Emission Reductions. Frank Wolf Vice President OBRIST Engineering GmbH AUSTRIA Kjerstin Lien, Marc Chasserot, Frank Obrist

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1 Emission Reductions Frank Wolf Vice President OBRIST Engineering GmbH AUSTRIA Kjerstin Lien, Marc Chasserot, Frank Obrist 1

2 Greenhouse gas shock Changes in greenhouse gas concentration based on ice-core tests and modern measured data GWP CO 2 = 1 GWP CH 4 = 23 GWP N 2 O = Diagrams from IPCC: Climate Change 2007

3 Climate Change 3 Data from IPCC: Climate Change 2001

4 Global reported cummulated Production and Release of R134a in Million Metric Tons of CO2 equivalent The total amount produced up to 2000 is fully released by 2004 MMTCO2e < 4y Production Released year Source: AFEAS Alternative Fluorocarbons Acceptability Study 4

5 Take Home Message Refrigerants leak massively The problem is not containable It is a crime on mankind if the next refrigerant has an ODP, high short term GWP, high indirect GWP, toxicity or decomposition issues We can change this and put all this to 0 It is our moral obligation to make the right choice 5

6 Criteria to be Considered Ozone Depletion (Montreal Protocol) Global Warming (Kyoto Protocol, EU MAC Directive, CA Bill 1493) Toxicity (REACH) Flammability Known substance (REACH) Fuel consumption (EU reduce CO 2 emissions 130gr/km) Cost (Initial cost, cost of ownership, service cost ) 6

7 Let us take a look! Substance R134a Banned 2011 R744 Function Costs Environment Safety Refrigerant complexity pure pure Known substances No stabilisers Toxically safe No flammable substances Ozone depletion Global warming (100 years) Global warming (20 years) Fuel consumption Initial costs for car makers Refrigerant costs Operation costs Cool down performance Cooling capacity Heat pump capability A1 No indirect GWP What if? Good Engineering Consumer Added Value 7

8 Recent ADAC (German AAA) A/C Testing Paulus test based on NEDC (+ 750W) Overconsumption of A/C systems at an ambient temperature of 28 C and A/C system set point is + 22 C for the cabin: Values in liter/100 km and total consumption additionally in %: City cycle Outside city Total Small car Midsize Midsize (gasoline) (gasoline) (diesel) &SourcePageID=

9 Test Results Overall Compressor Efficiency 100 Compressor Comparison - Overall Efficiency Comparable Test Conditions R134a; R744 suction press. = 3;40 bar, discharge press. = 15,7;120 bar, suction temp= ~30 C 90 Overall Efficiency [%] % +40% +79% nk [RPM] R134a variable displacement compressor R744 variable displacement compressor 9

10 Project Overview Title: HVAC-System Duration: until Projectpartners: Magna Steyr Fahrzeugtechnik AG & Co KG Team: Projectleader: Key Researcher: Senior Researchers: R. Rieberer (IWT) R. Almbauer (VKM) B. Lechner (vif), R. Tatschl (AVL), J. Hager (ECS), T. Moshammer (MSF), F. Obrist (Obrist), W. Böhme (OMV) Junior Researchers: G. Lang (vif) K. Martin (vif) See also 10

11 Vehicle Measurements Vehicle Measurements with Obrist-Ford Galaxy at air-conditioned roller dynamometer test rig at Graz University of Technology 11

12 Test Rig Measurements Experimental Results in Cooling Mode 4,5 4,0 3,5 COP vs. high pressure at different high pressures COP 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 n_co m = 600 rpm mf_a_ehx = 2000 kg/h mf_a_ihx = 560 kg/h 40 C 35 C 30 C 25 C 20 C high pressure in bar 12

13 Test Rig Measurements Experimental Results in Cooling Mode COP vs. opening of expansion valve at different ambient temperatures 4,5 4,0 3,5 COP 3,0 2,5 2,0 n_com = 600 rpm mf_a_ehx = 2000 kg/h mf_a_ihx = 560 kg/h 40 C 35 C 30 C 25 C 20 C opening of expansion valve in % 13

14 Simulations Investigation of Different Set-Ups for Heat Pump Mode Cooling Circuit 1.HM [Wasser] Front End HX (Evaporator) Radiator Ein Aus Indoor HX (Gascooler) Heater Core HX HP1: classic arrangement with Gascooler upstream of Heater Core HX Air 1.HM Cooling [Wasser] Circuit A/C Circuit Front End HX (Evaporator) Radiator Ein Aus Heater Core HX Indoor HX (Gascooler) Air Front End HX (Evaporator) Radiator Cooling Circuit 1.HM [Wasser] Ein Aus Indoor HX (Gascooler) Heater Core HX Air A/C Circuit HP2: arrangement with Gascooler downstream of Heater Core HX A/C Circuit HP3: air flow through Gascooler and/or Heater Core HX 14

15 Simulations Results of Simulations additional consumption in NEDC (-7 C) additional consumption in l/100km Basis: Vehicle without auxiliary heating system PTC HP1 HP2 HP3 HG Simulation results for heating mode: Influence of different set-ups on additional fuel consumption in NEDC at -7 C 15

16 Small Car Low Cost A/C-HG-System IHX Gascooler 2 3 Evaporator 1 Compressor Accumulator Front of dash Additional components for heating: 1 3/2-way valve 2 Capillary tube 3 T-junction 16

17 Compressor Expander and Ejector Future possibility with great potential for R744 Targets are; dramatically increased COP at high ambient temperatures and increased fuel efficiency under all operating conditions. Two options: 1. Ejector system (in mass production for stationary systems. Possible MAC use) 2. Compressor Expander (development status for MAC) New system layouts for R744 will lead to further improved COP also at very high ambient temperatures Improvement potential for R744 >> R134a 17

18 Potential Emission Reduction Total global emissions of greenhouse gases in 2004: 18 billion tonnes* GHG 10% 10% 1% reduction! Passenger cars cause 10% of the total GHG emissions, i.e. 1.8 billion tonnes* GHG By simply implementing a new A/C system which reduces the GHG emissions from passenger cars by 10%, emission of 180 million tonnes* GHG can be avoided, i.e. 1% of the total global GHG emissions 18 *CO 2 equivalents Numers from UNFCCC (2006) and WBCSD Mobility 2030 (2004)

19 Summary R744 is the natural refrigerant for the global A/C market Sustainable technology best efficiency and COP over the total temperature range lowest additional fuel consumption weight reduction low costs low emissions heat pump application with highest COP 10% overall vehicle emissions reduction is possible 19

20 Thank you for you attention Frank Wolf Kjerstin Lien, Marc Chasserot and Frank Obrist 20