A U.S. Perspective on Biofuels

Transcription

1 A U.S. Perspective on Biofuels Bio4Fuels Days 2017 November 2, 2017 David C. Dayton, Ph. D. RTI Senior Fellow and Director of Biofuels Energy Technology Division RTI International is a registered trademark and a trade name of Research Triangle Institute.

2 2 RTI International RTI International is an independent, nonprofit research institute dedicated to improving the human condition. We combine scientific rigor and technical expertise in social and laboratory sciences, engineering, and international development to deliver solutions to the critical needs of clients worldwide.

3 Leading the Way Scientific Achievements Celebrating a history of scientific advancements that have resulted in a measurable impact on the human condition Taxol and camptothecin Speech processing for cochlear implants Survey technology (ACASI) Wind shear avoidance system Indoor air quality research Neglected tropical disease control Clean coal technology Malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis prevention and treatment programs

4 4 Practice Areas Energy Research Food Security and Agriculture Health Innovation Ecosystems Education and Workforce Development International Development Social Policy Environmental Sciences

5 RTI at a Glance Worldwide Presence and Financial Strength Research Triangle Park, NC Ann Arbor, MI Atlanta, GA Berkeley, CA Chicago, IL Fort Collins, CO Portland, OR Rockville, MD San Francisco, CA Seattle, WA Waltham, MA Washington, DC Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Barcelona, Spain Beijing, China Belfast, Northern Ireland Jakarta, Indonesia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ljungskile, Sweden Manchester, United Kingdom Nairobi, Kenya New Delhi, India San Salvador, El Salvador Toronto, Canada

6 6 RTI at a Glance Diverse Global Workforce

7 7 Energy Technologies at RTI International RTI develops advanced process technologies in partnership with leaders in energy Full alignment with industry objectives From concept to demonstration Defined commercialization pathways Flexible intellectual property arrangements Potential leveraging of industrial R&D funding with government provided funding

8 8 Integrated Technology Development Materials Development Development of step-out technologies requires integration of process and materials innovation and understanding of process scale-up Computational Chemistry Integrated Process Development Process Scale-Up Commercialization Process Modeling, Simulation and Design Lab and Bench Scale Testing Research & Development Pilot Testing Demonstration & Deployment

9 9 Technology Areas natural gas Micro-Reformers for Distributed Gas-to-Liquids Hybrid Coal-to-Liquids Process Technology Methane Storage Olefins and Paraffins Separation water Integrated Forward Osmosis and Membrane Distillation Solvent-Based Desalination Electrically Conductive Membranes Addressing Biofouling biomass syngas Warm Syngas Desulfurization Syngas Cleaning and Conditioning Syngas Conversion and Utilization materials Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Crude Stabilization / Upgrading Hydrocarbon Intermediates Bio Products Non-Aqueous Solvents Solid Sorbents CO 2 Utilization CO 2 Sequestration CO 2 Catalyst and Sorbent Synthesis, Characterization and Testing Metal Organic Frameworks Membrane Development

10 10Partnering with Purpose. Industrial Water Treatment Natural Gas CO 2 Capture & Utilization, Gas Separations Syngas Processing Biomass Conversion Fouling Resistant Membranes Gas-to-Liquids Sorbent-Based Warm Syngas Cleanup High Value Methoxyphenols Innovative Solvents Industrial Treatment Coal-to-Liquids Adsorbed Natural Gas CO 2 Capture - Cement Plants O 2 Binding Materials Advanced Water Gas Shift Bio-Oil Upgrading to Fuels Hydrocarbon Intermediates CO 2 Utilization

11 Biofuels Technology Options Feedstock Deconstruction Intermediate Product Upgrading Cellulosic Feedstocks Agricultural Residues Forest Resources Energy Crops Municipal Solid Waste Algae Biochemical Conversion Gasification Pyrolysis/Direct Liquefaction Open Pond Close Bioreactor Sugars Syngas Bio-oil Fermentation Catalysis Fermentation Catalysis Catalysis Transesterification Bio-products Ethanol Advanced Biofuels Gasoline Diesel Jet Fuel Biodiesel Source: Bioenergy Technologies Office Replacing the Whole Barrell, DOE/EE-0920 July 2013

12 Pyrolysis Pathways for Advanced Biofuels Fast Pyrolysis IR&D funded bench-scale testing Low quality bio-oil intermediate Heat Fast Pyrolysis Pyrolysis Vapor Upgrading US/DOE BETO funded bench-scale studies Improved bio-oil quality (20-25 wt% O) Coking in the upgrading process Biomass Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Catalyst Added 1 TPD Pilot plant testing US/DOE BETO & ARPA-E funded Improved bio-oil quality (16-22 wt% O) RTI IP RCFP H 2 Added IR&D funded bench-scale testing US/DOE BETO funded bench-scale testing awarded Improved bio-oil quality (10wt% O) Hydropyrolysis High Pressure NABC funded bench-scale testing Near fuel blend stock product IP space covered by GTI

13 RTI Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals DOE ARPA-E Project Previous DOE EERE Project DOE EERE Project Continued Development Commercial Roll- Out Catalytic Bio-crude Production in a Novel, Short-Contact Time Reactor Catalytic Upgrading of Thermochemical Intermediates to Hydrocarbons Improved Hydrogen Utilization and Carbon Recovery for Higher Efficiency Thermochemical Bio-oil Pathways Building Blocks from Biocrude: High Value Methoxyphenols Funding: ~$4,000,000 Catalyst development and testing Process design and development Process Scale-Up RTI Facility Design and Construction 1 TPD Process Development, Fabrication, and Installation Funding: ~$5,000,000 Process Operation and Optimization Bio-crude Upgrading Integrated process development Funding: ~$4,000,000 Novel catalyst development Improved bio-crude quality Aqueous phase carbon recovery to maximize carbon efficiency Funding: ~$2,200,000 Develop laboratory-scale separation of methoxyphenols Complete product development assessment. TEA and LCA demonstrating < $3/gge and > 50% GHG emissions 1

14 Summary Demonstrate an advanced biofuels technology that integrates a catalytic biomass pyrolysis step and a hydroprocessing step to produce infrastructure compatible biofuels. Improve the economic viability of this process by recovering high-value bio-products. Feedstocks Woody biomass Conversion Technology Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis Separations Extraction/ Distilillation Upgrading Technology Hydroprocessing Advanced Biofuels Gasoline, Diesel, Jet Fuel Bioproducts (MPs) Essential Oils, F&F, Polymers Multiple feedstocks Continuous Process Flexible Operating Conditions Produce Bio-crude Separation Bio-crude quality Efficiency Upgrading severity Quality and Purity Scale-up CFP process to pilot-scale to validate catalyst performance and bio-crude yields and quality 1) Optimize the catalytic biomass pyrolysis process (1TPD) to maximize high-quality bio-crude production (< 20 wt% O and > 40% carbon recovery) 2) Improve bio-crude thermal stability Design, build and operate a pilot-scale hydroprocessing unit to upgrade bio-crude intermediates 1) Evaluate the impact of bio-crude quality on the hydroprocessing step 2) Evaluate co-processing opportunities 3) Evaluate hydrogen demand of the integrated process 4) Maximize biofuels yield Develop and optimize a hybrid separation method to recover high-value methoxyphenols(mps) from biocrude. 1) Leverage catalytic biomass pyrolysis to produce a thermally stable biocrude with narrow product slate. 2) Tailor separation approach to the physicochemical properties of the biocrude. 3) Adapt a hybrid separation strategy for extraction, concentration and purification of MPs

15 The Challenge Annual Transportation Fuel Consumption (2016) Gasoline (cars & trucks) Diesel (on-road, rail) bgy 19.6MM barrels/day (2016) 84% for Transportation Diesel Jet Fuel Products 74.3 bgy Gasoline Aviation (jet fuel) 25.4 bgy U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA2016)

16 2005 Energy Policy Act Diversify America s Energy Supply 7.5 bill gallons of ethanol and biodiesel by % tax credit for E85 stations Excise tax exemption of $.51 per gallon of ethanol used as motor fuel A recent DOE/USDA study suggests that biofuels could supply some 60 billion gallons per year 30% of current U.S. gasoline consumption in an environmentally responsible manner w/o affecting future food production. To achieve greater use of homegrown renewable fuels, we will need advanced technologies that will allow competitively priced ethanol to be made from cellulosic biomass Advanced technology can break those cellulosic materials down into their component sugars and then ferment them to make fuel ethanol.

17 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act Billion Gallons per Year EISA aimed to increase the supply of alternative fuel sources by setting a mandatory Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requiring transportation fuel sold in the U.S. to contain a minimum of 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by 2022, including advanced and cellulosic biofuels and biomass-based diesel Biomass-Based Biodiesel Conventional Biofuels 2015 Renewable Fuel Volume Requirements for RFS2 (billion gallons) (AEO 2012) Noncellulosic Advanced Biofuels Cellulosic Biofuels Requires the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard to reach 35 miles per gallon by the year The EISA is projected to reduce energy consumption by 7% and greenhouse gas emissions by 9% by Drivers: Reduced dependence on foreign oil imports (Energy Security), avoid food for fuel, and develop a domestic biofuels industry to enhance rural economic development

18 Biofuels Technology Options 1 st Generation Biofuels Corn Ethanol (starch hydrolysis/ fermentation) Biodiesel (Transesterification of vegetable oils) Green diesel (hydrotreating vegetable oils) 2 nd Generation Biofuels (Cellulosic Ethanol) Biochemical conversion (pretreatment; hydrolysis;c5 and C6 co-fermentation Thermochemical conversion (gasification; gas cleanup; syngas conversion) Advanced Biofuels (Beyond Ethanol) Infrastructure-compatible hydrocarbons Pyrolysis/hydrotreating Syngas-to-gasoline Sugars to hydrocarbons (fermentation or catalytic) Bio-butanol Algae

19 The Potential 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy 3 rd Installment since the first 2005 Billion Ton Study detailed the availability of 1.3 B tons of biomass on a sustainable basis. Potential economic availability of biomass feedstocks under specific market scenarios for potential energy crop production, agricultural residues, and forestry production Assuming ~92 gallons/ton biofuels conversion that s 120 bgy of biofuels (47% of all transportation fuel in 2016)

20 Current Market Assessment U.S Gasoline Diesel Natural Gas Jan-1995 Jan-1996 Jan-1997 Jan-1998 Jan-1999 Jan-2000 Jan-2001 Jan-2002 Jan-2003 Jan-2004 Jan-2005 Jan-2006 Jan-2007 Jan-2008 Jan-2009 Jan-2010 Jan-2011 Jan-2012 Jan-2013 Jan-2014 Jan-2015 Jan-2016 Jan-2017 Jan-2018 $/MMBtu Source: History: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Domestic oil production (shale oil and enhanced oil recovery) have led the U.S. to energy independence Horizontal drilling ( fracking ) decoupled natural gas and petroleum prices Low crude prices put additional economic pressure on biofuels Is electrification the future of transportation fuels?

21 Biofuels - Where are we today? U.S. can claim energy independence with the development of enhanced oil recovery, shale oil, and shale gas production low fossil fuel prices Ethanol and bio-diesel tax subsidies expired in 2014 Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) based on RFS2 Corn ethanol industry annual production capacity (2016) bgy (Renewable Fuels Association) 10% ethanol blended in gasoline Blend Wall 15% ethanol blends approved by U.S. EPA for model year 2001 and newer vehicles E85/Flex Fuel Vehicle market is small Conventional biodiesel 1.5 bgy Advanced Biofuels Production (2014) 800 MM gallons 58 MM gallons of cellulosic ethanol ~200 MM gallons of renewable diesel (hydrotreated waste oils, fats, and greases)

22 RFS Still Alive in New Administration On Oct. 19, U.S. EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt sent a letter to seven senators indicating the agency is expected to set final 2018 Renewable Fuel Standard blending obligations at or above proposed levels. Pruitt also said the EPA will issue a final rule maintaining the current point of obligation within 30 days. In addition, the letter addresses issues concerning E15 and the treatment of renewable identification numbers (RINs) for biofuel exports. Still no price on carbon Biogas in California is a niche opportunity to take advantage of RINs

23 U.S. Federal Funding Outlook FY18 Federal budget not yet finalized (Looks much better than President s request) U.S. Department of Energy/EERE seems to be the most impacted - Budgets cuts? Shift to more fundamental R&D with little or no support for pilot and demonstration projects that is industry s job Integrated biorefineries with bio-products to leverage biofuels National laboratory consortia U.S. Department of Agriculture not really affected Agriculture Food and Agriculture Initiative budget is flat Market Pull for Alternative Jet Fuels Commercial Alternative Aviation Fuels Initiative (CAAFI: Title III Defense Production Act U.S. Navy Great Green Fleet 03/f34/alternative_aviation_fuels_report.pdf

24 USDOE/EERE Bioenergy Technologies Office Critical Program Areas FY17 Budget: $US205MM

25 BETO Consortia A New Funding Model National Laboratory Consortia Co-Optima Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines ChemCatBio Advanced Separations Consortium for Computational Physics and Chemistry (CCPC) Agile BioFoundry Feedstock Conversion Interface Consortium (FCIC)

26 Acknowledgements RTI Biomass Team Dr. Ofei Mante Dr. Kaige Wang Jonathan Peters Gary Howe David Barbee Kelly Amato Funding Agencies Industry Partners Kim Knudsen Glen Hytoft Jostein Gabrielsen Nadia Luciw Ammitzboll Jeppe Kristensen Sylvain Verdier