Wir schaffen Wissen heute für morgen. Paul Scherrer Institut Kathrin Volkart. Carbon Capture and Storage A future option for Switzerland?

Transcription

1 Wir schaffen Wissen heute für morgen Paul Scherrer Institut Kathrin Volkart Carbon Capture and Storage A future option for Switzerland?

2 Outline Introduction CCS technology Life cycle assessment of CCS Conclusions Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 2

3 CCS as a key technology for climate protection Technologies needed to achieve the 2DS Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 3

4 Swiss energy strategy: CO 2 emissions in Switzerland Households Services Industry Mobility Electricity Source: Prognos 2011 (new energy policy, supply 2, option C&E) Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 4

5 Swiss energy strategy: Electricity production Natural gas plants Source: Prognos 2011 (new energy policy, supply 2, option C&E) Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 5

6 Outline Introduction CCS technology Life cycle assessment of CCS Conclusions Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 6

7 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) CCS chain CO 2 sources CO 2 capture CO 2 transport CO 2 storage Power plants Coal: PC, IGCC Nat. gas: NGCC Biomass: PC, IGCC Industrial sources Cement Waste incineration Refineries Oil & gas industry Pre-combustion Post-combustion Oxy-fuel combustion Pipeline Truck Ship Onshore Saline aquifers Depleted gas fields EOR, ECBM Mineral carbonation Offshore Saline aquifers Depleted gas fields EOR, ECBM Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 7

8 Niederaussem (brown coal, DE) Hamm-Uetrop (natural gas CC, DE) Tamoil SA Raffinerie (Collombey) Holcim AG (Würenlingen) Vigier Cement AG (Péry) Holcim SA (Eclépens) Holcim AG (Untervaz) Jura Cement Fabriken (Wildegg) Petroplus Refining SA (Cressier) Les Cheneviers (Aire-la-Ville) KEBAG (Zuchwil) LONZA AG (Visp) IWB (Basel) ERZ KHKW Hagenholz (Zürich) VfA (Buchs SG) KEZO (Hinwil) SATOM (Monthey) ACR (Giubiasco) ERZ KHKW Josefstrasse (Zürich) TRIDEL (Lausanne) Juracime SA (Cornaux) KVA Thurgau (Weinfelden) Axpo Tegra AG (Domat/Ems) Monthel AG (Monthey) KVA (Turgi) GEKAL (Buchs AG) ZAB (Bazenheid) KVA Linthgebiet (Niederurnen) KVA (Bern) KVA (Winterthur) GEVAG (Trimmis) SAIDEF (Posieux) KVA (Emmenbrücke) KVA Limmattal (Dietikon) Bern, Large Swiss CO 2 point sources (2010) 28.1 Refinery Chemical industry Waste incineration Cement production Power generation Source: E-PRTR (2012) 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 8 Annual CO2 emission in Mt (2010)

9 Large Swiss CO 2 point sources (2010) Refinery Cement production Waste incineration Chemical industry Power generation Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 9

10 Potential for geological CO 2 storage in Switzerland Source: Diamond, Leu et al. (2010) Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 10

11 CCS technology choice for Switzerland CCS chain CO 2 sources CO 2 capture CO 2 transport CO 2 storage Power plants Coal: PC, IGCC Nat. gas: NGCC Biomass: PC, IGCC Industrial sources Cement Waste incineration Refineries Oil & gas industry Pre-combustion Post-combustion Oxy-fuel combustion Pipeline Truck Ship Onshore Saline aquifers Depleted gas fields EOR, ECBM Mineral carbonation Offshore Saline aquifers Depleted gas fields EOR, ECBM Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 11

12 Outline Introduction CCS technology Life cycle assessment of CCS Conclusions Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 12

13 LCA of power generation with CCS: Goal and scope Fossil fuel mining Fossil fuel processing Fossil fuel transport Resources Electricity Materials Transports Land use Fuel mining and transport CO 2 transport and storage LCA system boundary Functional unit Background LCI data: ecoinvent v2.2 1 kwh electricity Power plant operation CO 2 capture CO 2 transport CO 2 storage Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013) Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 13

14 LCA of natural gas plants (2025) Method: IPCC 2007 Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth upstream power plant operation direct operation indirect CO 2 capture CO 2 transport CO 2 storage kg CO 2 -eq./kwh el without CCS Natural gas combined cycle plant with post-combustion CO 2 capture Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013) Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 14

15 LCA of natural gas plants (2025) Method: ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth 1.6 NGCC, without CCS NGCC, with post-combustion CO 2 capture ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint indicator results, relative to NGCC plant without CCS Human toxicity Particulate matter formation Photochemical oxidant formation Terrestrial acidification Freshwater eutrophication kg 1,4-DB eq kg PM10 eq kg NMVOC kg SO 2 eq kg P eq Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013) Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 15

16 LCA of cement production with CCS: Goal and scope Mining of raw materials Storage and homogenisation Pulverising and drying Flue gas cleaning CO 2 [CO 2 ]= 28-30% Lime stone Crusher Raw material Blending bed [CO 2 ]= ~20% Clay / Iron ore Clinker cooler Storage pile Calcination Fuel silos Storage and homogenisation Kiln with four-stage heat exchanger Raw mill (vertical) Cement grinding Storage and homogenisation Raw meal silos Electric filter Storage and homogenisation CO 2 capture: steam and electricity CO 2 compression electricity Cement Clinker silo Additive storage (gypsum, additives) Ball mill with sifter and cyclone separator Cement silos and distribution Source: figure from Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 16

17 LCA of cement plants (2025) Method: IPCC 2007 Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth 0.8 Cement production Clinker: direct Clinker: indirect Clinker: primary raw material Clinker: primary fuels CO 2 capture: electricity CO 2 capture: heat CO 2 capture: indirect CO 2 transport CO 2 storage kg CO 2 -eq./kg cement no CCS Steam: hard coal Electricity: grid Steam/Electricity: grid Steam/Electricity: natural gas CHP Steam: waste heat, Electricity: grid 0.0 Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013) Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 17

18 LCA of cement plants (2025) Method: ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint indicator results, relative to the maximum value in each midpoint impact category no CCS Steam: hard coal; Electricity: grid Human toxicity Particulate matter formation Photochemical oxidant formation Steam/Electricity: grid Steam/Electricity: natural gas CHP Steam: waste heat; Electricity: grid Terrestrial acidification Freshwater eutrophication kg 1,4-DB eq kg PM10 eq kg NMVOC kg SO 2 eq kg P eq Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013) Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 18

19 Outline Introduction CCS technology Life cycle assessment of CCS Conclusions Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 19

20 Conclusions Conclusions on the life cycle assessment results CCS has the potential to strongly reduce life cycle GHG-emissions from natural gas electricity generation (by ~70%) and cement production (by ~40-80%). CCS can thus significantly contribute to both, low carbon electricity and low carbon cement production. Trade-offs related to other environmental aspects have to be kept in mind. Conclusions on CCS in Switzerland Future developments may lead to the need for CCS in Switzerland. The legal situation (CO 2 Gesetz) is among other criteria decisive. CO 2 capture and transport are proven technologies. CO 2 storage instead is subject to considerable uncertainties. To prove the feasibility of CCS in Switzerland a full cycle pilot project including an injection site is required. Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 20

21 Outline Introduction CCS technology Life cycle assessment of CCS Conclusions Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 21

22 Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland Key issues for a CCS pilot project CO 2 storage site, legal aspects (mining, waste, water protection, ), costs and acceptance Objectives of the CCS roadmap Adequacy of the target formations for CO 2 storage, demonstration of the safety of the CO 2 injection and storage, testing of predictive modelling results Assessment of the economics Knowledge transfer to the public, policy makers and licensing authorities Provision of specific knowledge for a later planning & construction of a full CCS chain Tentative timeline Risk dialogue with authorities and public 2013/14 Seismic exploration 2014/15 Site acquisition & Drilling Permit Drilling & Installation Operations CO 2 Injection Operations Monitoring 2022-min Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 22

23 I would like to thank Christian Bauer (PSI), Ernst Bucher and Christian Zipper (Holcim) This work was carried out as part of the project CARMA and funded by Competence Centers of Environment and Sustainability (CCES) and Energy and Mobility (CCEM), the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) and Alstom Power Service. Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 23

24 Questions? Bern, 25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 24