Meeting of the European Union Ecolabelling Board

Transcription

1 Meeting of the European Union Ecolabelling Board Proposalfor EU ECOLABEL for SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC panels Brussels, 22/01/2016

2 2 Proposal for EU Ecolabel for solar Photovoltaic Panel How to support Industry and secure investors and consumers CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Key Objectives, Issues and Challenges 3. Stakeholder interest 4. Scope of the product 5. 1 st Scoping study situation regarding REACH, RoHS and CLP 6. Relation to other initiatives: PEFCR, and ECODESIGN 7. Conclusion & Perspectives 2 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

3 Preliminary 3 The intention of this presentation is to provide answers to the questions raised by the board including the work carried out so far by Fraunhofer-ISE and CEA-INES also regarding the question of compliance with the provisions of Article 6.6 et 6.7 of the EU Ecolabel Regulation The documents have been made as accurate as possible in the given time but any further contribution would be gratefully welcomed. Please send your feedback to francoise.burgun@cea.frand also to Ines.Duerr@ise.fraunhofer.de SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

4 Framework 2014 PV cumulative Capacity : 89GW 2019 scenario : + 69GW To meet RE target, PV is essential To maximise environmentally friendly energy production To provide reliable, eco-relevant information to consumers 4 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

5 Forecast of Solar PV European Market EUROPEAN CUMULATIVE SOLAR PV MARKET SCENARIOS until GW/year 5 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

6 Solar PV European Market Pursuing its energy transition to a low carbon electricity mix, the EU will add about 14GW/year of solar PV for the next decade 2014 EU cumulative PV capacity : 48% of the world share (left) It is essential that this investment : delivers in the long term the carbon free solar energy expected by European citizens Is made in an optimal way with respect to energy efficiency, carbon footprint, resource efficiency etc... Provides an incentive for PV industry to continuously improve product quality meeting the best environmental standards and stimulating worldwide demand for these higher quality products. 6 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

7 The breakthrough of solar Photovoltaics worldwide - Photovoltaics is a fast growing market: The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of PV installations was 44 % between 2000 to GW in 2014, Prediction for 2015 >50 GW Towards 100 GW/year in 2020 & 200 GW/year in SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

8 ISSUES Key Issues, Challenges and Objectives Lack of product-specific, reliable information on environmental performance, and durability Need for methodologies and criteria to qualify and guarantee the better products CHALLENGES Compliance with environmental regulations (REACH, CLP, RoHS, WEEE) Methodologies for assessing Performance / Reliability / Lifetime Life cycle analysis : in link with EU PV PEF Product Environmental Footprint OBJECTIVES : Reliability and environmental quality of PV panels : Comprehensive information for consumers and investors Market Trust Solar industry s green credibility 8

9 Ecolabel Regulation Articles 6(6)/(7) CLP, REACH & RoHS Objective of Art.6(6)/(7) ((EC) 66/2010): to avoid the presence of inherent hazards Criteria for Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) in accordance with : CLP (classification, labelling and packaging) : Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, REACH : Substances listed in accordance with Article 57 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Approach based on the substitution of inherent hazards as opposed toreducing the risk of exposure. REACH Directive: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals REACH candidate List : 168 SVHC (last update Dec. 2015) maximum concentrations :0,1 % weight by weight. RoHS Directive: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (Recast 2011/65/EU (RoHS 1 & 2) restricts the use of six hazardous materials in electronic and electrical equipment : Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE); And from 2019, phthalates DEHP, BBP, DBP, and DIBP (RoHS 2), maximum concentrations : 0.1% or 1000 ppmby weight, except for cadmium, 0.01% or 100 ppm NB : PV panels are currently excluded from RoHS compliance 9

10 Reduction of energy consumption during the manufacturing phase Limitation of land use Reduction of material use c-si Solar Cell : silicon Usage [g/wp] > 50% Rare earth and metals : tellurium, indium, gallium Other Environmental issues Recycling: Encourage application of results of on going research for recycling of silicon panels and thin film solar panels 10

11 Presentation of the consortium A German/French joint consortium combining the experience, science and technology of two reference institutes in PV, with strong links to other partners in EU and worldwide. developing expertise in the whole value chain of solar PV and on a large range of PV technologies like silicon or thin films. Independent of Industry Capacityof the consortium to lead thisinitiative : Experience in advanced testing of PV modules through e.g. SOPHIA EU Project, Through undertaking of relevant technical, legal, economic and politic interest issues Propose to assist DGENV in developing scientific, technology-neutral and unbiased criteria in order to be able to reward the most ecofriendly PV product with an Ecolabel Commitment of ISE and INES: co-signed letter to DGENV from Eicke Weber and Jean Therme 11

12 Stakeholders interest PV Manufacturers and Solar Power Europe support the launch of the PV Ecolabel initiative.( letters of interest) Public Authorities in the EU want to be able to ascertain that their support for PV is in conformity with all their environmental objectives. Investors and consumers want to know if their investment is durable and environmentally optimal /responsible. If decision of the EUEB is positive : the consortium is looking forward to an inclusive and fruitful cooperation with all competent interested parties 12

13 Technology neutral scope : all solar technologies may apply Crystalline silicon = wafer-based PV modules: mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline cells Thin film technologies Micromorphous silicon (a-si) CIGS & CIS (copper indium gallium selenide) CdTe (cadmium telluride) Organic PV (OPV) Dye sensitised solar cells (DSSC) 13

14 Photovoltaic Crystalline and Thin Film Shipment Shares, Market share by technology worlwide Mono-crystalline + multicrystalline > 90% CdTe : about 5% CIGS : about 2% Micromorphous silicon : about 1% 14

15 Product scope Module + junction box + cables interconnection ribbons Frontsheet: glass or transparent polymer Polymer frontside encapsulant polymer backside encapsulant Backsheet Typical Crystalline Si panel and thin film modules Cells 15

16 Results of the SVHC scoping study Objective : to assess if it is possible to produce solar photovoltaic panels : - without SVHC referred to in Article 57 of REACH and CLP - without SVHC referred to in RoHS (1&2) Data & Methodology Bill of materials from Smartgreenscan, expert, Mrs. Mariska De Wild-Scholten Foreground of the two institutes, interview of manufacturers and suppliers & thorough quantified analysis. Ref : JRC IPTS of 24 th February 2014, Findings of the EU Ecolabel Chemicals Horizontal Task Force Proposed approach to hazardous substance criteria development 16 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

17 SVHC in REACH Candidate List: CdS (Cadmium Sulphide) Cadmium Sulphide CdS, is a REACH candidate list substance CdS in CIGS solar cells copper indium gallium selenide active layer may use a buffer layer of CdS under the threshold of 0,1% CdS in CdTe solar cells Cadmium Telluride active layer may contain CdS buffer layer under the threshold of 0,1% 17

18 SVHC in REACH Candidate List & RoHS2 : some Phthalates Plasticisersare used in PV components, e.g. in some PV cables (as in polyvinyl chloride PVC cables) Often used plasticisers are phthalates ( DINP, DIB, DEHP, DBP, BBP ) In REACH Candidate list: DEHP, DPP, BBP and DBP In RoHS2 : DEHP Replacement of DEHP by DINP and DIDP increases Further alternatives Adipate plasticisers (e.g. diethylhexyl adipate DEHA ) or aliphatic ester (Mesamoll ) plasticisers Usage of plasticisers free components (e.g. polyolefin materials) [plasticisers.org] An ECOLABEL initiative may help to create awareness and visibility on the actual amount and use of REACH compliant plasticisers A general REACH compliance appears possible 18

19 SVHC in RoHS: some Flame retardants Flame retardants (FR) are used e.g. in polymer back sheets to improve withstand to the fire Need of FR differs for back sheet materials, depending on material melting point and thickness of the layer FR which are possibly used in back sheet and junction boxes are most often either halogen-containing additives (e.g. polybrominatedbiphenyl ethers), of which some are restricted under ROHS in terms of use (e.g. PBDE ) halogen-free additives (e.g. organophosphorus compounds) or inorganic additives (e.g. aluminum hydroxide ATH ) An ECOLABEL initiative may help to create awareness and visibility on the actual use of ROHS compliant flame retardant 19

20 SVHC & RoHS aspects: Lead (Pb) status & roadmaps Lead (Pb) is used in Ag based cell metallization this accounts for wt.% Pb (< 0,1% limit) Pb-free metallization pastes become available cell technology moving away from Pb/Ag screen-printing paste ITRPV metallization roadmap Pb is used in solder joints interconnecting cells typically estimated at 0.08 wt.% Pb taking into account differentc-si module designs the range is : 0.05 < wt% Pb < 0.25 Roadmap for metallization technologies Lead-free technical solutions are available with proven industrial feasibility. ITRPV roadmap to leadfree solder The ECOLABEL PV initiative would accelerate the transition towards lead-free processing Roadmap for cell connection technologies 20

21 Cadmium in CIGS solar cells SVHC in RoHS : Cadmium (Cd) copper indium gallium selenide active layer may use a buffer layer of CdSaccounting for 0,0004 wt.% Cd cadmium free CIGS modules are commercially available (Solar Frontier, Hulk, Stion..) Cadmium in CdTe solar cells Cadmium Telluride active layer may contain CdS buffer layer estimated at 0.05 wt.% Cd > 0,01% ROHS limit Existing Recycling programs with an estimated cadmium recovery of about 95%. 21

22 Other initiatives PEFCR Pilot Project Photovoltaic Electricity Generation definition: Establishment of unified method to measure the environmental performance of a product throughout the lifecycle. Status : validation phase by national bodies before the CE ECODESIGN Directive US NSF & SVTC SCORECARD INITIATIVE Sustainability Leadership Standard for Photovoltaic Modules Initiative lead by industry, investors, installers, utilities, consumer organizations, scientists Objective : SYNERGY implement findings of PEFCR in the criteria development process and of all the other initiatives 22 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

23 Conditions for the UPTAKE of PV panel ECOLABEL Market conditions : 2030 wide biding RE target Institutional customers consideration In France : Environmental benchmarking is already implemented in public tenders Probable adoption for national biding Private consumers need clear indicators of the performance and the global value of the product Industry situation : Industry is seeking for positive differentiation : Trigger to those making the effort to improve their practices and products. Political & societal context: increased environmental awareness and economy s responsiveness Enormous investments in PV required to meet COP21 objectives Holistic approach of environmental impact Especially requested for RE 23 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

24 Conclusions An EU ECOLABEL for PV modules is not only feasible but urgently needed by a variety of stakeholders (authorities, investors, consumers, Industry A growing share of PV modules marketed today in Europe appears already compliant with REACH and RoHS directives (articles 6,(6)/(7) of the Ecolabel) or could become so at reasonable cost. (e.g. leadfree soldering, replacement of hazardous phthalates in plasticizers). A PV EU ECOLABEL would contribute to accelerate Eco compliance and reward the first movers. Along with other potential instruments, a PV EU Ecolabel would powerfully contribute to reaching EU objectives on Environment protection and Climate-Energy. The consortium here represented is ready to deploy its expertise and resources to assist in developing the most relevant criteria. 24