Building Operator Certification Level I

Transcription

1 Building Operator Certification Level I A Partnership of the CUNY Institute for Urban Systems Building Performance Lab, the CUNY School of Professional Studies, and the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority

2 Building Operator Certification Level I (BOCI) Principles of Energy Management: Units and Conversions Overview CUNY School of Professional Studies CUNY Building Performance Lab The BOC Overview: Units & Conversions Lesson 11

3 Objectives Explain basic principles of energy in its various forms. Discuss common sources of energy data. Read utility bills and/or other energy use data reports Convert energy units for use in cost calculations and energy management. 3

4 Energy Data - Sources Meters Meters for electricity, gas, and district steam Why might you have multiple meters? New buildings or additions Points of service entry Demand Meter and Consumption Meter GAS: Firm vs Interruptible (dual fuel boilers) OIL: A different story Delivery is not use

5 Metering: Digital Data Added Value Record Time of use Know when peaks occur Real time reads Remote reads Converting meters to Digital New utility meter with Pulse Output transmitter Optical Reader Direct to database

6 Metering: Smart Meters The new world of digital smart meters Interval Data Real-time and remote reads Direct to database Time-of-use

7 Data Source: Sub meters Advantages of Sub Meters Non utility monitoring Monitor energy use of: Separate buildings in a multibuilding complex Individual floors Specific location, such as a computer lab Single piece of equipment Help with internal billing or cost allocation Track usage by setting up accounts in any energy use database

8 Energy Data - Sources Sub-meters Sub-meters Non-utility metering, When might they be used? internal billing or cost allocation?setting up accounts in any energy-use database EnergyStar Portfolio Manager (public and web-based, by US EPA)

9 Where is the Meter Number? Conversion Factor

10 Unit Cost for Electricity KWH-Demand-Block Rate Consumption (kwh) vs. Demand (kw) Higher unit cost where Demand is short duration. This may be controllable! Declining Block Rate Higher quantities of electricity have a reduced cost Smaller buildings may have higher unit costs than larger buildings because they are not able to take advantage of the discounts

11 Data Sources Utility Bills Electricity

12 Review & Pop Quiz What were the units? What was the cost per unit? What is the Cost/MMBTU for Energy on the previous slide?

13 Data Sources - Electric More Detail

14 Data Sources: Utility Bills Steam

15 Review & Pop Quiz #2 What were the units? What was the cost per unit? What is the Cost/MMBTU for Energy on the previous slide?

16 Sticking the Tank Data Source: Oil Consumption Tracking Compare each reading to prior one; divide by number of elapsed days Flow metering Watch out for re circulation systems Rated burner gpm x on time Watch out for firing rate modulation

17 Data Sources: Utility Bill for Oil

18 Tracking Oil Consumption Starting Inventory + Delivery End Inventory = Use Sticking the Tank Compare each reading to prior one; divide by number of elapsed days Flow metering Watch out for recirculation systems Rated burner gpm x on time Watch out for firing rate modulation 18

19 Review & Pop Quiz #3 What were the units? What was the cost per unit? What is the Cost/MMBTU for Energy on the previous slide?

20 Data Sources: Tracking Oil Consumption Delivery and inventory (storage) issue Starting Inventory + delivery - end inventory = use Dipping/ stick the tank Flow metering Watch out for re-circulation systems Rated burner gpm x on-time Watch out for firing-rate modulation

21 Energy Data Other Resources The 3 ways to get your Electric Meter Readings Reading and logging to PO-8 or spreadsheet Energy bills Portfolio Manager website For more information on your electric and steam usage go to

22 Energy Fundamentals Common Building Fuel Types Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Liquid Propane Gas (LPG)

23 Energy Fundamentals Common Units of Measurement Electricity kilowatt (kw) demand kilowatt-hour (kwh)- consumption Natural Gas Volume Cubic feet Energy Content: therm Fuel Oil & LPG Gallon How do we determine and sum up the total energy usage of a building? Convert to a common unit: Btu

24 Fundamental Energy Unit BTU = British Thermal Unit The amount of heat required to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. 1 LB Water Raised 1 degree Fahrenheit or 1 match

25 Energy Units & Btu Conversion Natural Gas 1 Cubic Foot = 950 to 1150 Btu 1 CCF = 100 Cubic Feet 1 MCF = 1,000 Cubic Feet 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu 1 CCF is approx 1 Therm Fuel Oil Number 2 = 140,000 Btu/Gallon Number 4 = 145,00 Btu/Gallon Number 6 = 152,000 Btu/Gallon Propane LPG = 91,600 to 95,000 Btu/Gallon 1 BTU: Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit Electricity 1 kw = 1000 Watts 1 kwh = 3414 Btu (site value) Steam 1,150 Btu / pound (1 million Btu per Mlb) Coal Lignite = 11,000 Btu/Lb. Bituminous = 14,000 Btu/Lb. Anthracite = 13,900 Btu/Lb. Sub-bituminous = 12,600 Btu/Lb. Miscellaneous Wood = 8,500 Btu/Lb. U 235 = 75,000,000 Btu/gram

26 Energy Units: STEAM BTU for steam varies with state & pressure Steam tables for properties of steam Steam energy and change of state 212 df, 180 btu/# liquid btu/# evaporated For general purposes, 1,150 btu / pound (1 million btu per Mlb)

27 Steam Table

28 Site vs Source Energy Site value - heat value at building boundary Source value heat value at the beginning of the process Greatest difference (site vs. source) for electricity Source: Shelly Dean and Fuller Energy Principles in Architectural Design

29 Dealing with Zeros M = K = 1,000 = 10 3 MM = 1,000,000 = 10 6 (some of the time in the Heating Language M = 1,000,000) Practice questions: Express 24,000,000 in scientific notation Express 24,350,000 in scientific notation 38,000,000 BTU is how many KBTU? How many MMBTU? 44,000 therms of gas is how many BTU? Expressed as KBTU Expressed as MMBTU Expressed in scientific notation

30 Dealing with Zeros Add 20 x x10 6 = Add 20 x x10 6 = Subtract 30 x x10 6 = Subtract 30 x x10 3 = Add 20 x MM = Add 20 x ,000 x10 3 =

31 Total Energy Usage in MMBtu Exercise #1 A building uses the following amounts of energy: Electricity : Natural Gas 300,000 kwh 45,000 therms #2 Fuel Oil 10,000 gallons How many BTU s does it use? Express in MBTU or KBTU, where M or K = 1,000 Express in MMBTU, where MM = 1,000,000

32 Total Energy Usage in MMBtu Exercise #1 Energy type Electricity (site value) Natural Gas unit Amount BTU M or K BTU (BTU x 10 3) kwh 300,000 therm 45,000 MMBTU (BTU x 10 6) #2 Oil gal 10,000 TOTAL

33 Total Energy Usage in MMBtu Exercise #1 Energy Type unit amount BTU M or K BTU (BTU x 10 3) MMBTU (BTU x 10 6) Electricity (site value) kwh 300,000 1,024,200,000 1,024,200 1,024.2 Natural Gas therm 45,000 4,500,000,000 4,500,000 4,500 #2 Oil TOTAL gal 10,000 1,400,000,000 1,400,000 1,400 6,924,200,000 6,924,200 6,924.2

34 Practical Project 3 Whole Building & System Level Energy Consumption: Table 1 Use the energy data for your facility to show the energy consumption on the whole building level and the system level Review of Project Instructions Use the energy usage data for your facility - Portfolio Manager Review of Table 1 Whole Building Annual energy Usage Find out who at your organization was involved in benchmarking for LL84. See about obtaining access to the Portfolio Manager account OR the raw data from the PM account. See:

35 TABLE 1 - Practical Project 3 TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF ANNUAL ENERGY USE BY ENERGY TYPE GROSS FLOOR AREA = SF FOR THE YEAR SEPT 1, AUGUST 31, 2010 UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED (12) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) unit QTY MMBTU $ unit cost $/MMBTU MMBTU / SF $ / SF % of BTU % of Cost (5)/(3) (5)/(4) (4)/(12) (5)/(12) (4)/(13) (5)/(14) Electricity Nat Gas Fuel Oil, # Steam kwh therm gallon mlb Total 0 100% 100% (13) (14) NOTES: per million 1. MMBTU of all energy types are calculated at the Site Value kwh kwh 2. Building area (SF) is gross square footage, including basement nat gas therm oil, # gal oil, # gal oil, # gal Does this look familiar? Columns 1 through 4 are the same as the table we just did.

36 Review and Reading Assignment Basic principles of energy in its various forms. Discuss common sources of energy data. Discuss energy units conversion as used in cost calculations and energy management. Homework: Reading for Next Class (Class 12) Portfolio Manager Handouts Herzog, Chaps. 4 & 5 (begin reading) Reminder: Class 12 is this Thursday (April 10), then a two week break Class#13 will be Thurs., April 24