Life Cycle Assessment of Energy

Transcription

1 EEF.NGO/31/13 12 September 2013 ENGLISH only Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Mariska de Wild-Scholten 21 ST OSCE Economic and Environmental Forum Prague, 12 September 2013 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCA: Determination of environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave/cradle A fair comparison can only be made by taking all steps of the life-cycle into account: mining refining manufacturing installation - use recycling & transport ReCiPe 2008 impact assessment method 2 1

2 LCA Environmental / External costs LCA Life-cycle emission data (kg / kwh) x damage of emission ( / kg) = Environmental costs ( / kwh) External cost of electricity (Dones 2005) 3 Electricity from Europe Norway Sweden Finland Denmark Netherlands Germany Switzerland France Portugal Spain Italy Greece Ecoinvent 2.2 hard coal lignite peat oil natural gas industrial gas hydropower nuclear power photovoltaic wind power cogeneration other Norway 13 Ecoinvent 2.2 Sweden 42 Finland 392 Denmark 639 Netherlands 699 Germany 680 Switzerland 24 France 92 Portugal 629 Spain 526 Italy 650 Greece 1030 UCTE gram CO 2-eq/kWh --- IPCC2007 GWP100a 4 2

3 Electricity from various countries UCTE 2005 UCTE China 2008 hard coal China Japan 2008 lignite Japan Germany 2005 peat oil Germany Taiwan 2008 natural gas Taiwan Malaysia 2008 industrial gas hydropower Malaysia USA 2008 nuclear power USA Korea 2008 photovoltaic wind power Korea Spain 2005 cogeneration Spain India 2008 other waste India Mexico 2008 Mexico gram CO2-eq/kWh --- IPCC2007 GWP100a top PV manufacturing locations high uncertainty 5 of photovoltaics Impacts depend on technology used 50 on-roof installation in Southern Europe 1700 kwh/m 2.yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules (g CO 2-eq/kWh) inverter mounting + cabling frame laminate cell ingot/crystal + wafer 0 mono-si multi-si a-si m-si CdTe CIGS estimate 14.8% 14.1% 7.0% 10.0% 11.9% 11.7% MWp 120 MWp 963 MWp MWp Si feedstock poly-si: hydropower wafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity glass-based modules %: total area module efficiencies ecoinvent 2.2 database 25 August 2013 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl 6 3

4 of photovoltaics Impacts depend on production location (electricity mix) 100 on-roof installation in Southern Europe 1700 kwh/m 2.yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules 90 (g CO 2-eq/kWh) mono-si mono-si multi-si multi-si % 14.8% 14.1% 14.1% hydro/ucte China/China hydro/ucte China/China inverter mounting + cabling frame laminate cell ingot/crystal + wafer Si feedstock poly-si: hydropower/cn wafer/cell/module: UCTE /CNelectricity glass-based modules %: total area module efficiencies ecoinvent 2.2 database 16 August 2013 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl 7 Research directions to improve the environmental footprint Save resources Reduce environmental impacts Reduce use of scarce materials & reuse/recycle Reduce material and energy consumption Reduce waste and emissions to the environment Increase performance Increase lifetime 8 4

5 Recommendations for the OSCE Collect LCA data on all life-cycle phases of energy production so decision makers use reliable info Evaluate environmental costs associated with energy production (external cost) which are not included (yet) in the cost paid by consumers 9 5