School of Physics. Mace Head (MHD) Atmospheric Research Supersite, ACTRIS & ESFRI Roadmaps. Professor S Gerard Jennings & Professor Colin O Dowd,

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1 School of Physics Mace Head (MHD) Atmospheric Research Supersite, ACTRIS & ESFRI Roadmaps Professor S Gerard Jennings & Professor Colin O Dowd,

2 LIDAR network History & Overview of MHD available -

3 Mace Head Site & Clean Sector Air Mass Back Trajectories

4 What do GAW stations do? Underpin the science relating to IPCC Radiative Forcing via research into Essential Climate Variables. Warming Cooling

5 CO 2 Time Series

6 Ozone Time Series

7 CFC Time Series

8 Emissions-Ireland, Gg year -1 Sulphate (PM 10 ), g m -3 Air Pollution Trends: Emissions to Radiative Flux a) b) NOx PM 2.5 x 10 SOx Year a) b) SO x Emissions-Ireland, Gg year Surface global radiation, W m Sulphate (PM 10 ), g m r = r = Year Sulphate (PM 10 ), g m

9 Advanced Aerosol Chemical Characterisation: Aerosol Mass Spectrometry 9% 9% 5% Org Nit Sul Amm Chl 23% 19% OOA COA HOA PCOA BBOA 18% 15% 63% 21% 20% Low-volatility Oxygenated OA Cooking OA Hydrocarbon OA Peat & Coal OA Biomass Burning OA

10 Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: Finger-printing specific pollution sources

11 Urban Air Quality MHD visits Cork Low-Volatility Oxygenated OA Cooking OA Hydrocarbon OA Peat & Coal OA Biomass Burning OA

12 Organic Aerosol Chemistry: Isotope Source Apportionment.

13 Remote Sensing: LIDAR Boundary Layer Structure Profiling

14 Remote Sensing: LIDAR Profiles of Ash Cloud

15 Remote Sensing: LIDAR Profiles of Ash Cloud Temporal evolution of volcanic plume backscatter coefficient and extinction coefficient over Mace Head on the 3 th May.

16 Medium Range Transport of Smoke from Wales Scrub Fires

17 LIDAR Detection of Smoke from Wales Scrub Fires

18 Remote Sensing: LIDAR Auto-detection of Ash Cloud

19 Remote Sensing: Cloud Macro-Physics

20 Synergetic Remote Sensing: Cloud micro-physics

21 Remote Sensing: Cloud-Micro-Physics Right Hand Side: BLUE in-situ FAAM; RED: SYRSOC

22 Ocean Chemistry in Collaboration with Marine Institute

23 Mace Head Data Operational System: 10-minute near-real-time data system 80Gb per day

24 Mace Head Contributes Near-Real-Time Data to: The multi-purpose operational system is in fact an ensemble of operational systems providing near-realtime data processing and data delivery to: The Environmental Protection Agency The European Environmental Agency The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting The Advanced Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment CLOUDNET EARLINET ACTRIS Met Eireann Marine Institute EMEP Irish Aviation Authority Aer Lingus C-CAPS Climate Modelling Centre

25 What is ICOS ICOS will provide the long-term observations required to understand the present state and predict future behavior of the global carbon cycle and greenhouse gas emissions ICOS will monitor and assess the effectiveness of carbon sequestration and/or greenhouse gases emission reduction activities on global atmospheric composition levels, including attribution of sources and sinks by region and sector

26 What is ACTRIS-I3? ACTRIS-I3 is a project funded under the EU Directorate General Infrastructures coordinating and improving long-term observations of reactive gases, aerosol and cloud properties from all multi-instrumented research stations in Europe. ACTRIS is built upon previous EU Framework projects, such as EUSAAR, CLOUDNET, and EARLINET, to provide common strategies for atmospheric measurements and an access to unprecedented high-quality atmospheric measurements. ACTRIS-I3 functionalities are used by a wide community with numerous users to understand the complex interplay between greenhouse gases, trace gases, aerosols, water vapour, clouds, rainfall, and radiation that constitutes the main uncertainty for predicting future evolution of the Earth climate. ACTRIS-I3 is the essential research component of European and global observational networks such as EMEP and GAW ensuring required quality and adequate development.

27 What is ACTRIS-RI? ACTRIS Research Infrastructure for atmospheric observations, ACTRIS-RI, is the pan- European framework that will ensure continuity, joint development, and coordination of activities at the high-level supersites and the associated thematic centres. ACTRIS-RI will be the backbone for European research in air quality and climate, recognized as a unique measurement program with sufficient quality for future needs and purposes, and also a major support and guide for the qualification and evolution of Global Atmosphere Watch and other more operational networks. As such, it should be jointly managed by stakeholders within a European framework and maintained in the long-term (>20 years) to preserve its unique potential to define and provide essential and high-quality data for climate and air quality research. ACTRIS-RI should be established within 5 years including a preparatory phase that will define its overall structure.

28 ACTRIS Development

29 Why do we need ACTRIS-RI? The infrastructure is unique in providing the 4D-variability of clouds and of the physical, optical and chemical properties of short-lived atmospheric species. This record can only be achieved in a network of advanced observatories (ACTRIS supersites) that combine in situ and remote sensing instruments. The in situ instruments measure with high accuracy the localized properties of the atmospheric constituents and the physical processes involved. The remote sensing techniques are essential to observe the spatial extent of atmospheric properties, and are thus able to reveal processes at larger spatial scales. ACTRIS-RI will be the fundamental research component of global, regional, and national observational networks for short-lived atmospheric components guiding the development and operation to fill the future needs for atmospheric observations. Transfer of expertise to support implementation of national networks has been established and will continue to be a fundamental added-value brought by ACTRIS-RI.

30 Stakeholders

31 Who will use the infrastructure or its products? The infrastructure will produce data and data products essential to a wide range of communities: Climate and air quality research communities worldwide; Universities and research institutions for training of researchers and young scientists; Space agencies for validation and the development of new satellite missions; Legislation-based monitoring networks of atmospheric compositional change. Sensor industries for testing, prototyping and demonstrations; Air quality agencies for validation of air pollution models; Numerical weather prediction centres for model validation; Institutes for eco-system studies of the interaction of atmosphere and biosphere.

32 How much would ACTRIS-RI cost? Investment costs for a completely new fully equipped gas/aerosol/cloud supersite can amount up to 20M, depending on instrumentation and supporting infrastructure. Part of these investments has already been made at several ACTRIS supersites. Running costs are country-dependent, but, based on experience from more than 15 year operations at several sites, operation procedures would require from 24 to 72 PM staff depending on instrumental deployment and organisation. Access costs to supersites for external users are site-dependent but generally range from 1000 /user-day to 3000 /user-day for the best equipped research stations. Costs for thematic centres such as single a calibration facility will depend on activities while managing costs for data centres amounts are still to be assessed.

33 Broader than ICOS, ACTRIS and ESFRI? Ocean-Atmosphere, Marine Meteorology & Biogeochemical Cycling research supersite. NE Atlantic Research hub servicing European and US Research Interests Fixed location, high time resolution supersites highly complement research vessels, research aircraft and satellite platform. Mace Head is strategically located to deliver answers to key atmospheric and oceanic research question. Mace Head already has a high level of research infrastructure, being one of the most sophisticated stations of its kind in the world, thereby reducing overall investment costs and affort.