Solar systems heading to smart grids technologies

Transcription

1 Solar systems heading to smart grids technologies 1st Workshop SOLAR ENERGY Fernando P. Marafão UNESP Univ. Estadual Paulista, Campus of Sorocaba São Paulo, Brazil, 13 November

2 Students: 51,000 Undergraduate: 36,000 Graduate: 15, Cities 34 Schools and Institutes 3 Technical high schools Teaching staff 3,600 Administrative and support staff 7,000 UNESP: founded in 1976 Sorocaba Campus: 2003 / 2

3 Undergraduate Degrees: Control and Automation Engineering Environmental Engineering Graduate Degrees: Electrical Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering Environmental Sciences Materials Science and Technology / 3

4 Back to the topic... Solar systems heading to smart grids technologies 4

5 Thinking about solar systems We usually think of quite diverse applications 5

6 Thinking about solar systems We usually think of quite diverse applications 6

7 Thinking about solar systems We usually think of quite diverse applications 7

8 Thinking about solar systems We usually think of quite diverse applications 8

9 Thinking about solar systems Solar Power Plants 9

10 Thinking about solar systems PV Power Plants 10

11 Thinking about solar systems PV Power Plants 11

12 Thinking about solar systems Floating distributed generation 12

13 Thinking about solar systems Floating distributed generation 13

14 Thinking about solar systems Distributed generation 14

15 Thinking about solar systems Low voltage distributed generation 15

16 Thinking about solar systems Low voltage micro grids 16

17 Main Motivations for DG and Micro Grids Increasing energy demand (IEA reports); Climate changes and impacts of CO2 emissions; The need for clean power sources; Supply reliability and energy costs; The need for transparent consumption and pricing. 17

18 Basis of current PV Market in Brazil New regulations; Pricing, Financing and Tax incentives; Strong goals for reductions on CO2 emissions; Increasing number of certified PV modules and inverters. Public bids; Expected 300% increasing in 2017; 18

19 Is the Grid Prepared for Massive PV? Perhaps the MV and HV distribution and transmission systems; Certainly not the LV distribution networks and utilities. there is much to do in terms of electronic metering, grid automation, protections, control, storage and the business itself. And that is why PV systems are pushing to the Smart Grid Scenario worldwide, including in Brazil. 19

20 Main motivations for the development of Smarter Power Grids from the TECHNICAL point of view Additional and new consumption models (electrical vehicles, smart homes, and smart buildings); Intermittent energy availability from renewable energy sources (solar, wind); The need for improving the efficiency of transmission and distribution systems; The increasing of prosumers (consumers/producers) and their interaction to the grid. 20

21 But. what is or should be a Smart Power Grid? According to European Technology Platform Smart Grids: A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it generators, consumers and those that do both in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. 21

22 But. what is or should be a Smart Power Grid? According to US Department of Energy: A Smart Grid is self-healing, enables active participation of consumers, operate resiliently against attack and natural disasters, accommodate all generation and storage options, enable introduction of new products, services and markets, optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently, provide power quality for the digital economy. 22

23 Essentially, the Smart Grid (SG) definitions are related to: Distributed energy resources (DER); Automation of all power system levels (generation, transmission, distribution and consumption); Integration of different (fossil or renewable, DC or AC) and distributed energy resources including offshore; Efficiency, reliability and resilience; Generation and load forecast for Demand Response (DR). 23

24 Smart Grid BENEFITS include: improved power quality; reduction in peak demand; reduction in transmission costs; potential for increased energy efficiency; environmental benefits; increased energy security; 24

25 Smart Grid BENEFITS include: resiliency to disturbances, attacks and natural disasters; informed choices about consumption by customers; stimulate new products, services and markets; stimulate sustainable energy infrastructures for cities, regions and countries. accommodate all generation and storage options, etc. 25

26 Smart Grid (IEA roadmap) 26

27 Smart Micro Grids 27

28 SG Technologies and Opportunities Smart Grids are directly related to emergent or integrating technologies, such as renewable generation, power electronics, energy storage, digital processing and control, communications, artificial intelligence, data mining, internet of things, material science, etc. SG is pushing for new products, jobs, careers, standards, markets, etc. 28

29 Some Smart Grid Challenges Development of new intelligent (smart) metering, supervision and control systems; Development of network control devices and methodologies; Development of cooperative control methodologies for distributed energy gateways; Revision of energy and power quality billing and accountability standards and procedures; Review of traditional merit indices, such as power factor and current distortion (THD); Ensuring information privacy for every stakeholder, etc. 29

30 Some Smart Grid Challenges It is necessary to reinvent the role of the distribution systems, including the market regulation or deregulation, players (utilities, service providers, consumers and prosumers) and standards. 30

31 Low Voltage Intelligent Micro Grids MC = Master control DSO = Distribution system operator MC Energy Gateways (EG) Connected DGs; Current controlled sources; Local control under supervision; Bidirectional communication. Utility Interface (UI) Interface between MG and Utility; Voltage controlled source; Central controler; Bidirectional communication. 31

32 Low Voltage Intelligent Micro Grids Hierarchical and cooperative control of distributed energy gateways; Automatic operation based on smart metering, bidirectional communication and proper power electronics intelligent control. 32

33 Intelligent Energy Gateways PV Panels C PV Boost C DC Inverter Filter P, Q Storage C ES Bidir. DC/DC PCC v G v DC i DC PWM INV X f ig Current/Voltage Control V DC Control Grid Synchronization Master controller (MC) PWM PV PWM ES v PV, i PV v ES, i ES Communication Link Maximum Power Anti-Islanding Point Tracking Protection PV System Specific Functions Grid Support (V, f, Q control) Harmonic Compensation Basic Control Functions Fault Ride Through Monitoring and Control Overvoltage Dynamic Control Ancillary Services PV Panel/Plant Monitoring Energy Storage 33

34 Multifunctional Smart PV-Inverter In order to do more than simply injecting active power to the grids; For providing power quality to the local loads; To control harmonic distortion, reactive power, unbalanced currents, under local or centralized operation; To control the voltage profile over the grid; To improve cost-benefit ratio in DG systems. Requires proper standardization. 34

35 Multifunctional Smart PV-Inverter PES DC Link v vdc C DC Inverter LC Filter v v PCC i EG PCC Z G Grid Global optimization mode Local optimization mode PWM C i (s) Output current control loop i na Load i L Generator of load current compensation reference Generator of active current reference ( ) 2 P* SW 1 v f PCC i EG i* EG SW 3 i* C i r i v Current s decomposition by CPT v PCC G i* a i* vdc v PCC v PCC RMS C vs (s) V* PCC Overvoltage control loop SW 2 i* r i* idc C vdc (s) DC link voltage loop v DC V* DC v PCC Global optimization Zero RMS ( ) 2 SW 1 B ω v PCC C idc (s) 0 MAF i EG Generator of reactive current reference DC current control loop 35

36 Single-phase inverter MULTIFUNCTIONAL control Simulation result of the DGS acting as a selective compensator: PCC voltage (dashed); load, inverter and grid currents. 36

37 Multifunctional Smart PV-Inverter [4 ms/div] [4 ms/div] v PCC (100 V/div) v PCC (100 V/div) Load (K Q =K N =K D =0) i L (20 A/div) i G (20 A/div) i r b (reactive) (K Q =1 E K N =K D =0) [4 ms/div] [4 ms/div] v PCC (100 V/div) v PCC (100 V/div) i na (total) (K Q =K N =K D =1) i G (20 A/div) i G (20 A/div) i u (unbalance) (K N =1 E K Q =K D =0) Experimental result of a smart inverter acting as a selective compensator. 37

38 Multifunctional Smart PV-Inverter PCC Backup generator Energy Storage Utility Interface Electronic power processor v OUT High-level control (Master) Communication All grid tied converters can be used for much more than just injection active or reactive power to the grid!!! Data package Energy Storage Local source Energy gateway Electronic power processor Power referential (α P e α Q ) i OUT High-level control (Slave) Local load Communication 38

39 Multifunctional Smart PV-Inverter N 0 Mains Loads EG PCC CB 1 CB 2 v G i G N 1 i UI CB UI UI 13.8:0.22 kv Master controller Loads EG = phase = neutral v i N 3 N 4 N 2 N 5 Loads EG N 9 N 10 N 11 Loads N 7 Loads N 13 N 12 N 6 N 8 Loads ICT Local controller EG Loads EG Loads Loads EG Cooperative Control of Reactive, Harmonic and Unbalanced components. c a 0 PCC EG 1N3 EG 31N8 EG 2N11 Line current Phase current EG12N4 b EG 3N6 EG 23N12 39

40 Main research areas are: Power Electronics (topologies, control, power quality, etc.) Renewable Energy Systems Energy Management Intelligent Systems Industrial Automation Instrumentation Embedded Systems Robotics Geoprocessing Image processing / Smart Grids: microgrids, smart meters, smart buildings, etc. 40

41 GASI Group of Automation and Integrated Systems (Research Lab) 41

42 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Smart Grid Lab) 42

43 Ongoing Projects: Interdisciplinary Research Activities in Electric Smart Grids UNESP and UNICAMP Grant from FAPESP Temático NB_POCCREI: Norwegian-Brazilian collaboration on POwer theories and Cooperative Control for Renewable Energy Integration UNESP and NTNU Grant from The Research Council of Norway 43

44 Thanks for your attention! Fernando Pinhabel Marafão 44

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