RADWASTE - NEWMDB, SRS - and research reactors. Lucie Hausmannová

Transcription

1 RADWASTE - NEWMDB, SRS - and research reactors Lucie Hausmannová 2014

2 NEWMDB Net-Enabled Radioactive Waste Management Database National radioactive waste management programmes, radioactive waste inventories, radioactive waste disposal, relevant laws and regulations, waste management policies, and plans and activities Data supplied by Government representatives and IAEA National reports ( to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management - entered into force in 2001, 69 parties ( nv_status.pdf)

3 NEWMDB Data + graphs amount of stored waste, disposed waste, generated power (nuclear vs. other) Sorting of data: All regions (whole world) regions (Eastern Europe, Western Europe, North America ) countries Years

4 Regulators Finland STUK (Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority) Greece GAEC (Greek Atomic Energy Commission) Norway NRPA (Norwegian Radiation Protection Autority) Germany BMU (Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety) France ASN (The French Nuclear Safety Autority) United Kingdom HSE (Health and Safety Executive) Who is responsible for RW disposal?

5 NEWMDB National reports ( Waste classification + comparison with IAEA class. IAEA class. Czech class.

6 RADWASTE classification

7 QUIZ Which pair of numbers belons to which country? 1. number: ratio between NUCLEAR GENERATED ENERGY/TOTAL GENERATED ENERGY 2. number: amount of Energy in country which is generated per person per year in kw

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9 SRS Sealed radioactive source Material permanently sealed in a capsule or closely bonded and in a solid form The source is designed to contain the radioactive material under normal operating conditions and usually has high concentration of radioactive material in a small volume. 1st used in medicine at the beginning of the twentieth century Teletherapy source, IAEA

10 SRS - application Medicine: cancer therapy and blood irradiation Non-medical irradiation of products: Sterilization, Radiation treatment to alter the properties of a material, etc. Gauging systems: measuring of thickness, density (e.g. in mineralogy) Non-destructive testing: similar to X ray radiography Materials analysis

11 DSRS and SSRS disused sealed radioactive source sources that are no longer used and there is no intention of using them again in the practices they were authorized for spent sealed radioactive source no longer suitable for their intended purposes as a result of radioactive decay

12 DSRS and SSRS Worldwide large amount If lost or not properly controlled, disused sealed sources can be a threat to human health and the environment Goiania accident

13 Goiania accident September 1987 in an abandoned clinic in Goiania - a shielded, strongly radioactive caesium-137 source was removed from its protective housing, capsule was ruptured, sold to junkyard owner Owner was fascinated by lighting of source showed to many people Some grain-sized fragments of the source ended up in the homes of several families and other fragments came to be dispersed to places throughout the city; IAEA BULLETIN. 1/1993

14 Goiania accident 4 people died, 28 people suffered radiation burns, demolition of 7 residences and other buldings, the removal of topsoil from large areas. In total, about 3500 cubic metres of radioactive waste were generated.

15 Goiania accident After accident Temporary stored in open-air concrete platforms Nowadays Two repositories in Goiânia Great Capacity Container Repository at Abadia de Goiás

16 Research reactors not used for power generation

17 Research reactors Research (160) E.g.: Neutron Transmutation Doping (NTD), changes the properties of silicon, making it highly conductive of electricity.the irradiated silicon is sliced into chips and used for a wide variety of advanced computer applications. NTD increases the efficiency of the silicon in conducting electricity, an essential characteristic for the electronics industry. Training (37 training facilities) many are at university campuses Materials testing (23) E.g.: Using neutron activation analysis, it is possible to measure minute quantities of an element. Atoms in a sample are made radioactive by exposure to neutrons in a reactor. The characteristic radiation each element emits can then be detected. Production of radioisotopes for medicine and industry. SRS

18 RR Plum Brook in Ohio operated for NASA over and was designed to research nuclear power for aircraft, then nuclear-powered rockets and spacecraft. 1969: Apollo 12 was the first mission to use the generatorsgenerator for lunar surface experiment (lifespan of eight years)

19 Research reactors Waste from decommission: High level waste spent fuel (high-enriched or even 20% enriched fuel), core vessel and coolant temporary storages or reprocessed Rest of waste (samples, irradiation targets, experimental equipment, etc ) left to decay to a state where it can be disposed of normally Problem: most research reactors are public concerns takes legislative act but not so high priority

20 Thank you for your attention