Supporting Information. A Forward Osmosis Membrane Distillation Hybrid Process for Direct Sewer Mining: System Performance and Limitations

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1 Supporting Information A Forward Osmosis Membrane Distillation Hybrid Process for Direct Sewer Mining: System Performance and Limitations Ming Xie 1, Long D. Nghiem 1, *, William E. Price, and Menachem Elimelech 3 1 Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 5, Australia Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 5, Australia 3 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 5-, United States This document contains supporting information on: Table S1: Key properties of FO and MD membranes used in this study. Table S: Key physicochemical properties of representative trace organic contaminants. Figure S1: Panoramic view of the FO-MD hybrid system with mitigation loop. Figure S: MD membrane autopsy at the conclusion of the experiment. Figure S3: Comparison of TrOC concentrations in feed, draw, and distillate solutions for: FO-MD, FO- MD-GAC adsorption, and FO-MD-UV oxidation. The document includes four pages, two tables, and three figures: Number of pages: 5 Number of figures: 3 Number of tables: * Corresponding author: Long D. Nghiem, Phone: , Fax: longn@uow.edu.au S1

2 Table S1: Key properties of FO and MD membranes used in this study Parameter FO membrane MD membrane Active layer Cellulose triacetate Polytetrafluoroethylene Air permeability (L/m s) N.A. a Pure water permeability (L/m hbar).5 ±.7 b N.A. Salt (NaCl) permeability (L/m h).5 ±.7 b N.A. Membrane structure parameter (µm).7 ±.13 b N.A. Pore size (nm). c 3 d Contact angle (º) ± 3 e 135 ± 15 f Zeta potential at ph 7 (mv) -. g N.A. a provided by the manufacturer; membrane sample was measured at 7 Pa with diameter of 7 mm b determined using standard protocol proposed by Cath et al. 1 ; data reported by Xie et al. c reference 3 d provided by the manufacturer e reference f determined by standard sessile drop method g reference Table S: Key physicochemical properties of representative trace organic contaminants Compound Charge (at ph 7) Molecular weight (g/mol) Log D a (at ph 7) pk a a Concentration in raw sewage b (ng/l) Sulfamethoxazole Diclofenac Negative Bezafibrate Amitriptyline Positive Trimethoprim Caffeine Atrazine Primidone Carbamazepine Neutral Linuron Pentachlorophenol Triclosan a Values for pk a and log D were obtained from the SciFinder Scholar (ACS) database b Average data from duplicate measurements S

3 Figure S1: Panoramic view of the FO-MD hybrid system with mitigation loop (GAC adsorption or UV oxidation) Figure S: MD membrane autopsy at the conclusion of the experiment. Experimental conditions were as described in Figure in the paper: (A) photo of the fouled MD membrane; (B) SEM micrograph; and (C) EDS analysis for foulant element composition. S3

4 Feed Draw Product (A) FO-MD Pentachlorophenol Triclosan (B) FO-MD-GAC (C) FO-MD-UV Linuron Atrazine Amitriptyline Diclofenac Carbamazepine Sulfamethoxazole Caffeine Trimethoprim Primidone Bezafibrate Figure S3: Comparison of TrOC concentrations in feed, draw, and distillate solutions for: (A) FO-MD, (B) FO-MD-GAC adsorption, and (C) FO-MD-UV oxidation. Experimental conditions were described in Figure of the paper. S

5 References (1) Cath, T. Y.; Elimelech, M.; McCutcheon, J. R.; McGinnis, R. L.; Achilli, A.; Anastasio, D.; Brady, A. R.; Childress, A. E.; Farr, I. V.; Hancock, N. T.; Lampi, J.; Nghiem, L. D.; Xie, M.; Yip, N. Y., Standard Methodology for Evaluating Membrane Performance in Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes. Desalination 13, 3, () Xie, M.; Price, W. E.; Nghiem, L. D.; Elimelech, M., Effects of feed and draw solution temperature and transmembrane temperature difference on the rejection of trace organic contaminants by forward osmosis. J. Mem Sci. 13, 3, 57-. (3) Xie, M.; Nghiem, L. D.; Price, W. E.; Elimelech, M., Comparison of the removal of hydrophobic trace organic contaminants by forward osmosis and reverse osmosis. Water Res.,, 3-9. () Xie, M.; Price, W. E.; Nghiem, L. D., Rejection of pharmaceutically active compounds by forward osmosis: Role of solution ph and membrane orientation. Sep. Purif. Technol., 93, 7-1. S5