87 page 85 emptied and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and air currents). This water loss helps the compostable bag to last longer, as it stays in better condition while reducing the quantity and volume of the waste generated. The bag needs changing less frequently and the number of bags used is therefore reduced. Aeration also helps reduce the smells produced by anaerobic fermentation processes and makes the OFMSW more pleasant to collect. > Resources needed: Aerated bins and compostable bags. Vending machines selling compostable bags located in municipal spaces. > Monitoring indicators: Number of bins distributed. Number of bags distributed and sold. Number of agreements with local shops. Number of vending machines. Number of points of sale. Estimate of quantities of organic fraction removed from the management process. The quantity of waste saved can be estimated from the amounts of OFMSW collected per household, assuming a reduction of 30% from evaporation. > Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Communication campaign on the use of the aerated bin (together with the compostable bags). EI. Municipal subsidies for the acquisition of bins and bags (covering all or part of the cost to encourage their use). OI. Agreements with local businesses to distribute compostable bags. > Timeline: Once the bins have been distributed by the local authority, their use is continuous. The compostable bags, on the other hand, must be acquired on an on-going basis and must therefore be easy to buy (reasonably priced and available in local shops or vending machines). > Other related measures: Implementing the selective collection/management of OFMSW. > Examples: Municipalities that have introduced the aerated bin: El Masnou, Argentona, Sant Fruitós del Bages, etc. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

88 page 86 4 Prevention of the organic fraction A4. Promoting measures to combat food wastage. Responsible purchasing and consumption of foodstuffs > Aim: Avoiding food wastage and encouraging responsible purchasing and consumption. > Background: The aim is to avoid the accumulation of surplus food which goes off before it can be consumed, and to find alternative uses for those surpluses which do occur. This involves measures to prevent the generation of the organic fraction which are feasible and often very simple to implement and which, furthermore, can produce economic and social benefits. These measures should also include measures to make use of surplus foodstuffs generated during the preparation of meals. A recent study by WRAP 16 concluded that one third of all food purchased by households in the UK goes directly to waste. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC > Promoter: Local council 16 See > Aimed at: Citizens, food retailers and food-related commercial activities, facilities with canteen services, restaurants and caterers > Description of measures: To compile and issue guidelines to ensure that: Retailers minimise the quantities of foodstuffs whose use-by date expires before they are sold. Consumers do not buy more foodstuffs than they can consume before they go off. The general public, restaurants and caterers and facilities with canteen services (schools, care homes, hospitals, etc.) are provided with guidelines on using the food scraps generated during preparation and leftovers from meals. The preparation of meals for festivals and public events is correctly managed. Channels are created through social initiatives to make use of surplus foodstuffs which are in good condition but unsold for various reasons. Food banks are one of these channels. They take foodstuffs which are no longer saleable but are still consumable and distribute them to the needy via charitable organisations. This work is done in Catalonia by the Banc dels Aliments and other NGOs. Local governments can support such initiatives by promoting them and helping them access donors and can even be involved in setting up and managing them in the initial stages or in the long term. > Resources needed: Creation of a food bank or service to foster contacts between charitable institutions and donors (optional).

89 page 87 > Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Communication campaign to foster measures to combat food wastage and responsible purchasing and consumption. E/CI. Guide to measures to combat food wastage and responsible purchasing and consumption. OI. Agreements with retailers to implement measures to prevent food wastage and to donate to food banks. > Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to remind the target audience of the benefits of this practice. A food bank requires initial involvement in its creation and ongoing involvement, if it is managed by the local authority. The most practical mechanism for local organisations to get involved is in fostering contacts between donors and the managers of food banks. > Monitoring indicators: Number of guides distributed to the public. Number of agreements signed. Number of restaurants and facilities with canteen services implementing waste prevention measures. Number of food-related businesses implementing waste prevention measures. Number of companies donating food. Quantity of foodstuffs used by food banks. > Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 21 > Examples: Fundació Banc dels Aliments European Federation of Food Banks Website providing advice and experience on reducing food waste Fareshare, Community Food Network guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

90 page 88 5 Prevention of the paper and cardboard fraction A5. Regulations on advertising materials and/or free newspapers > Aim: To regulate and control the distribution of advertising materials and free newspapers in the municipality. > Background: The quantities of paper generated in recent years have increased. The increase in advertising materials and especially the spread of free newspapers are among the main causes of this problem. The activity of this sector must be controlled within the municipality in order to reduce the impact of distributing advertising materials and free newspapers in the street and to homes (making the city scruffy, annoying the public, generating waste, etc.). This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC > Promoter: Local council > Aimed at: Distributors, citizens > Description of measures: Regulations on the distribution of different types of advertising material and free newspapers to introduce the following waste prevention measures: The materials used must be controlled, requiring producers to use a certain percentage of recycled material. The use of packaging should be minimised. Distributors must respect notices placed on letterboxes by residents requesting that no advertising materials be posted in them. The local authority can also run campaigns encouraging the public to use No advertising, thank you stickers. When advertising materials and free newspapers are handed out in the street, waste collection systems and systems for cleaning up the area within a certain radius of the distribution points must be provided. A list can be set up allowing residents to request advertising material not be addressed to them. The companies that produce advertising materials and the main distributors thereof can voluntarily subscribe to this list. > Resources needed: Distribution of No advertising, thank you stickers. Service to oversee adherence to the regulations. > Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Communication campaign to encourage the public to refuse unaddressed advertising material and distribution of No advertising, thank you stickers, which residents can voluntarily place on their letterboxes or in the entrance to buildings. EI. Charges for licences to distribute advertising and free newspapers and deposits for carrying out these activities.

91 page 89 OI. RI. Agreements with the distributors of advertising materials and free newspapers and with the businesses related to this distribution. Municipal ordinances regulating the distribution of advertising materials (handed out in the street or unaddressed materials delivered to letterboxes) and free newspapers. 6 Prevention of the paper and cardboard fraction > Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. Once implemented, the application of the ordinance and the distribution activities taking place in the municipality must be continuously monitored. > Examples: Bústies Netes [Clean Letterboxes] campaign, Girona City Council _id=28&category_id=3 Stop Pub, French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) 1&cid=96&m=3&catid=23833 Stop Unwanted Mail, Zero Waste Scotland > Monitoring indicators: Number of No advertising, thank you stickers distributed. Number of agreements signed. Number of operating licences issued for the distribution of advertising materials and free newspapers. Quantity of advertising materials no longer received by households. To estimate the waste prevented, the materials received by a typical household participating in the No advertising, thank you campaign over a period of time can be compared with that received in a non-participating household. A6. Promoting the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information > Aim: To establish habits that lead to the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information. > Background: The quantities of paper generated in recent years have increased. There are methods for correctly managing information and the use of paper in both private and government offices in order to save paper. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC > Promoter: Local council > Aimed at: Private and government offices > Description of measures: Introduction of habits that lead to the responsible use of paper and dematerialisation of information based on the application of the following best practices: guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

92 page 90 Using an intranet for internal circulars, press, news items, documents, staff information, etc. If there is no intranet, ensure that documents and reports are circulated rather than distributing individual copies. Setting up a good system for consulting printed documents, publications, newspapers, etc., with a single person responsible for filing them correctly, so they can be consulted by everyone in the office or department. Storage of documents on CD/DVD or hard disks rather than making paper copies and using central filing systems for paper copies. Correcting documents on the screen before printing them. Subscribing to electronic versions of newspapers, magazines and other publications. Avoid subscribing to catalogues and magazines that are not of interest. Using to exchange documentation, news and for external communications. Sending faxes from the computer (without having to print them). Ordering supplies by telephone or . Reusing paper printed on only one side (for making notes, drafts, internal documents, etc.). Printing non-important documents as drafts to save ink. Using double-sided photocopying and printing. Shrinking originals to reduce the number of pages to photocopy. Consider issues such as the size of fonts and margins before printing. Reviewing the weight of paper used for printing letters, envelopes and publications, and encourage the use of lightweight paper. Reusing envelopes or using double-use envelopes. Reviewing and updating contact lists to ensure that repeated, old or non-useful addresses are removed. Sending only one copy per address and asking recipients to request additional copies if they are interested. Circulating a single draft document to be corrected by several people. Accepting internal documents with hand-written corrections. Implementing digital signature systems for certain procedures and notifications. Training and online courses for employees. > Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Communication campaign to foster the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information. E/CI. Guide to best practices in the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for offices that introduce best practices in the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information. OI. Agreements with offices in the municipality to implement these practices. > Timeline: Once the habits and mechanisms that enable the responsible use of paper and the dematerialisation of information have been established, these practices are on-going. It is important to begin with the easiest practices and progressively introduce more complex practices. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to remind the target audience of the benefits of this practice. > Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 20, 21 Implementation of selective collection systems for paper and cardboard in offices.

93 page 91 > Examples: Ajuntament + Sostenible campaign, Barcelona City Council A paperless school day, Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC) o/prevencio/setmana%20europea%20prevencio%20de%20resi dus/documents/fitxa%2023.pdf A paperless day at government offices, Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC) o/prevencio/setmana%20europea%20prevencio%20de%20resi dus/documents/fitxa%2021.pdf > Monitoring indicators: Number of guides distributed. Number of agreements signed. Number and types of measures implemented. Number of municipal offices following best practices. Number of offices implementing best practices. Number of machines with paper-saving options (double-sided photocopiers, faxes which can be sent directly from the computer, etc.). Reduction in the quantity of paper purchased and consumed. This saving can be estimated by comparing the paper currently purchased with that purchased in financial periods prior to implementing the measures. The savings should be monitored when new measures are introduced. 7 Prevention of the paper and cardboard fraction A7. Encouraging the reuse of textbooks and other books > Aim: Introduction of a programme to reuse textbooks and other books in schools. > Background: The quantities of paper generated in recent years have increased. It is therefore necessary to examine all means of reducing consumption. Textbooks are generally used for one year, and their useful life can be extended to at least four years. This will reduce the consumption of paper and introduce concepts of environmental awareness and responsible consumption in schools. This measure will also help to significantly reduce the cost to families of buying textbooks and supplementary educational material. > Promoter: Local council (and the Government of Catalonia) > Aimed at: Schools > Description of measures: To create a stock of books and educational material owned by the school that can be lent to students and reused where possible. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

94 page 92 The schools buy the textbooks and complementary educational materials using financial contributions from the families who join the scheme and grants from the Government of Catalonia awarded through the Department of Education's Cooperation Programme to Promote the Reuse of Textbooks and Supplementary Teaching Materials 17. These books are loaned to the students, who are required to take care of them and return them in good condition at the end of the course. Under the terms of the aforementioned Cooperation Programme, textbooks are considered to have a minimum useful life of at least four years. The centre must prepare an implementation plan and a programme development report in order to apply for a grant and to identify potential for improvements. This measure can be furthered by donations of reading books to non-profit organisations or, in some cases, to municipal libraries. > Resources needed: Books and supplementary teaching materials. Service for managing book stocks. > Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Information campaign aimed at schools to foster the development of schemes to reuse books. 17 The regulatory basis for the Cooperation Programme to Promote the Reuse of Textbooks and Supplementary Teaching Materials was approved by ORDER EDU/277/2008, of 2 June. > Timeline: The programme to reuse textbooks covers a single academic year, as it will be necessary to adjust the demand for books each year depending on the number of students joining the scheme. It is advisable to launch the project in a way that is easy to organise and manage, i.e. starting with a specific cycle (e.g. pre-school or primary). The scope of the scheme can be extended in subsequent academic years. > Other related measures: Implementation of selective collection systems for paper and cardboard at schools. > Examples: Public acquisition of textbooks and educational materials, CEIP La Sedeta doc_ _1.pdf Public acquisition process for textbooks, CEIP Ramon Masip- Dolors Granés doc_ _1.pdf Llibre Verd [Green Book], CEIP Maria Borès de la Pobla de Claramunt doc_ _1.pdf Service to collect children's books and send them to Latin America, Interlibros Book reuse experiences at schools, Government of Catalonia (GENCAT) f64ca3109a92b904e9cac3bb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=648b0acb0f VgnVCM d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=648b0ac b0f597210vgnvcm d0c1e0arcrd&vgnextfmt=default

95 page 93 > Monitoring indicators: Number of schools participating in programmes to reuse textbooks. Number of students participating in programmes to reuse textbooks. Number of books reused each year. Number of books saved based on the number of students participating in the programme and the number of books it was not necessary to buy as a result of implementing the programme. Cost savings on textbooks. 8 Prevention of the packaging fraction A8. Encouraging the public to drink tap water > Aim: To encourage people to drink tap water instead of bottled water. > Background: In some municipalities, the majority of the population do not like the taste of the tap water and therefore there are high levels of consumption of bottled water. This is because the organoleptic properties, which affect the public's perceptions of the quality of the water, are not ideal. Buying, transporting and storing large quantities of bottled water is a nuisance for households as well as being significantly more costly than using tap water. There are also environmental issues associated with the widespread use of bottled water, which the public rarely consider, including the energy consumed in transporting it and in the manufacture of bottles, and the waste generated, some of which is difficult to manage (PVC). The large number of waste water bottles and jugs generated has a major impact on municipal collection services. Light packaging is usually voluminous (bins fill up quickly as the public rarely squeeze the air out of the bottles), resulting in a high collection cost per tonne. Furthermore, the opening on the recycling bins for plastics is not always big enough for the largest water bottles. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

96 page 94 This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC > Promoter: Local council > Aimed at: Citizens > Description of measures: Encouraging the general public to use tap water instead of buying bottled water by promoting the use of devices to improve its quality (where it is not possible to improve the organoleptic properties of the local water supply). Purification systems eliminate contaminants in water for human consumption (drinking, cooking, etc.) and improve the taste. The different technologies produce water of varying levels of purity. There are three main systems: Distillation Reverse osmosis Carbon filters > Resources needed: Distribution of purification systems (subsidised sale or otherwise). > Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Communication campaign to encourage the public to drink tap water instead of bottled water. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for the consumption of tap water using purification systems. EI. Municipal subsidies for the acquisition of purification systems. > Timeline: The use of purification systems is on-going. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. > Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 20, 21 > Examples: Sale of water in large bottles and reusable bottles, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) 00&noticiaid= &pagename=UAB%2FPage%2FTe mplateplanadivsnoticiesdetall Aigua embotellada, ampolla llençada [Bottled water, bottle discarded], University of Barcelona (UB) AiguaEnvas.pdf Take Back The Tap, Food and Water Watch Société Anonyme de Gestion des Eaux de Paris Monitoring indicators Number of purification systems distributed. Number of homes with water purification systems. Estimated quantity of water bottles saved. Based on consumption of 2-4 litres of water per day per person for drinking and cooking, the size of the population and the number of homes using purification systems, the number of bottles saved can be estimated. This figure may require adjustment as part of an individual's water consumption may occur outside the home, depending on their lifestyle.

97 page 95 9 Prevention of the packaging fraction A9. Promoting the supply of and demand for products with less packaging and products sold in bulk Aim: To increase the supply of products with less packaging and products sold in bulk and encourage consumers to buy them. Background: In recent decades there has been a great increase in the use of disposable containers and packaging, leading to the progressive disappearance from the market of returnable and reusable containers. These products have a very short working life and are responsible for the increase in the volume of container and packaging waste. This phenomenon is emphasised by the use of marketing strategies based on greater use of containers and packaging, increasing the quantity and variety of material used to a point where it plays no useful role in containing or protecting the product. To date, the selective collection of packaging in recycling bins has generally proved inefficient in relation to the financial cost and expenditure of energy required to collect a tonne of waste, because of limited participation by the public and the low density of this type of waste. Collecting this type of waste involves a great deal of work because of its high volume and low density. In many cases it has to be collected at frequent intervals from bins which are located at widely scattered points, the amount of material collected from each point being small (an igloo recycling bin can hold about 50 kg of packaging waste). Because of these factors, the collection of packaging waste is one of the least energyefficient collection processes. It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC Promoter: Local council Aimed at: Citizens, commercial activities and retailers Description of measures: To promote the availability in local shops of the following types of product, which reduce the amount of packaging waste generated, and encourage the public to buy them, thus bringing about a change in consumer habits: Loose products: eggs, cold meats, meat, vegetables, frozen food, nuts, olives, bread, pens, pencils, etc. Cleaning and personal hygiene products sold in bulk: soap, detergent, etc. Products sold in large-capacity containers: water, yoghurt, cleaning products, cocoa, biscuits, drinks, oil, etc. Concentrated products: dishwasher detergent, soap for washing clothes, cleaning products, fabric softener, etc. Products which do not have individual or superfluous packaging, e.g. polystyrene trays, cardboard boxes which cover strong containers (toothpaste, eau de cologne, tuna, etc.). Products in returnable glass containers. Cans and aseptic cartons for drinks should be replaced wherever possible by reusable containers. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

98 page 96 Participation by businesses involves: Making the listed products available to the public. Indicating products with less packaging and placing them in a prominent position on shelves, in cold cabinets, etc. Designating areas for food items sold loose and cleaning or personal hygiene products sold in dispensers. Eliminating padding in the packaging of bags, backpacks, purses, shoes, etc. Reducing the use of cling film and sealing material. Where possible, giving discounts on these products or offering discount vouchers or similar incentives. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign to promote the supply of and demand for products with less packaging and products sold in bulk. E/CI. Advisory group on making products with less packaging and products sold in bulk available in shops. E/CI. Guide to buying and selling products with less packaging and products sold in bulk. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops selling and promoting products with less packaging and products sold in bulk. OI. Agreements with the retail sector for its participation in this initiative. Timeline: Once mechanisms for promoting the availability of products with less packaging and products sold in bulk have been introduced in shops, this practice can continue indefinitely. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to reinforce the change in consumer habits. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 10, 11, 17, 20, 21, 22 Examples: Manlleu redueix els seus residus [Manlleu reduces its waste], Manlleu Town Council. _ajmanlleu.pdf A Palafrugell reduïm residus [In Palafrugell, we reduce waste], Palafrugell Town Council. Study on the present and future outlook for food products sold in bulk. Organisation of Consumers and Users of Catalonia (OCUC) pdf Project for preventing municipal waste at Bonpreu group stores in Catalonia, Bon Preu S.A. Caprabo, a model of sustainable commerce, Caprabo. caprabo.pdf Network of Environmentally Friendly Shops. option=com_content&view=article Monitoring indicators: Number of guides distributed. Number of businesses promoting products with less packaging. Number of businesses promoting products sold in bulk. Number of products available with less packaging. Volume of products with less packaging purchased. Number of products available sold in bulk. Volume of products sold in bulk purchased.

99 page Prevention of the packaging fraction A10. Promoting the replacement of disposable bags with reusable bags Aim: To encourage a change of habit in the distribution and use of disposable bags and their replacement by reusable bags. Background: Although the weight generated by disposable bags (carrier bags and the plastic bags used to weigh fruit, vegetables, fish, meat, etc.) is not great, and even bearing in mind that they are often reused for household waste, the number of bags of this type used in Catalonia is enormous (estimated to be over 14 million per week). 18 The distribution of these bags also has an impact on the environment, as they are often left in public areas and may block drains, among other problems. They also cause disruption in the management of selective waste at treatment plants. Changing consumer habits regarding disposable bags involves a major effort to raise people's awareness of how wasteful they are and of the possibilities of preventing waste, as they are a clearly identifiable everyday item that symbolises our current lifestyle and habits of consumption. This is one of the preventive measures envisaged in the PRO- GREMIC To regulate their use, it proposes voluntary 18 Estimate provided by the Foundation for Preventing Waste and Responsible Consumption agreements with the groups involved with a view to achieving a 30% reduction in the number of disposable plastic bags per capita given out by shops by 2009, and a 50% reduction by If these targets are not met, sanctions are to be introduced (a tax with a compulsory charge for the user). Promoter: Local council Aimed at: Citizens, commercial activities and retailers Description of measures: Bringing about a change in people's habits regarding the use of reusable containers for carrying purchases, instead of the disposable bags and other packaging provided by shops. The following are to be encouraged: Shopping in general: Shopping bags, baskets and shopping trolleys. Reusable shopping bags (plastic, cotton, etc.). Reusable boxes (cardboard boxes, folding plastic boxes). Compostable bags (although they may not be suitable for reuse, they can have a second use for OFMSW collection, with the corresponding benefits). Other items (replacement of other packaging used by shops): Fabric bags for bread. Reusable egg boxes and food boxes. Reusable bags for frozen food. Shops should take the following measures to penalise the distribution of disposable bags and promote reusable bags and other reusable containers: guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

100 page 98 Charging for disposable bags or giving customers a discount for not requiring them. Promoting and distributing disposable bags or lending bags (a loan system has to be set up). Promoting and distributing other reusable containers such as cardboard boxes and folding plastic boxes which can be lent to customers (a loan system has to be set up). Offering a delivery service without excessive packaging. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign to publicise the replacement of disposable bags with reusable containers and encouraging the replacement of other additional packaging in shops. E/CI. Advisory group on the introduction of mechanisms to promote the replacement of disposable bags with reusable containers. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops promoting the replacement of disposable bags with reusable containers. EI. Loan system for returnable bags or boxes. OI. Agreements with shops to promote the replacement of disposable bags with reusable containers. RI. Regulations governing disposable bags and reusable alternatives. Timeline: Once mechanisms for promoting the replacement of disposable bags with reusable alternatives have been introduced in shops, this practice can continue indefinitely. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to reinforce the change in consumer habits. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 9, 22 Examples: Millor que una bossa de plàstic [Better than a plastic bag], Bon Preu S.A. A Terrassa reduïm els residus! [In Terrassa, we reduce waste!] The experience of bakers in Terrassa, Terrassa Town Council. 3_d.pdf I per comprar... millor el cabàs [When going shopping... take your bag along], Prats de Lluçanès Town Council pdf Catalunya lliure de bosses [Catalonia, bag-free], Catalan Foundation for Waste Prevention and Responsible Consumption. Agreement with the XarxaFarma Association to reduce the use of plastic bags, Waste Agency of Catalonia Monitoring indicators: Number of guides distributed. Number of reusable containers distributed by the local council. Number of businesses promoting reusable containers. Number of reusable containers distributed by businesses. Estimate of the number of disposable bags saved. Calculation of the difference in the number of bags distributed by shops before and after the introduction of these measures.

101 page Prevention of the packaging fraction A11. Promoting the use of less packaging (secondary and tertiary) Aim: To limit the use of large amounts of secondary and tertiary packaging by shops and distributors, thus eliminating unnecessary packaging. Background: In recent decades there has been a great increase in the use of single-use packaging in general and this has affected the use of secondary packaging (that used to transport goods in primary packaging or in their own containers) in particular and tertiary packaging (used to transport a number of items in secondary packaging), leading to an increase in the generation of this type of waste. When commercial undertakings do not have approved waste managers, or an internal system in the case of commercial chains, secondary packaging from commercial sources often ends up being deposited in selective municipal waste collection systems or in those for the non-segregated fraction, if it is not correctly managed. The presence of this packaging constitutes a problem for selective waste disposal, as the size and design of bins and dumpsters is often unsuitable for this type of waste. It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC Promoter: Local council Aimed at: Commercial activity and retailers Description of measures: Enabling the shops in the municipality to reduce the amount of secondary and tertiary packaging in order to reduce the generation of packaging waste by requiring suppliers to do the following: Adapt containers and packaging to the volume and weight of goods. Pack a number of items together in light packaging and avoid packing items individually. Minimise the space between items without endangering their condition. Use reusable cardboard or plastic boxes for distribution (replacing containers made of polystyrene). Use reusable packaging. Reduce the number of wooden cases. Reduce the use of plastic film and sealing material. Use reusable pallets. Use standardised pallets to facilitate reuse. Verify whether empty packaging can be used in the shop for other purposes (for publicity, to replace bags for carrying purchases, etc.). Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign to promote a reduction in the use of secondary and tertiary packaging in shops. E/CI. Advisory group on the introduction of measures to reduce packaging. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

102 page 100 EI. OI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops applying measures to reduce packaging. Agreements with the retail sector for its participation in this initiative. Timeline: Once mechanisms for reducing packaging have been introduced, this practice can continue indefinitely. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 9, 20 Examples: Project for preventing municipal waste at Bonpreu group stores in Catalonia, Bon Preu S.A. Caprabo, a model of sustainable commerce, Caprabo rabo.pdf Project for preventing municipal waste at the Corte Inglés and Hipercor stores in Catalonia, El Corte Inglés eingles.pdf =21,c,1067 Monitoring indicators: Number of guides distributed. Number of businesses applying measures to reduce packaging. 12 Prevention of the glass fraction A12. Promotion of reusable glass containers Aim: Promoting the introduction of reusable glass containers, especially in HORECA businesses. Background: In recent years there has been a significant fall in the use of reusable containers. The old, widespread system of deposits, which was applied to many containers for decades, has been gradually disappearing, largely because of changing patterns of consumption and new systems of distribution. Most life-cycle analyses (LCA) carried out to date show that the environmental impact of returnable containers is much less than that caused by disposable containers (especially if returnable containers are compared with cartons, tins and nonreturnable glass). These results bear out the sense of the policies and management structure established in European regulations. The reuse of glass containers is thus preferable to recycling in ecological terms when the distance over which the containers are transported is not more than km (for products consumed within this radius from the packaging point). Various studies indicate that the use of reusable glass containers is justified if the container has a working life of 10 to 20 cycles (reusable containers that will withstand a minimum of 10 cycles).

103 page 101 There is broad agreement that drinks and certain liquid food products are the most suitable items for packing in reusable containers. Indeed, it is in this sector that the highest percentages of container reuse are recorded in all countries. It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC The aim is to encourage the reuse of containers through existing deposit-refund systems (DRS) and, for certain single-use containers, promote deposit-refund systems to increase selective waste collection at source (DRS mr). 19 Promoter: Local council Aimed at: Hotels, restaurants and catering, retail food outlets Description of measures: Encouraging the reuse of reusable glass containers in hotels, restaurants and catering establishments, by developing agreements with these sectors. They will be promoted especially for drinks and liquid products. The scheme could also be extended to other shops in the municipality selling food products, where the sale of reusable glass containers could be encouraged. This involves the return of the empty container to the shop and the payment of a deposit by the consumer. To encourage the introduction of this type of container, it is necessary to inform businesses of the full range of products in returnable containers available on the market and the names of the companies and distributors supplying them. Consumers must also be encouraged to demand this type of container in local shops and businesses. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign to promote the supply of and demand for products in reusable glass containers. E/CI. Advisory group on the introduction of products in reusable glass containers. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops selling products in reusable glass containers. EI. Deposit system for returnable glass containers sold in shops. OI. Agreements with hotels, restaurants, caterers and shops selling food products for the introduction of products in reusable glass containers. Timeline: Once products in reusable glass containers have been introduced, the practice can continue indefinitely. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to encourage demand for reusable glass containers. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 20, 21, In the second case the aim is to ensure that the containers in the scheme are returned to the point of sale by charging a deposit. This leads to a high rate of selective waste collection and subsequent recycling. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

104 page 102 Examples: Residus: com menys, millor [Waste, the less the better], Reus Town Council Project to prevent municipal waste in Sant Andreu de Llavaneres, Sant Andreu de Llavaneres Town Council aneres.pdf Monitoring indicators: Number of agreements signed. Number of businesses offering products in reusable glass containers. Quantity and types of product sold in reusable glass containers in the municipality. Estimate of the volume of products sold in reusable glass containers in the municipality (based on information on sales in shops and other outlets). 13 Prevention of the other waste fraction A13. Fostering the reuse of clothing Aim: To encourage the reuse of clothing and footwear, giving it a second useful life. Background: It has been calculated that each individual consumes nearly 10 kg of textile products each year and the renewal of people's clothing generates a large amount of waste which goes to landfill sites. A considerable proportion of the clothes thrown away (and some of the footwear) can be reused when they have been conditioned (washed, mended, etc.), thus reducing the amount of textile waste and saving water and energy equivalent to the amounts that would have been consumed in the manufacture of these goods. The reuse of clothing is thus beneficial for the environment and, if it is managed by businesses which help to create jobs, there is an added social benefit. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations Aimed at: Citizens

105 page 103 Description of measures: Encouraging the recovery and subsequent reuse of clothing and footwear, providing collection points where the public can leave these used items. Clothing and footwear which are no longer used can thus be taken to various places: Bins located on the street and at strategic points in the municipality where large numbers of people congregate: markets, social centres, schools, civic centres, etc. Municipal waste collection facilities. Parish churches working with organisations collecting these items. Non-profit organisations which carry out door-to-door collections. Processing of the items collected is usually by social integration enterprises, although the local authorities may participate through the management of their waste collection facilities or by providing collection boxes in the street. After collection, the clothing is sorted, classified and conditioned according to its quality so that it can be disposed of appropriately: donated, sent to shops or markets, or sold in bulk. Clothes which are not of sufficiently good quality to be reused can be used as raw material for the manufacture of blankets, soundproofing material, etc., or recycled as cloths for use in industry. The remainder is disposed of in incinerators or landfills. The reuse of clothing can also be promoted in schools, where overalls, uniforms and sportswear can be reused. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign to encourage the public to donate and reuse second-hand clothing and footwear. E/CI. Guide to the network of sales outlets for second-hand clothing and footwear and the collection systems available in the municipality. OI. Agreements with non-profit organisations to introduce systems for collecting textiles and promote sales outlets for second-hand clothing and footwear. Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 15 Examples: Roba Amiga, Caixa Catalunya Obra Social Humana Spain Slow Fashion 0&sec=1 Oldberri, Cáritas Gipuzkoa Foundation Monitoring indicators: Number of agreements signed. Number of collection points set up for clothing and footwear. Number of sales points for second-hand clothing and footwear. Amounts of clothing and footwear collected per year. Amounts of clothing and footwear reused. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

106 page Prevention of the other waste fraction A14. Promoting the use of reusable nappies Aim: To introduce the use of reusable nappies in nursery schools, nursing homes and private homes. Background: Nappies need to be considered when formulating measures to prevent municipal waste both because of their weight (they account for 2%-4% of all waste by weight) and because they cannot be recycled. They can only be sent to facilities for final disposal. It should be remembered that nappies are used not only by children, who may use 6,000 nappies in their early years, but also by the elderly, some of whom may need six per day. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC Promoter: Local council Aimed at: Citizens, nursery schools, nursing homes Description of measures: Promoting the use of reusable nappies by nursery schools, geriatric centres and members of the public who use nappies. In Catalonia, experiments in the use of cloth nappies have been carried out in municipal nursery schools in Sant Cugat del Vallès and some nursing homes in the Barcelona metropolitan area. To experiment with their use, it is necessary to do the following: Reach an agreement with teachers and carers and ensure that parents or the users themselves accept their use. Select the type of nappy according to criteria such as: Comfort and how well it adapts to the baby's body Good absorption Can withstand repeated washing No significant leakage Texture and fabric suitable for babies' skins, not causing irritation or allergies There are two types of reusable nappy: Fully reusable nappies: These must be washed after every use. It has been estimated that they generate 60 times less solid waste than conventional disposable nappies. They call for a significant initial investment but after this the only cost is that of washing. The main limitation is the additional work for parents, who have to wash the used nappies. Partially reusable nappies: They consist of a reusable wrap and a disposable compostable insert. They are more convenient for users than the previous type, although they do not lead to such a substantial reduction in this waste fraction. The main limitation is their high cost.

107 page 105 Determine the need for nappies and how they are used. In nursery schools, the number of reusable nappies must be calculated according to each child's needs. The calculation must include nappies changed in the school and those changed by the parents at home. In nursing homes, the number of reusable nappies has to be calculated according to the needs of each user. In this case the system is simpler, as nappies are not changed outside the centre. Establish the system for distributing, washing and drying nappies. Soiled nappies are usually placed in sealed containers. Washing may be carried out by an internal laundry service. Otherwise, there may be an external system for collecting, washing and distributing them. Current experience suggests that soiled nappies will need to be collected approximately every two days (they are transported in plastic bags in 120-litre containers). Promoting the domestic use of reusable nappies is positive, as it will increase demand for the product, which can thus become more competitive in the market. For their part, local authorities can consider setting up a centralised public system for buying reusable nappies more economically or subsidise their purchase by private individuals. Resources needed: Design and logistics of the service. Regular laboratory analysis to assess the service's standards of hygiene. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign to promote the use of reusable nappies. EI. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for the users of reusable nappies. Subsidies for the purchase of reusable nappies and for the use of the collection and laundry service if this is introduced by the local council. Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 15 Examples: Introduction of reusable nappies in homes in Sant Cugat del Vallès, Sant Cugat del Vallès Town Council Reuse of sanitary material. Entitat del Medi Ambient o/material_sanitari The Real Nappy Campaign sing%20guide% %20doc01.pdf Monitoring indicators: Nombre Number of nursery schools and children using reusable nappies. Number of nursing homes and elderly people using reusable nappies. Numbers of families, children and elderly people using reusable nappies. Number of reusable nappies subsidised by local authorities. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

108 page 106 Number of families using the collection and laundry service available in the municipality. Number of nursery schools using the collection and laundry service available in the municipality. Number of nursing homes using the collection and laundry service available in the municipality. Number of disposable nappies saved. Estimate based on the number of users of reusable nappies according to type (babies by age and the elderly) and standard consumption for each type of user. 15 Prevention of the other waste fraction A15. Fostering the reuse of goods and products Aim: To encourage the reuse of goods and products in the municipality. Background: Many goods and products no longer needed by their owners are still in good working order (or can be used for other purposes) and can thus be reused. By reuse we understand using a product in its original form more than once, either for its original purpose or a different one, with or without a process of preparation for its reuse. Thus, by promoting the operations needed to prepare products for reuse (a definition of this new term, introduced by the PRO- GREMIC , is given in Section 4.2) and the practice of reuse itself, we can extend the useful life of many consumer goods and products. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations

109 page 107 Aimed at: Citizens Description of measures: Encouraging the reuse of goods and products via the following channels: Local council services: The creation of reuse centres linked to waste collection points and other municipal facilities. These centres can offer reusable items such as bulky objects collected by the municipal waste collection services and products contributed directly by the public. The second-hand items can be collected free by users or they may be asked to pay a small charge. Reuse centres can be associated with centres for repairs and a website set up to publicise the items available. Fostering municipal second-hand and exchange markets. These markets can have an associated website where products offered and wanted can be shown and they can be linked to reuse centres. Encouraging municipal donations of reusable goods. Encouraging the specific collection of bulky waste (furniture, WEEE, etc.) for future reuse. With a view to facilitating the possible preparation of products for reuse in the future, priority should be given to collecting material from the users' homes when they request this service, so that goods remain in good condition. Alternative systems may also be used. Bulky objects or other products may be taken by users to municipal waste collection centres, they may be left at specific collection points in the street, and they can be collected when users have abandoned them. Through non-profit organisations: Encouraging the collection of bulky objects by non-profit organisations. Normally they collect these items from the user's home when requested, dismantling them if necessary. Encouraging the sale or donation of second-hand items by non-profit organisations. Through the sale and purchase of second-hand goods: Encouraging users to take goods directly to second-hand shops where they can be sold. Through direct reuse at home: Encouraging people to reuse products for other purposes in the home (containers used to hold other products, newspaper and gift wrapping paper used to wrap other items, textiles used for cleaning cloths, etc.). Encouraging the purchase of products designed to be reused. Through activities for reusing products creatively: Promoting the use of waste as raw material for art or craft work: furniture, lamps, corporate gifts, fashion, crafts and decoration in general. Resources needed: Reuse centres associated with waste collection centres and other second-hand and exchange markets and facilities. Website for the reuse of products, publicising offers and requests and facilitating the exchange of goods. Specific municipal waste collection services for bulky objects. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

110 page 108 Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Publicity campaign to promote systems for reuse and the use of reusable products. E/CI. Guide to the network of points where reusable products are sold or donated, systems for collecting or contributing used items, and advice on reuse. E/CI. Website dealing with the reuse of goods and products. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for the users of reuse centres and an on-request service for the collection of bulky objects. EI. Municipal subsidies for businesses and non-profit organisations engaged in activities for the reuse of products. OI. Agreements with non-profit organisations to provide collection services for used goods and the sale or donation of second-hand items. Monitoring indicators: Number of guides distributed. Number of agreements signed. Number of collection points and systems for used goods. Number of second-hand goods sales, exchange or donation points. Number of people using the reuse centre. Number of people using second-hand markets. Number of people using the reuse website. Type and quantity of goods reused at the reuse centre. Type and quantity of goods reused at second-hand markets. Quantity of goods offered on the reuse website. Quantity of goods requested on the reuse website. Quantity of goods exchanged on the reuse website. Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised to promote reuse. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22 Examples: Tools to encourage reuse, Girona City Council The Freecycle Network, an international network for reuse Second-hand markets, Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona database reutilitzacio/mercat_segona_ma Reciclem Reutilitzant [We Recycle by Reusing]

111 page Prevention of the other waste fraction A16. Fostering the repair of goods and products Aim: To encourage reuse through the repair of goods and products. Background: Activities to prepare items for reuse are defined in the PRO- GREMIC as operations to overhaul, clean or repair them, so that a product or its components, which had become waste, are prepared for reuse without the need for any other previous transformation. The increase in the cost of services compared to the cost of goods and the growth of the throw-away culture has led to the massive production of goods. It has become impossible for the cost of repairing these products to keep pace with the ever lower cost of producing them. Consequently, repairing a product is now as costly as throwing it away and buying a new one, especially in the case of items like electrical appliances and furniture. Consequently, many waste products which could continue to be used after appropriate maintenance, restoration or repairs do not extend their working life because it is not feasible to carry out or contract work to prepare them for reuse. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations Aimed at: Citizens Description of measures: Encouraging the creation of programmes and activities to prepare products for reuse as a measure for prevention before they become waste, via the following measures: Setting up a municipal repair programme through the creation of a central, municipally operated point for repairs and restoration. This could be located at any of the mini collection centres to be established in the municipality or at any of the existing fixed waste collection points. At these centres, apart from the repair work carried out by staff, repair workshops could be organised, encouraging users to repair their own products and providing space, tools and expert advice for them to do this. This activity would be associated with reuse centres (measure 15). Encouraging new businesses devoted to the repair and reuse of electric and electronic equipment, furniture, etc., and supporting those which already exist, especially when they are part of the social economy. Encouraging the organisation by municipal bodies of occupational workshops dealing with the repair of electric and electronic devices and the restoration of furniture. Encouraging users to repair products at home through workshops on home repairs and do-it-yourself. Resources needed: Municipally owned repair centre. Website publicising businesses, other entities and municipal services which repair goods and guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

112 page 110 products (this could be associated with the website for reuse referred to in measure 15). Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Publicity campaign to promote activities preparing goods for reuse. E/CI. Repair workshops. E/CI. Guide to publicise businesses, other entities and municipal services repairing goods and products. E/CI. Website dealing with activities to prepare items for reuse. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for the users of repair centres. EI. Municipal subsidies for businesses and non-profit organisations engaged in activities for the repair of products. OI. Agreements with non-profit organisations to repair goods and run repair workshops. EkoCenter, Emaús Ekorrepara project Monitoring indicators: Number of businesses offering services to prepare goods for reuse. Number of occupational workshops held and number of participants. Number of household repair and do-it-yourself workshops held and number of participants. Quantity and type of goods prepared for reuse at the municipal repair centre. Quantity and type of goods prepared for reuse by other businesses in the municipality engaged in repair work. Quantity and type of goods repaired and finally reused. Timeline: Once the repair centre has been set up, work is on-going and permanent management is needed. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be or ga - nised. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 15, 20, 22 Examples: Millor que nou, 100% vell [Better than new, 100% old], Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona

113 page Prevention of the other waste fraction A17. Promoting the supply of and demand for goods and products which generate less waste Aim: To encourage the supply, purchase and use of goods and products which generate less waste during their use and/or maintenance. Background: The diversification of the materials and products available on the market and changing patterns of consumption have brought about an increase in the generation of very varied types of waste and, in particular, an increase in the generation of hazardous waste. The consumption of products and the use of machinery and facilities lead to the generation of different types of waste. In many cases, the range of products on the market allows us to choose those which, after their consumption and during their use and maintenance, generate less waste, generate less hazardous types of waste, or generate waste which is easier to recycle or treat. It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC Promoter: Local council Aimed at: Citizens, businesses, local government Description of measures: Promoting the availability, purchase and use of products in general, machinery and facilities which generate less waste, focusing on the types of product listed below. For products in general: Reusable or rechargeable items: towels, serviettes, crockery, glasses, cutlery, pencils, marker pens, lighters, solar calculators, etc. Products whose packaging is not excessive and which generate less packaging (see measure 9). Products which can be repaired and updated, with an aftersales repair service. Modular and extendable products. Products which do not contain hazardous or toxic substances or which reduce the toxicity of waste. Environmentally friendly products bearing the Emblem of Guarantee of Environmental Quality. Products with the ecolabel, which identifies those with lower environmental impact. Products made with ecologically certified unbleached, dye-free recycled paper and cardboard. Buy Recycled Network products. For machinery and premises: Good quality, long-lasting furniture which is easy to repair and has an after-sales repair service. Good quality, long-lasting electrical and electronic equipment which is easy to repair and has an after-sales repair service. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

114 page 112 Electronic equipment without batteries which is solar powered or can be charged from the mains. Dosing systems. Electric hand driers and/or machines issuing a cotton towel. Machines providing cold drinks in glass containers with an automated return system. Hot drink machines which dispense without the need for plastic cups, allowing users to use their own cup or glass. Some models have a two-tier price system (with or without a cup) benefiting responsible consumers. Cooled water fountains instead of bottles in refrigerators. Recycled toner, ink cartridges and tapes for printing. Reusable filters for heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Long-lasting, low-consumption fluorescent bulbs. Resources needed: A website to promote products which generate less waste and to publicise the businesses supplying them. This website, the municipal website and the local council intranet could have a link to the Buy Recycled Network. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign to promote the supply of and demand for products generating less waste. E/CI. Advisory group on making products generating less waste available. E/CI. Guide to the purchase and sale of products generating less waste. E/CI. Website dealing with products generating less waste. EI. Rebates on waste management fee for shops selling and promoting products generating less waste. OI. Agreements with the commercial sector to promote products generating less waste. Timeline: Once mechanisms for promoting the availability of products generating less waste in shops have been introduced, this practice can continue indefinitely. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held to reinforce the change in consumer habits. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 9, 15, 20, 21, 22 Examples: Buy Recycled Network, Waste Agency of Catalonia Database of environmentally friendly electronic products Procura + Campaign, ICLEI CARPE Guide to Responsible Procurement, EUROCITIES publicacoes/carpe_guia_de_compra_responsable.pdf Monitoring indicators: Number of guides distributed. Number of visits and queries submitted to the website on products generating less waste. Number of accesses to the Buy Recycled Network via the links in other websites. Number of businesses promoting products generating less waste. Number and type of products available generating less waste. Number and type of products generating less waste purchased.

115 page Prevention of the other waste fraction A18. Fostering the consumption of non-material goods and services Aim: To reduce the consumption of material objects through the introduction of non-material goods and services. Background: Consumption habits have changed, leading to an increase in the acquisition of non-essential products, for consumers' own use or for them to give as gifts. There has also been an increase in compulsive shopping and shopping for pleasure. It should be remembered that most of the goods people consume become waste in one or two years. To avoid this situation, it is desirable for the general trend to move towards services and intangible consumption, when suitable products are available on the market. This will lead to a reduction in the generation of urban waste and is a way of stimulating creativity. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations Aimed at: Citizens Description of measures: To encourage the consumption of non-material goods and services, non-profit organisations and local entities should offer alternative proposals which are creative and environmentally friendly. The following non-material goods and services may be promoted: Tickets for shows, concerts, theatres, cinemas, etc. Cultural visits: museums, parks, exhibitions, etc. Health and wellbeing sessions: massages, beauty centres, etc. Personal development courses: photography, cooking, dancing, etc. Solidarity gifts (the cost of the gift provides a donation to a non-profit organisation). Networks for exchanging services. These non-material goods and services must be available close to the user for the system to be effective. Resources needed: Website to publicise the consumption of non-material goods and services. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Publicity campaign to promote the consumption of nonmaterial goods and services. E/CI. Guide to alternative forms of consumption of nonmaterial goods and services and how to access them. E/CI. Website dealing with the consumption of non-material goods and services. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

116 page 114 Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 22 Examples: Idees amb a/efecte [Effective ideas with affection], Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona Algo más que un regalo [More than a gift], Intermon OXFAM Monitoring indicators: Number of guides distributed. Number of visits and queries submitted to the website dealing with non-material goods and services. Number of non-material goods and services available and promoted. Number of non-material goods and services purchased. 19 Prevention of the other waste fraction A19. Promoting networks and rental points for shared items Aim: To encourage the creation and use of networks and rental points for shared items. Background: Products are often bought and then used once or infrequently, leading to an increase in waste and a cost which could be avoided. Before buying a product of this type, it is therefore interesting to consider whether there are alternatives that allow consumers to share these objects by renting or borrowing them. This scheme encourages reuse. Promoter: Local council, non-profit organisations Aimed at: Citizens Description of measures: Establishment of mechanisms which allow consumers not to buy products individually, but to share them or rent them for a period. This measure can be considered to complement activities to encourage reuse (measure 15).

117 page 115 These networks and points for the rental of shared objects will function as follows: The objects are purchased by an entity such as a residents' association or local council, or are lent on a temporary basis by a private individual (either free of charge or in exchange for a small fee). In some cases, the users of these services have to pay a charge or fee to help cover the cost of buying the items which are shared. Items can be lent freely or on condition that the borrower contributes a product to the collection of shared items. In either case, a deposit system may be established to ensure that items are returned on time and in good condition. The loan network can be managed via the Internet to publicise the products available and match supply and demand. A centre managed by an entity can be used to store the products available and users can go there when they need a particular item. A wide range of products can be shared, and for some of these there are already a number of loan schemes specialising in specific items. Tools for do-it-yourself projects and garden maintenance (saws, lawn mowers, etc.). These schemes for renting tools could be linked to municipal repair centres. Clothes and accessories (fancy dress, evening wear, luxury accessories, etc.). Sports equipment. IT equipment and accessories. Books, CDs, DVDs, etc. Shared vehicles, such as bicycles and cars. Resources needed: A website via which the shared product rental network can be managed. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. A publicity campaign to promote the use of the network or points for renting items. E/CI. A guide to existing networks or points for renting items. E/CI. Website for the shared product rental network. EI. Establishment of a deposit system for the rented or shared product scheme. OI. Agreements with non-profit organisations for the management of this activity. Timeline: After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 15, 16, 20, 21, 22 Examples: Tool Lending Library, Phinney Neighborhood Association Bag Borrow or Steal Neighborrow Bicing, Barcelona City Council Time bank, Terrassa City Council Z9pcX7NmtcFDYdLCNcrgoQaICHjxjJX7w guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

118 page 116 Monitoring indicators: Number of networks or rental points. Number of users of networks or rental points. Number of products available at networks or rental points. Number of items borrowed from networks or rental points.

119 page General waste prevention measures A20. Greening government and environmentally friendly public procurement Aim: To introduce good environmental practices in government bodies and apply waste prevention criteria in public procurement. Background: The application of good environmental practices in government bodies means an improvement in the environment and quality of life in the workplace. In municipal buildings and facilities there are many opportunities for preventing waste. Moreover, the public image of the municipal authorities can be enhanced, so that they become a model of coherence and responsibility regarding environmental challenges. Applying good environmental practices in government is linked to environmentally correct public procurement. When environmental criteria are introduced in procurement, a number of environmental benefits accrue, including reductions in the consumption of materials and energy and reductions in waste production. Because of the volume of public procurement (in Europe it accounts for approximately 15% of GDP), government bodies can influence market trends, supporting the growth of producers of environmentally friendly goods and services and setting an example to the public of the government's commitment to the environment. Moreover, the introduction of green procurement can lead to financial savings. It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC Promoter: Local council Aimed at: Government personnel (and, indirectly, their associates and suppliers of goods and services) Description of measures: Promoting measures to ensure that the activity of government bodies conforms to environmental criteria and the principles of sustainability. Normally the introduction of good environmental practices calls for an internal programme for their application in the day-today work of government offices and other municipal facilities (schools, libraries, etc.). The internal application of good environmental practices involves various government agents, all of whom have an important part to play: employees, those responsible for procurement or contracting services, politicians, manufacturers and suppliers, municipal infrastructure managers, etc. To apply good environmental practices in government bodies, especially in the area of waste prevention, the following steps are necessary: a) To define and approve appropriate policies and regulations. b) To analyse the starting point by means of an internal environmental assessment, including a detailed analysis of waste streams in order to identify those which should be reduced. c) To publicise the results of this analysis. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

120 page 118 d) To establish the mechanisms and instruments needed to apply good environmental practices, especially in the area of waste prevention. e) To consolidate and extend best practices in waste prevention and other environmental and social areas. The best practices in waste prevention that should be part of the application of good environmental practices include the following: The responsible use of paper and dematerialisation of information (see specific measures in information sheet 6). The consumption of products with less packaging and those sold in bulk (see specific measures in information sheet 9). The consumption of products generating less waste (see specific measures in information sheet 17). The consumption of reusable glass containers (see specific measures in information sheet 12). The use of services for leasing or renting services and shared products (see specific measures in information sheet 19). The reuse of goods and products (see specific measures in information sheet 15). The repair of goods and products (see specific measures in information sheet 16). The consumption of tap water (see specific measures in information sheet 8). The use of less packaging in the government's own activities and the purchase of products with less packaging (see specific measures in information sheet 11). Good environmental practices by government bodies should be linked to an environmentally correct (green) public procurement policy. This should take environmental criteria into account when awarding contracts and in public procurement. Green procurement can be implemented in many areas of procurement and contracting, including: consultancy services, supplies, services, building work, concessions, etc. Waste prevention criteria should be a part of the policy for procurement, in line with best practices in this area, taking account of factors such as durability, the possibility of reuse and repair, the generation of less and less toxic waste, etc. Preference should also be given to products with an ecolabel verified by an official organisation (Emblem of Guarantee of Environ - mental Quality, European Ecolabel, etc.) and manufacturers and service providers with ISO or EMAS certification. Specifications for the award of public works and services contracts should incorporate the requirements for waste prevention referred to above. Environmental criteria and measures to prevent building waste should also be taken into account in procedures to contract building and maintenance work for municipal facilities. The government can also promote the introduction of green procurement in other bodies, such as associations, private companies, etc. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Internal awareness-raising campaign publicising the measures taken by the government to introduce good environmental practices and its green procurement policy. E/CI. Programme to train government staff in good environmental practices. Training for staff responsible for procurement and contracting services. E/CI. Guide to best practices in waste prevention for different municipal facilities. Database of products complying with environmental requirements. RI. Issue of decrees by the Mayor's office, institutional statements and government measures aimed at regulating waste prevention practices internally. Timeline: The process of applying good environmental practices and introducing green procurement is complex. It is thus advisable

121 page 119 to begin with one specific area of government activity or in one location and then gradually extend the policy throughout the organisation. Green procurement implies a change in government procedures for purchases and contracts and it is therefore recommended that the system be introduced with one type of product and then progressively extended to all goods and services. In addition to the initial publicity campaign, refresher campaigns can be organised to remind staff of the benefits of this approach. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21 Introduction of selective waste collection in municipal buildings and facilities. Examples: Guia de l'oficina verda [Green Office Guide], Barcelona City Council Programme to introduce environmentally correct procurement and prevent waste in the School of International Business, School of International Business (ESCI) pdf Ajuntament Sostenible campaign, Santa Coloma de Gramenet Town Council Brief guide to ecolabels, Government of Catalonia 64ca3109a92b904e9cac3bb0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=0487af6492b39 210VgnVCM b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=0487af6492 b39210vgnvcm b0c1e0arcrd&vgnextfmt=default Una experiència municipal: La compra verda a l'ajuntament de Badalona [A Municipal Experience: Green Procurement in the Badalona City Council], Badalona City Eines per a la compra verda municipal [Tools for Municipal Green Procurement], Barcelona Provincial Council recursos_descripcio_cpv_ecoinst_marc2010_per_assemble...pdf Monitoring indicators: Number of best practices guides distributed to staff. Hours of training (courses, workshops, etc.) for government staff concerning good environmental practices. Number of measures implemented for waste prevention. (The specific indicators for relevant measures listed in the section on best practices may be used. See individual information sheets). Number and type of products purchased applying environmental and waste prevention criteria. Number and type of products entered in procurement database. Number of service contract specifications with environmental and waste prevention clauses. Hours of training for staff responsible for procurement and contracting services. Number of decrees from the Mayor's office, institutional declarations and government measures imposing internal regulations on procurement and contracting, taking waste prevention criteria into account. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

122 page General waste prevention measures A21. Promoting good environmental practices during public events and festivities Aim: To introduce waste prevention measures when public events and festivities are taking place. Background: The organisation of festive events is an ideal opportunity to incorporate strategies for preventing and recycling waste. These may be voluntary or governed by local by-laws. It is important to bear in mind that this type of event generates large amounts of waste in a small space and in a short time, and waste prevention measures can lead to a substantial reduction in its impact. These proposals can be applied to any festive event or only to those beyond a certain size. Respect for environmental criteria is important not only for the direct environmental benefits but also because it sets a valuable example. It is one of the prevention measures included in the PROGREMIC Promoter: Local council Aimed at: Event organisers (local council, associations, etc.) Description of measures: Application of sustainability criteria such as waste prevention to festive events. Waste prevention measures play an important role in the preparation and design of festive events, as this is the time to decide what steps can be taken to prevent waste and how their implementation can be monitored. After the event, an assessment should be made of the effectiveness of the waste prevention measures adopted and the results publicised. Some of the measures related to municipal waste prevention that could be included when public and festive events are being organised are listed below: Introduce the rental of returnable glasses. This is a waste prevention measure which is easy to apply and which gives very good results. It consists of a deposit-refund system (DRS) for borrowing the glasses in which drinks are served during the event. Users pay a small deposit when they receive the glass and it is refunded when they return it. In this way most glasses are returned and can be used again once they have been washed. Incorporate the use of reusable or compostable crockery. Ban the use of disposable containers when the same products are available in reusable containers (glass containers, barrels, etc.). Serve food on edible supports whenever possible (slices of bread, pasties, pies, pita bread, etc.). Agree to donate food which is not eaten at the event to a charitable organisation. Encourage the sale of local, second-hand, ecological and ecodesign products.

123 page 121 Encourage the sale of products with less packaging and products sold in bulk, those which generate less waste and those with less secondary and tertiary packaging. Print all publicity material on recycled chlorine-free paper, using ink which is not harmful for the environment. Ensure that merchandising is environmentally friendly (fair trade, ecolabelled, without blister packs or superfluous packaging, etc.). Depending on the type and scale of event, the public can be informed of the environmental and sustainability measures adopted, at general or specially designated information points. For these measures to be successful, they require the cooperation of all the agents involved (organisers, companies supplying and distributing drinks, sponsors, bodies supervising public events, government bodies, etc.). To implement these measures it is advisable for a green team to be formed, consisting of members of the organisation who are responsible for the environmental aspects of the event at the planning stage and for monitoring and evaluating the measures taken (in some cases the municipality may offer an advisory service for such events). Resources needed: System for renting or borrowing reusable crockery. Suppliers of products which are reusable and which generate less waste. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign publicising the environmental measures to be applied during the event and the ways in which those attending can cooperate. E/CI. Organisation's technical advisory group (green team). E/CI. Guide to good environmental practices at festive events. E/CI. Organise leisure activities, exhibitions, etc., related to waste prevention as part of the event. EI. Taxes for the issue of licences, supervision and the special use of public spaces, applied to businesses operating during the event. RI. Municipal ordinance regulating good environmental practices at public events. Timeline: This measure will be applied at the time the event takes place. Once the relevant ordinances have been introduced, their application will need to be continually monitored. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20 Facilitating infrastructures for correct selective waste collection: a sufficient number of appropriate types of bin in suitable locations for the event to proceed satisfactorily, with appropriate waste collection services. Contracting the services of social economy enterprises to manage waste and the cleaning service. Encouraging the introduction of fair trade products. Examples: Bones pràctiques ambientals en esdeveniments [Good Environ - mental Practices at Events], Barcelona Autonomous University Les festes més sostenibles [More Sustainable Festivities], Barcelona City Council A Sant Just fem festes sostenibles [In Sant Just, we celebrate sustainably], Sant Just Desvern Town Council festes_sostenibles.pdf guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

124 page 122 Monitoring indicators: Number of festive events at which good environmental practices have been implemented. Number of people participating in events. Number of points informing the public about the event's good environmental practices. Number of reusable glasses distributed (and collected). Number of products (drinks, food, items sold, etc.) complying with waste prevention criteria. Number of sales and exchange points for second-hand products. Number of measures implemented for waste prevention. Estimate of reduction in waste. The reduction may be estimated by comparing present waste generation figures with those for other periods when the event was not subject to measures to ensure good environmental practices. Changes in waste generation can also be tracked according to the new measures introduced in successive editions of the event. 22 General waste prevention measures A22. Awards for waste prevention initiatives Aim: To encourage waste prevention measures through prizes and awards. Background: Awards allow us to value, distinguish and promote the most significant and innovative projects in the field of waste prevention. On another level this type of recognition can be directed at the public to reward the implementation of best waste prevention practices. These awards act as a stimulus for technical advances in the field and are a good tool for dissemination and awareness raising, as they involve social recognition and help to set a good example. Promoter: Local councils and social organisations Aimed at: Trading establishments and service providers; social entities, associations and public initiatives; educational centres; local organisations, citizens Description of measures: Encouraging initiatives for waste prevention, using the following reward systems:

125 page 123 1> Competitions for waste prevention projects Competitions for waste prevention initiatives can be open to different groups, such as shops, associations or private individuals. The prizes awarded to participants may be monetary or consist of gifts of intangible items or products that generate less waste. When evaluating entries, consideration can be given to different aspects such as: The content and originality of the activity. How innovative it is and whether it sets a good example. The involvement and participation of the public and the involvement of groups helping people to enter society. 2> Prizes for best practices in the area of waste prevention Mechanisms can be established rewarding good individual waste prevention practices. For example, a system of points which can be earned by doing the following: Buying products and packaging which generate less waste and returnable glass containers. Using networks for the loan or rental of goods, buying nonmaterial goods and services. Using systems which replace disposable bags with reusable alternatives. Using centres for the reuse and repair of goods. The points could be exchanged for discounts on or gifts of other environmentally friendly products and services, especially those related to waste prevention (reductions on repair services, vouchers for the purchase of reusable products, etc.). In this way, public participation is increased and the introduction of municipal waste prevention measures is reinforced. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign publicising the call for competition entries. E/CI. Campaign informing people of the system of rewards for best practices in the area of waste prevention. E/CI. Publication or displays of winning projects. Timeline: The call for entries for waste prevention projects will take place at specific times, possibly once a year. The system of rewards for best practices in the area of waste prevention can be implemented in stages, based on the different activities qualifying for points. An initial publicity campaign could be organised, with follow-up campaigns as the point system is extended. Other related measures: Measures for waste prevention: 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 Examples: The NU card, Rotterdam City Council English1.pdf European Waste Reduction Awards, European Commission (EC) Environmental ideas competition, Polytechnic University of Catalonia guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

126 page 124 Design for Recycling Awards, Waste Agency of Catalonia (ARC) 5d906c87b624a1d25b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=44b7cfbe182d62 10VgnVCM d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=44b7cfbe 182d6210VgnVCM d0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default Monitoring indicators: Number of competitions related to waste prevention. Number of participants in different editions. Number of consumers using the point scheme for best waste prevention practices. Number of best waste prevention practices qualifying for points under the scheme. Number of prizes in the form of discount vouchers or gifts of products or services. 23 General waste prevention measures A23. Taxes linked to the generation of waste Aim: To introduce pay-as-you-throw systems. Background: The tax base for local taxes to pay for services provided to residents is established by Law 230/1963, of 28 December, on general taxation. Article 47 of the Law specifies the following options for determining the tax base: direct estimate, estimation by modules and indirect estimate, the third option only being admissible when the tax base cannot be determined by either of the others. According to the first method for calculating the tax base referred to in this Law, waste management fees should depend on the amount of waste collected. Pay-as-you-throw systems allow charges for waste collection and treatment to be set according to the amount and type of waste generated in each case. These systems are an effective way of preventing waste as they provide a financial incentive for reducing waste generation. They also encourage recycling if waste sent for final disposal is subject to a higher rate. This is one of the prevention measures included in the PRO- GREMIC Promoter: Local council

127 page 125 Aimed at: Citizens, commercial activities and retailers Description of measures: To introduce pay-as-you-throw systems, the technical instruments described below need to be put in place to determine the amount and type of waste generated by each producer: > Identifying the generator To assign waste to those generating it, an identification system is needed to ensure that the parties paying for waste collection are the only ones benefiting from it. Common methods of identification include the following: 1 Identification of users: waste bin users must have a device which identifies them, e.g. electronic keys, cards, transponders. The waste collection point does not allow access to users who do not identify themselves with one of these devices. 2 Identification of receptacle: a) Each bin supplied has a code for its users (entered with a barcode or transponder chip). b) Waste generators have to buy standardised tags and stick them on conventional bin liners or waste bins so that they will be accepted by the (pre-paid) collection system. c) Waste generators have to buy standardised bags (in specific colours or specially stamped) so that they will be accepted by the (pre-paid) collection system. > Measurement of waste generation The amount of waste generated can be measured in various ways. The formula most frequently used is based on determining the volume generated, which can be done in many ways, as opposed to the smaller number of options for measuring weight. However, it provides less accurate information about the amounts of waste really generated. 1 Measurement based on weight: a) Waste is weighed when it is deposited in the bin or at the collection point (weighing individual deposits in a collective bin): Before being deposited in the waste bin, waste passes through a weighing compartment. The bin is weighed before and after waste is placed in it, the amount deposited being the difference between the initial and final weights. b) The whole bin is weighed when it is emptied into the dustcart (weighing systems installed on vehicles). Based on the total weight of waste deposited, a proportional calculation can be made to assign an amount of waste to each waste generator. The weights recorded when waste is deposited in bins or when the latter are emptied are added to determine total waste generation. 2 Measurement based on volume: a) A special mechanism only allows a certain volume to be deposited in the waste bin. It is recorded each time the mechanism is operated. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

128 page 126 b) Mechanisms to measure the volume of waste deposited in the bin: Individual waste deposits are compressed in a compartment, the resulting volume being recorded. The level to which bins are filled is measured when they are emptied through the use of ultrasound or optical sensors (this indicates total deposits, and a proportional calculation is necessary to determine the volume for each producer). In the first two cases, the volumes recorded each time waste is deposited in the bin or when the bin is emptied are added to determine total waste generation. Measurement based on volume Compartment systems with volume measurement User identification Measurement based on weight Compartment system with weight measurement c) Bins identified as having a certain capacity are assigned to each generator/group of generators, and when they are collected, the number of bins emptied is recorded. d) Waste generators buy containers (disposable bags) with a specific capacity or standardised tags to stick on bin liners or waste bins (pre-paid system). The price of these items incorporates the cost of the waste collection and treatment service. Based on these technical features, the systems shown in the following diagram are those applied in practice:

129 page 127 Bin identification It must be borne in mind that the use of these systems involves the following: Individually assigned bins Volume-based accounting Identification system *individual scheme *routine scheme Pre-paid system *tag, sticker or token *pre-paid sack Collectively assigned bins Weight-based accounting Identification-weighing system Source: Handbook on the implementation of pay-as-you-throw, PAYT project, European Commission The introduction, in most cases, of door-to-door waste collection, as each user/group of users needs to be identified and their waste collected separately before PAYT systems can be applied. Although door-to-door collection is easier to introduce in areas where homes are widely separated, it can also be implemented in densely populated areas with blocks of flats. This system also gives good results with selective waste collection. Introducing pay-as-you-throw systems in differentiated commercial waste collection (in the case of fractions for which there is not a separate service from household waste collection, a conventional tax or public rate will be payable). The introduction of these systems in businesses is simpler than in household waste collection if there is already separate commercial waste collection where waste generators are identified and constitute a smaller group. Pay-as-you-throw systems for commercial waste collection calls for the introduction of a certification system so that the results are legally valid. The existing system for collecting domestic waste can influence the pay-as-you-throw system chosen for commercial waste, as possible fraud through the use of the domestic system must be anticipated. The tax base may be determined according to total waste generated (a formula encouraging waste reduction) or according to the amount not collected selectively (a formula encouraging waste reduction and selective waste collection). There are also other possibilities such as charging a higher rate for non-selective than for selective waste (a formula encouraging waste reduction and selective waste collection). The general charge can include a fixed component which does not depend on waste generation (to ensure revenue). guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

130 page 128 Monitoring of the functioning of the system and its use by the public. It is particularly important to monitor possible fraud by checking the amounts of waste collected and to introduce measures to prevent the forgery of officially certified items (standardised bags and tags). The mechanisms needed to prevent waste tourism, when users transport waste to other areas where collection is from conventional bins, and illegal dumping. Resources needed: Systems to identify users, systems to identify bins where waste is deposited, systems to determine volume or weight. Instruments for implementation: E/CI. Campaign to introduce pay-as-you-throw systems. EI. Household and/or commercial waste collection tax with a tax base related to waste generation, as determined by the systems in place for measuring waste generation. Timeline: The introduction of a PAYT system and the necessary technical instruments is a long, complex process. Once the system has been implemented, its operation will be on-going. After the initial campaign, refresher campaigns can be held and the functioning of the system and compliance with its rules can be monitored. Examples: Pay-as-you-throw system in Argentona, Argentona Town Council pdf Pay-as-you-throw, La Ribera d'ebre, El Priorat and La Terra Alta Municipal Waste Management Consortium pdf Study of pay-as-you-throw systems and waste prevention project (In Canet - is +), Canet de Mar Town Council 36.pdf PAYT project, European Commission Monitoring indicators: Number of users of the system. Number of user identification systems and bins in place. Amount of non-segregated waste collected per inhabitant. Percentage reduction in each fraction associated with the introduction of the system. Estimate of system loopholes (waste tourism and illegal dumping). Other related measures: Introduction of door-to-door waste collection (commercial and/or household)

131 page Information sheets for instruments The main instruments needed to implement the prevention measures described in the information sheets are defined below. E/CI. Educational and communication instruments Environmental information, communication and education are a tool to encourage public involvement (understood in a broad sense: participation by residents, business owners, manufacturers, etc.) in the plan's waste prevention measures. By means of these tools it must be possible to make the relevant information available to everyone so as to guarantee their participation and a change in habits regarding waste prevention. EC1. Campaigns for education and communication The following elements must be considered when designing a campaign: The messages: the messages to be transmitted to the audience must be defined in line with the measure. The design must take account of: The content to be communicated The tone of the message The structure of the information The use of images, logos, etc. Strategy: define the activities involved and the timeline. Materials: the type of materials needed will depend on the measure to be promoted. They include: Leaflets, posters, banners, lightboxes Radio and TV advertising Information on the Internet or sent by Direct telephone information Organisation: the personnel required and the tasks to be carried out need to be determined. Progress in implementing measures and their outcome must be monitored. EC2. Training activities Training includes activities such as the following: Courses, conferences, seminars, talks, etc. Advisory services for the implementation of certain measures. Workshops on different topics: responsible consumption, composting, repairing and reusing products, etc. EC3. Publications Publications complement publicity campaigns and training activities. They include: Information leaflets Guides Manuals Monographic reports guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

132 page 130 EC4. Other activities for education and commu nication Complementary education and communication activities can be organised, including: Exhibitions Games Advertisements Festivities and leisure events Websites EI. Economic instruments A number of economic instruments are available to local bodies in order to achieve objectives, encouraging or discouraging certain behaviour by means of incentives or deterrents. This way, changes in attitude do not come about in response to rules which must be obeyed, but because the parties targeted by the incentive voluntarily adopt measures to pursue the objectives set by the authorities, as they have a financial interest in doing so. E1. Rebates on waste management fee If waste management fees are not linked directly to pay-as-youthrow, rebates provide an incentive. Rebates on the waste management fee, linked to user participation or the application of certain measures to prevent waste, favour the implementation of the measures in the plan, as they act as an incentive for cooperation by different agents (households, businesses and other entities). The value of the rebate may be varied according to the nature or importance of the measure involved or the frequency with which the relevant service is used. A mechanism is needed to provide evidence of the user's participation or of the implementation of waste prevention measures so that the rebate can be granted. These rebates can be introduced in the charges applied by joint communities to the municipalities composing them, so as to provide the same incentives and encourage the development of waste prevention measures by local bodies. E2. Municipal subsidies To implement the plan's waste prevention measures, local bodies need to devote part of the municipal budget for waste management, environmental education, the environment or other relevant areas to financial assistance for traders, businesses, institutions and private individuals so that these agents will cooperate and help to apply waste prevention measures. E3. Taxes for issuing licences and control of and tax on the special use of public spaces Activities held in the municipality generate waste. In particular, those taking place in public streets may not be subject to municipal waste collection taxes. As examples we may cite the distribu-

133 page 131 tion of advertising or free newspapers and the organisation of public events. It would thus be desirable, when licences for the activity or for the special use of public spaces are granted, for the tax payable to be determined by the following factors: The type of advertising and the volume distributed. The number of copies. An estimate of the amount of waste generated. This will encourage the use of measures to prevent waste and monitor the production of waste by the activity. E4. Deposit systems Deposits are complementary financial instruments whose purpose is to guarantee compliance with certain obligations, as the user has a financial interest in recovering the amount deposited. To ensure their effectiveness, the amount deposited must be high enough for users to take care to comply with the obligation rather than lose the deposit. Deposits are used to ensure the return of reusable products so that deposit, refund and return systems function correctly (reusable glass containers, reusable glasses and crockery, shared products, etc.). They can also be applied when licences are granted for activities or for the special use of public spaces (distribution of advertising and press, public events, etc.) or the award of contracts, with a view to ensuring compliance with the obligations and conditions related to the activity, service or use of the public highway (these may include the application of measures for waste reduction and reuse). OI. Organisational instruments O1. Establishment of agreements: cooperation and voluntary agreements Many of the waste prevention measures in the plan call not only for participation by the public, but also for the cooperation of other social agents and institutions. Businesses may implement measures linked to the promotion of certain products and services which generate less waste or to the introduction of best waste prevention practices. Through social agents, certain waste prevention activities such as reuse or repair can be fostered. In order to formalise the cooperation of businesses, associations and other entities and institutions in the municipality, voluntary agreements can be reached to involve them in promoting certain waste prevention measures or formal cooperation agreements can be signed with them. These agreements also benefit the agents involved, as they imply recognition for their cooperation and publicity for their activities by the local council, improving their image and bringing them new customers. Agents cooperating in waste prevention schemes can also benefit from rebates on waste management fees, as proposed in the measures. This may take the form of an agreement between the local council and associations of traders in the municipality to create a network of shops committed to waste prevention. Individual shops can join the scheme by making a commitment to implement certain best practices. guide for the preparation of local municipal waste prevention plans

134 page 132 RI. Regulatory instruments R1. Municipal ordinances governing waste prevention The establishment of general ordinances or ordinances concerning specific themes is a necessary instrument for the regulation of waste prevention and the measures envisaged locally for waste prevention. R2. Other regulatory instruments Local government bodies have other instruments for the internal or general regulation of certain activities related to waste prevention. They include: Decrees issued by the Mayor's office Institutional declarations Government measures Edicts General ordinances for waste prevention could include the regulation of all activities covered by the local waste prevention plan, so that the measures to be taken are required by law. Another option is to establish specific ordinances for those waste prevention initiatives that, by their nature, need to be regulated to ensure compliance by those involved with certain conditions (distribution of advertising, the organisation of festive events, etc.).

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