Instrumentation and Control Panel

Transcription

1 Instrumentation and Control Panel Lead Pavel Tsvetkov Elvis Dominguez-Ontiveros David Holcomb Chris Poresky Raluca Scarlat Texas A&M University Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley University of Wisconsin Madison Moderator Jason Hearne Texas A&M University December 12th,

2 Instrumentation and Control Panel FHR Instrumentation and Control ORNL FHR I&C Efforts Chemical I&C for FHRs I&C Data Acquisition and Management for FHRs Novel I&C Sensors for FHRs and High-Resolution Reconstruction December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 2

3 Collaborators FHR Instrumentation and Control December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 3

4 Framework is An Element of MSR Campaign Planning Activities Framework is available as ORNL/TM-2018/868 Similar information for solid-fueled MSRs was generated previously - Describes instrumentation s role and performance requirements throughout an MSR s lifecycle, Provides a structured MSR instrumentation technology and state-ofthe-art reference, and Identifies MSR instrumentation technology gaps and recommending RD&D to close the identified gaps.

5 Overview of Findings Modern MSRs can rely on the instrumentation demonstrated during prior MSR development efforts. No fundamental technology gaps have been identified that would prevent operating or maintaining MSRs Improved technology, combined with the integration of modern modeling and simulation, could improve reliability and decrease operating costs. Largest potential impact of new instrumentation technologies is in the integration of maintenance automation into reactor design and operations Flow measurement has the largest technology hurdles remaining to enable deployment of robust systems. Technology for reliable online fuel salt sample acquisition remains at a relatively low TRL.

6 MSBR Program Provides Substantial Instrumentation Experience Base MSRE only demonstrated limited-term operations. Higher speed signal processing for ultrasonic flowmeters or radar level gauges was unavailable in the 1960s. MSRE was a small system Decay heat removal will have a higher safety significance in a larger system. Fissile materials tracking (safeguards) instrumentation was not specifically considered Fast-spectrum MSRs will have significantly higher power densities Little or no MSBR residual supply chain remains active.

7 MSR Characteristics Change Instrumentation Performance Requirements Avoid the need for high-speed, safety-grade process monitoring due to the lack of rapidly progressing accidents Lower safety significance of individual MSR plant components decreases inservice inspection requirements On-line pebble health monitoring and fissile inventory control needed Increasing the need for automated intrusion monitoring to facilitate use of local law-enforcement personnel for plant security Adding requirements to inspect/monitor passive safety features to ensure that they continue to be able to perform their functions

8 Pebble Fuel Substantially Changes Fissile Inventory Tracking Instrumentation Many more discrete fuel elements Significant quantity diversion requires many pebbles May involve volumetric accounting Material balance areas around fresh fuel, in-reactor use, and used fuel Key measurement points in transferring fuel between material balance areas Substantial increase in instrumentation complexity No proven pebble numbering system Accounting for individual pebbles much more challenging Classical instrumentation gamma detectors and multi-channel analyzers appear applicable

9 Instrumentation Layout Needs to be Included in Early Phase Plant Layout Difficult to assess health of large concrete structures without embedded sensors Lesson learned from LWR life extension Maintenance, recalibration, and repair will involve substantial amounts of remote handling technology On-line refueling reduces opportunities for personnel access On-line doses in containment ~1000x LWRs due to fluorine activation and thinner primary loop walls Breathing gear (due to beryllium and tritium contamination) substantially reduces worker effectiveness Replacing cabling within containment is difficult and expensive Remote access to high radiation environments has been from overhead cranes with long tooling Visual guidance primary sensor

10 Most Required Instrumentation Does Not Contact Salt Heat balance performed on non-radioactive side of primary heat exchanger High-degree of passive safety eliminates need for rapidly responding safety-related instruments High-temperature, radiation-tolerant commercial-grade instrumentation from other industrial processes can be widely employed at MSRs

11 Accommodating Instrument Drift, Recalibration, and Aging Remains Challenging MSR designs are intended to operate for years between outages Instruments drift over time, and some instruments may fail prematurely Online instrumentation replacement and/or recalibration is not mature

12 Operations and Maintenance Automation Was Not a Focus of the Historic MSR Development Program Greatest potential instrumentation enhancement to MSRs is in integrating maintenance automation Modeling and simulation of maintenance and waste handling activities will be especially important to ensure reliable, long-term operations Need for remote maintenance was highlighted in Atomic Energy Commission reviews of MSR technology (WASH-1222 and WASH-1097) Instrumentation advancement needs to be focused on technology improvements to enable high-reliability, cost-effective, long-lived, commercial-scale plant operation.

13 High-Reliability, Low-Uncertainty Flow Measurement is Not Available Low uncertainty measurement of coolant flow will be necessary to calculate the heat-balance Venturi-meters have been problematic at MSRs NaK impulse lines are not readily available Primary source of error in MSRE power measurement Activation-based flowmeter possible for fluoride coolant salts Fluorine-19 has (n; alpha or proton or gamma) cross sections that yield short lived energetic gammas Clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters are difficult to align Standoffs substantially lower signal level

14 Recommended Instrumentation Development Activities Integration of maintenance planning and waste handling into reactor point designs to enable support for instrumentation development, Online salt and material coupon removal tooling, Instrumentation and cabling replacement tooling, Tooling for inspection of areas that are not readily observable, Online corrosion monitor development, Local power range monitoring technology development (e.g. high-temperature gamma thermometer), Salt flowmeter development, Fluoride salt activation flowmeter development, and Online redox measurement capability development.

15 Collaborators ORNL FHR I&C Efforts December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 15

16 ORNL Current and Planned Efforts Vast experience with MSRE project Liquid Salt Test Loop (LSTL) Advanced Reactor Engineering Group/Energy Systems and Testing team FLiNaK on site clean-up system (150 Kg) Forced convection loop Dynamic test section Salt-Air Heat exchanger High performance PLC system for operation and data acquisition FLiBe clean-up system December 12th, Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel

17 LSTL Operational Experience and Lessons Learned Pump design and testing High temperature seals Instrumentation design and control Heat exchanger design Salt-air Ar-Air SiC test section coupled to metallic alloys Computational Fluid Dynamics and system level salt predictions Salt Operating Temp. Flow rate Operating pressure Loop volume Power Primary piping ID NaF-KF-LiF (FLiNaK) 700 o C 4.5 kg/s (136 lpm) Near atmospheric 80 liters ~220 kw 2.67 cm (1.05 in.) Initial operation Summer 2016 December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 17

18 Salt Capabilities Pure salt production (batch) ~1 kg scale Chlorides ~7 kg scale Chlorides, in development 4 kg scale Fluorides 165 kg scale Fluorides Salt flow calibration stand 174 lpm, 710 C, 120 L Calibrate flow meters Bearing development project underway Small forced-flow salt loop 60 lpm, 750 C Components acquired, in development

19 Planned Efforts -Instrumentation Redox sensors Developed by partner universities Instrumentation development and testing Pressure transducers Flow meters High temperature fiber-optic based thermometry Increased interest to develop a road map for standardization of salt quality Salt Capabilities Thermophysical properties Density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity/diffusivity, etc. December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 19

20 Collaborators Chemical I&C for FHRs December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 20

21 Types of Functions Operations & control Early-event detection Plant health monitoring Material accountability Security Performance Specifications Chemical, thermal, radiation environment Time-response Lifetime Quality assurance requirements Calibration needs Chemical Sensing Needs Liquid salt Redox potential Acidity Air/water ingress detection Transition metals material corrosion Lanthanides and actinides failed fuel Neutron poison contaminats (B, Gd, Sm) Tritium Carbon soluble, suspended particles Liquid other (water & other secondary coolants) Beryllium contamination Tritium Off-gas Tritium, hydrogen Xenon O2, N2, H2O, H2S, CO2, CO Fluorine gas (radiolysis product) Dust? Solids Thermal insulation, concrete leak detection Corrosion potential material coupons On-line At-line Off-line Types of Sensors Distributed Energy harvesting Types of Chemical Sensing Electrochemical Optical/spectroscopic Reactive medium Radiochemical December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 21

22 Electrochemical Sensing Methods Types of Electrochemical Methods Potentiometric Amperometric Ion-specific Can probe liquid, solid, and gas phases Dynamic Electrochemical Methods Ion-Specific Electrodes I (ma) ~ 2.3 V O 2- (dissolved) -> O 2 (g) Testing crucible Be 2+ (dissolved) -> Be (metal) Au electrode. D = 1mm V 3 cm A Review of Electrochemical and Non-Electrochemical Approaches to Determining Oxide Concentration in Molten Fluoride Salts, B. Goh, F. Carotti, R. Scarlat (2018) Electrochemical Society Meeting on May 12-17, 2018, in Seattle, WA. 3 cm Carotti et al. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164 (12) H854-H861 (2017) December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 22 1 cm

23 Optical Spectroscopy Development 1cm UV-Vis reflection accessory by Pike Technologies. Compatible with same heat chamber used for FTIR Molten Salt FTIR Development at UW Madison: Normalized reflection data for sapphire with attenuation confirmed with literature data [1] [1] T. Passerat De Silans, I. Maurin, et al, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, vol. 21, no. 25, (2009). December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 23

24 Off-Line Chemical Characterization of Salt Comparative Elemental Analysis Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) MS (Mass Spectroscopy) OES (Optical Emission Spectoscopy) (analysis examples for hydro-fluorinated FLiBE) 450 ppm Other Characterization Methods Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) provides phase change information Challenges Sampling methods Digestion methods Salt-specific NIST material standards not established Capability for C, O, N, F, H quantification is limited 70 ppm X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Provides Crystallographic Information Ni Na 12/12/18 December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 24

25 Types of Functions Operations & control Early-event detection Plant health monitoring Material accountability Security Performance Specifications Chemical, thermal, radiation environment Time-response Lifetime Quality assurance requirements Calibration needs Chemical Sensing Needs Liquid salt Redox potential Acidity Air/water ingress detection Transition metals material corrosion Lanthanides and actinides failed fuel Neutron poison contaminats (B, Gd, Sm) Tritium Carbon soluble, suspended particles Liquid other (water & other secondary coolants) Beryllium contamination Tritium Off-gas Tritium, hydrogen Xenon O2, N2, H2O, H2S, CO2, CO Fluorine gas (radiolysis product) Dust? Solids Thermal insulation, concrete leak detection Corrosion potential material coupons On-line At-line Off-line Types of Sensors Distributed Energy harvesting Types of Chemical Sensing Electrochemical Optical/spectroscopic Reactive medium Radiochemical December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 25

26 Collaborators I&C Data Acquisition and Management for FHRs December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 26

27 Signal Variety Instrument-Based Signals Fluid flow rate System temperatures Fluid Structure Ambient Environment System pressures Visual/IR photography Data-Based Signals Signal metadata Control actuation Virtual Signals Simulated neutronic feedback Plant performance/health models December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 27

28 Signal Collection In-situ strategies Frequency response testing Passive inspection using analytical models Continuous analysis of historical data December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 28

29 Signal Context Digital Control Systems Data presentation Virtual signals On-line calibration Instrumentation network optimization Pervasive documentation Short- and long-term prognostics December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 29

30 Collaborators Novel I&C Sensors for FHRs and High-Resolution Reconstruction December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 30

31 What to Measure and Reconstruct? Field Properties (Temperature, Pressure, Strain, Neutrons, Gammas) Performance Dynamics Characterization for Operational Considerations (thermal, mechanical and radiation characterization) These are needed either in real time or predictively to address operational considerations. December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 31

32 Candidate Sensor Technologies Optical External Monitoring Point Sensing In-core fission chambers (typically under 800 o C, degradation) Self-powered detectors (thermal and fluence limitations, under 850 o C High temperature thermocouples (drift issues, fluence limitations, under 1100 o C) Distributed Sensing Fiberoptics-based sensors (multi-modal, geometrical flexibility, high temperatures and fluences) December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 32

33 High-Resolution Reconstruction Code Validation Design Development Licensing Early Degradation Detection Capability during Operation December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Thermal Hydraulics Panel 33

34 Questions and Concluding Remarks Pavel Tsvetkov Texas A&M University Elvis Dominguez-Ontiveros Oak Ridge National Laboratory Chris Poresky University of California, Berkeley Raluca Scarlat University of Wisconsin Madison David Holcomb Oak Ridge National Laboratory December 12th, 2018 Enabling the Next Nuclear: FHRs to Megawatts Instrumentation and Control Panel 34