AN ASSESSMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIALS IN NIGERIA USING BIOGAS

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Iue 11, November 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_ Available online at aeme.com/ijciet/iue.ap?jtype=ijciet&vtype= =9&IType=11 ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopu Indexed AN ASSESSMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIALS IN NIGERIA USING BIOGAS Airoboman A.E. Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering, Nigerian Defence Academy Kaduna, Nigeria Amaize P.E., Aligbe A., Abayomi K.T., Okokpujie K.O. Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant Univerity, Ogun State, Nigeria ABSTRACT The economic development of any nation i dependent on it electrical power upply and Nigeria i a country in dire need of indutrial development and it attendant economic growth. The availability of Energy i a vital part of any ocio- growth in economic tructure; it i alo a vital part of political, ocial and economic Nigeria. Inufficient energy upply caue etback in ocio-economic growth and affect the tandard of living in Nigeria, both in different ettlement including urban and rural. Improved energy upply mean to improve tandard of living which can increae food production and torage, indutrial development, improve tranportation ytem, and improvement in health ervice. Thi reearch work analyed the current power upply ituation in Ikole-Ekiti and it hortcoming a well a the potential of it being catered to, uing bioma power generation. Thi tudy wa mainly focued on the poibility of uing bioma a a ource of energy to generate electricity in Ikole- Ekiti. Reult from the tudy how that an approximate of 41TWh of energy will be generated per year from bioma wate of 56.3 million tonne. It wa alo revealed that a total of 1.3TWh of energy can a well be generated per year from wood wate produced by lumber indutrie of 1.8 million tonne annually, there by making it feaible and a potential for power generation in Ikole-Ekiti. Keyword: Bioma. Bioga, Energy, Ikole-Ekiti, Renewable, Wate. Cite thi Article: Airoboman A.E., Amaize P.E., Aligbe A., Abayomi K.T. and Okokpujie K.O., An Aement of Renewable Energy Potential In Nigeria Uing Bioga, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(11), 2018, pp IET/iue.ap?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&ITy ype= editor@iaeme.com

2 An Aement of Renewable Energy Potential In Nigeria Uing Bioga 1. INTRODUCTION According to Energy Commiion of Nigeria (ECN) 2005, Nigeria conumption of bioma reource annually wa etimated to be about 144 million ton. Daappa (2011) projected Nigeria` bioma reource, from foret wate and agricultural reidue can generate 15,000MW of electricity. There i poibility of generating up to 68,000 GWh annually through one-third of bioma reource from the rural communitie in Nigeria (Garba and Kihk, 2014). The larget bioma energy ource in Nigeria i from foret wate. Bioma reource have the ability to generate electricity in rural communitie in Nigeria without the iue of upply chain; however, there i need for emphai of the upply chain before adoption in thee communitie a it determine it cot (IRENA, 2012).The Nigeria population ha an etimate of over million people, 65% of thi population i between the age of 18 to 45 year and over 40% of the population ha acce to electrical power upply (World Population Review, 2018). Preently, the national grid did not get to mot of the rural communitie, and with the current rate of development, it would take year for electricity to reach mot rural area in Nigeria. Thi make mot Nigerian who live in thoe communitie that do not have acce to electricity to ort for alternative ource of power upply. And an example of uch community iikole, Ekiti. Therefore, a a matter of fact it i neceity to exploit and etablih other energy ource to argument the limitation of power poverty in Nigeria. And luckily Nigeria i a country that ha urplu natural reource of renewable energy uch a Bioma (Amaize et al., 2016). Renewable energy can be a ueful alternative to boot electricity upply in Nigeria. It i economical, efficient and environmentally friendly in area that i far from the national grid and can improve the overall electricity upply in Nigeria which will enhance the development of agriculture and a well enhance the quality of life. It will create job, increae production of good, ervice and a well improve ocial ervice delivery. The thriving indutrie in ikoleekiti community are agriculture and lumbering. Some of the aw mill in the community are Olo awmill, Okejebu, Eleyero awmill, IIamo and Ara awmill. Ikole` community ha one of the mot fertile land in Ekiti State. Even the firt major cattle ranch in Nigeria, the Oke-Ako cattle ranch i located in Ikole. Ikole-Ekiti ha immene bioma potential. Sutainable power generation and upply i eemingly unachievable in Nigeria depite the country` urplu foil fuel and renewable energy ource by Energy Commiion of Nigeria (ECN) The reaon for thi inconceivable problem include high gridline network loe of around 40% epecially in Nigeria, invetment imbalance of energy infratructure (World bank, 2005; Garba and Kihk, 2014) and the electricity generation cot uing foil fuel (FF) ource in the country i in exce of US$ 1,000/kW (Eberhand and Gratwick, 2012). Alo there i a high invetment cot factor in extending the gridline network to rural communitie a they are low income earner, have low capacity utilization and are typically a long ditance from generating tation, making it unattractive to invetor in providing electricity to thee communitie a the efficiency of a tranmiion ytem i determined by the ability of the ytem to efficiently tranmit maximum power from generating tation to load centre (Amaize et al., 2017).Nigerian electricity generation and upply till repreent around 4,000MW or le for a population of million people depite the privatization of the ector in 2013 ( Garba and Kihk, 2015). Electricity acceibility in the country remain at 10% and 34% for rural and urban ettlement repectively (Garba and Kihk, 2014). The rural community population repreent about two third of the whole country population, the implication therefore i that majority of the population have little or no acce to power and have to ource for alternative mean to meet their energy need (Airobomanet al., 2016). For example, fuel wood and charcoal conumption in the country contitute over 50 million ton annually (Sambo 2009; Ikeme and Ebohon 2005). Thi energy deficiency ha affected the ocio-economic etting of the rural communitie, with income typically below US$1.25/day (UNICEF 2011). Bioma energy editor@iaeme.com

3 Airoboman A.E., Amaize P.E., Aligbe A., Abayomi K.T. and Okokpujie K.O. canderived from four energy ource: garbage, wood wate, landfill gae, and alcohol fuel. Mot of the bioma ource till rely on incineration, which i, burning of foret reidue uch a dead tree, dead tree branche and tree tump, wood chip and garbage i often ued. In the rural community there i need to have utainable energy ource and been economical to the reident, renewable energy target (RET) wa applied in providing utainable electricity to ome rural area in developing countrie. The decentralized RET ha advantage in determining when and where power energy i needed, alo help in mitigating greenhoue ga ( GHG) emiion and create more employment epecially bioma ource (Evan et al., 2010). The mot ued renewable ource include photovoltaic ource, bioma and mini hydropower ytem (Mahapatra and Daappa 2012). 3. METHODOLOGY Ikole-Ekiti i a Local Government in Ekiti State, with an area of 321km 2 and a population of 168,436 (National Cenu, 2006) and a population of 232,300 (National Population Projection, 2016) which mean there are 724 people per quare kilometer. The average electricity conumption in Ikole i etimated to be 80kW per annum which goe with the aumption they will be powering Televiion, fridge and freezer etc. which make their average energy conumption 1.56kWh per day (PHCN, Ikole Local Government 2016). Thi town with an area of 321 and a population of 168,436 a at 2006 cenu and a population of 232,300 (National Population Projection, 2016), with around 16,000 houehold. An average of two different familie of five peron in each houehold i typical, making it total reidential power conumption 24,960kWh per day (PHCN, Ikole LG). The modelling equation for the bioreactor i dx dt 1 dx dt ( µ ) = D x 1 ( f ) (1) 2 = D x2 x2 µ x1 (2) The following equation term are defined a referred to tate variable are a follow x 1 = concentration of bioma x 2 = concentration of ubtrate D= rate of dilution and X 2 f = concentration ofubtrate feed. The pecific growth rate which include:monod and ubtrate inhibition kinetic are given by the following equation: Monod µ rax x2 µ = K + x r Subtrate Inhibition µ x µ = K + x + K x r 2 rax (3) (4) editor@iaeme.com

4 An Aement of Renewable Energy Potential In Nigeria Uing Bioga We can ee from the expreion that Monod growth rate i a ubet of the ubtrate inhibition model, if k 1 = 0 If the rate of dilution i ued a the input that i manipulated, then the dynamic model it give will not depend on cale. For example, a reactor volume of 2litre flowing at the rate of 0.6litre/hour ha the ame dynamic behaviour a a reactor volume of 500litre flowing at the rate of 150litre/volume. A mall cale either pilot plantor laboratory reactor can be deployed to etimate the performance and the behaviour of a production-cale reactor. The parameter for the ubtrate model for thi work have the following value: µ rax = 0.53hr -1 k r = 0.12g/liter k 1 = liter/g ٧ = 0.4 Steady-tate condition For a rate of dilution of 0.3 hr -1 we notice that we cannot operate at equilibrium point 1. At thi point, reaction will not occur again a a reult of the cell have been wahed out of the reactor. The outlet concentration of ubtrate i equal to the inlet ubtrate with thee condition. Therefore, The ytem tate-pace model matrice are given by the following equation:. x = Ax + Bu 5 ' µ DS x1 µ A ' = µ µ x1 D γ γ 6 B x x 1 = x 2 f 2 Where, D i the teady-tate dilution rate = 0.3 hr -1 (and reidence time i 3.33hour), X 2f i the concentration of thefeed ubtrate = 4.0g/litre Partial derivative of the pecific growth rate i giving a ' µ µ maxkr µ = = 2 x ( kr + x2 ) 8 Whenthe rate of dilution i the input that i manipulated. Variou trategie of control have been deployed to effectively manage the biochemical reactor. One of the control trategie i meauring the concentration of the ubtrate and manipulating the rate of dilution while the bioma concentration i the meaured output and the dilution rate i the manipulation input. Control imulation i carried out uing a proce that i not linear where the input and output from the proce are in phyical variable, while the linear controller deign depend on the ue of deviation variable. Rate of dilution i aumed to be phyically contrained to 0.6 hr editor@iaeme.com

5 Airoboman A.E., Amaize P.E., Aligbe A., Abayomi K.T. and Okokpujie K.O. Stable Steady-State Operating Point PID controller wa deigned to effectively manage the bioreactor at equilibrium point 3 the table nontrivial point. The teady tate initial condition for the imulation i giving a: At thi point of operation, the tate model i given a: A = B = C = D = ( 1 0) ( 0) Eigen value are -0.3 and repectively. Therefore, the ytem i table uing a PID controller. The tranfer function of the proce i given a: g p () = Then tranfer function of the proce in term of gain and time contant form, conidering pole-zero cancellation, the tranfer function i reduced to: g p () = Where, the reidence time i longer than the time contant of hr. Untable Steady-State Operating Point The teady tate initial condition i: The tate model become: The Proce tranfer function for the PID controller i g p () = editor@iaeme.com

6 An Aement of Renewable Energy Potential In Nigeria Uing Bioga Then conidering the model in term of gain and time contant, the new tranfer function become: g p () = Thi i the tranfer function of the proce that ha a RHP pole at hr -1 which remain contant with the tate pace model. Figure 1.0: The Simulink Model of the Bioreactor. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Simulink model in figure 1.0 i ued to run in Matlab. Below how the graph of the repone at x1 and x2. We can ee alo pictorial view with the help of the cope to the two output of the bioreactor. The cope1 how the input to the ubtrate concentrate x2 and cope1 how the input to the bioma concentrate x1, thi can be een in Figure 2.0. The repone how that a mall repone change varie with lambda. Done by keeping the value of taup, kp, x1i, x2i and x1p contant. Vary lambda form 10,20 and 30. Obervation with lambda 10 The et point xli = ; x2i = 1.52; x1p = 5. Taup =; kp = 4; lambda = 10. Figure 2.0: mall repone change at bioma concentrate x editor@iaeme.com

7 Airoboman A.E., Amaize P.E., Aligbe A., Abayomi K.T. and Okokpujie K.O. Figure 3.0: Repone change at ubtrate concentrate x2 Obervation with lambda 30 The etpoint x1i = ; x2i = 1.52; x1p = 5 Taup = 1; kp = 4; lambda = 30 Figure 4.0: Repone change at x1 with lambda 30 at x1 Figure 5.0: Repone change at x2 with lambda 30 at x editor@iaeme.com

8 An Aement of Renewable Energy Potential In Nigeria Uing Bioga The repone to a mall et point varie with lambda. For a given value of lambda below give the waveform of how the etpoint variation affect the repone. Obervation with x1i = and x2i = 2.0 The x1p=5. Tau = 1; 4; lambda = 10 Figure 6.0: Repone due to change in etpoint at x1 Obervation with x1i = 2.0 and x2i =30 The x1p=5. taup = 1; kp = 4; lambda = 10 Figure 7.0: Repone due to change in etpoint at x editor@iaeme.com

9 Airoboman A.E., Amaize P.E., Aligbe A., Abayomi K.T. and Okokpujie K.O. Figure 8.0: Repone due to change in et point at x1 Figure 9.0 Repone due to change in et point at x2 5. CONCLUSIONS In ummary, the major aim of thi project i to ue variou bioma power technologie imulation to etimate electric potential of Ikole-Ekiti bioma wate, environmental evaluation and etimating the economic feaibility in building and tarting up operation. The paper addree a power generation ytem for rural Ikole-Ekiti uing Bioma and it potential of it implementation leading to the development of a balanced long term energy upply, while meeting environmental and ocial objective in Ikole-Ekiti which alo include job creation, improve tandard of living and increaing income level in the agricultural ector.alo the variou requirement and method adopted for the deign of thi project with the advantage and finally the method of implementation and teting of the ection of the project i covered. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The paper i ponored by Covenant Univerity, Ota Ogun State, Nigeria editor@iaeme.com

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11 Airoboman A.E., Amaize P.E., Aligbe A., Abayomi K.T. and Okokpujie K.O. [22] ATE01&LanguageDOUGLAS F. BARNES, ROBERT VAN DER PLAS AND WILLIAM FLOOR. (1996). Tackling the Rural Energy Problem in Developing Countrie. World Bank Book Serie. [Online], Date Acceed 22/03/2018 [23] Energy Agency (IEA). (2002). Africa key Energy Statitic [Online], Date Acceed 22/03/2018 [24] Information Adminitration (2006). Nigeria Oil production and Conumption [Online], Date Acceed 21/03/2018 [25] Studie. (2005). Nigeria Crop [Online], Date Acceed 23/03/2018 [26] Amaewhule. (2002). What are the contrainfacing the development and implementation of an energy efficiency policy in Nigeria and how can thee be overcome? [Online], Date Acceed 23/03/2018 [27] article7.pdfnigeria bureau of Public Enterprie. (2004). Nigeria Power Sector [28] Peter, Knoefharrie and Hubert E. Staen. (1999). Energy from Bioma: A review of combution and gaification technologie, page 6, World Bank technical Paper. Energy erie editor@iaeme.com