International Journal of Engineering Science Invention Research & Development; Vol. II Issue XII, June e-issn:

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1 CONSEQUENCE OF FLASH FLOODS ON THE QUALITY OF WATER IN THE NOYYAL RIVER K.Prabhakaran *, M.Asaithambi # * Department of Chemistry, Kongu Engineering College [Autonomous], Perunduri , Tamil Nadu, India. # Department of Chemistry, Erode Arts and Science College [Autonomous], Erode , Tamil Nadu, India. * prabhakaranchemist@gmai.com, # asai4u@gmail.com Abstract-The present study is undertaken to create an awareness among the public about the quality of water in the Noyyal River, which is one of the important rivers in Tamilnadu. The samples of water have been collected from various points along the course of the Noyyal River from Thirupur to Erode. The samples of were collected using standard procedural methods. The physicochemical analysis and biological examination were extensively carried out on each sample using well-known standard methods. The results of these analyses point out the fact that the Noyyal river water is being polluted highly by letting out industrial effluents into the agricultural area and sewage into the stream. The presence of inorganic ions and biological waste have been contributed largely to the pollution of the river water. As a result, of water borne diseases have become common in this area and the raw water cannot be used as such for industrial purpose. The Noyyal river water should be treated properly and disinfected before being supplied for industrial purpose and human consumption. Key words: Effluents, Human consumption Noyyal River, Quality of water. Samples were collected at seven different points of the Noyyal river from Thirupur end to Erode district entrance. The samples were collected as per the standard procedural method for the chemical analysis of various constituents. The river water samples were collected in sterilized neutral plastic bottles of 300ml capacity and closed with a sterilized stopper and properly sealed for analysis as per the standard methods [7]-[11].Every sample was collected approximately 10 meter from the river sour. The samples were collected for every 4kms. TABLE-1 SAMPLING STATIONS Sampling stations Sample Numbers ParavalasuIndhiranagar 1 I. INTRODUCTION Water is the true elixir of life. It is very much essential to live. It is the basic of every living and non-living things (creatures). The wealth of every nation is analyzed by the water resource. Water is nature s precious gift to humanity. Water keeps us alive, moderates climate, sculpts the land, removes and dilutes wastes and pollutants and is recycled by the hydrologic cycle [1],[2]. Rivers play a prominent role, which is the main resource of water. But now -a -days river water becomes polluted due to the mixture of industrial effluents [3]-[5]. It spoils the holiness of water[6]. Emphasizing the importance value of water, this paper deals with the impact of flash floods on the quality of water in the Noyyal River. II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Thampayankadu 2 Konarikattuthottam 3 Karaipudur 4 Kannimarkoilpudur 5 Kathakanni 6 Aanipaliyampalam 7 Location (area) of the water samples are indicated in the above table-1. All the reagents were of analytical grade and solutions were made of distilled water. Quality parameters such as p H, Alkalinity, Hardness, Electrical conductivity, TDS, Ca, Mg,K, etc.,were determined using standard analytical methods. The instruments used were calibrated before use for observing readings. The repeated measurements K.Prabhakaran and M.Asaithambi ijesird, Vol. II Issue XII June 2016/812

2 were made to ensure precision and accuracy of results. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION With the overall survey of the importance of surface water and their potential uses, an endeavor has been made to evaluate the caliber of water in some of the areas around Noyyal basin (River). Surface water samples were collected by Cohering to standard methods. These collected samples were analyzed implying known methodological methods (APHA, 1992) [14]. Analytical regents were used. Solutions and dilutions were done in double distilled water. The surface water samples appeared turbidity because of the presence of dissolved inorganic ions and organic substances which would transmit the color of the water. All the seven samples originated to be smelt unpleasant. According to the Bureau of Indian standards, (BIS) [15] and world Health organization (WHO) guidelines [16], the desirable limits are 5 NTU (Nephelo turbidity units) and authorized limit for turbidity is 10 NTU. In all the fifteen samples, the turbidity values set above the prescribed limit. These samples of water contain suspended solids or particles. Electrical conductivity of a sample of water reflects the presence of inorganic ions in it. Spotted conductance range from 2732 to 3597 mohs/ cm. It is expected that the surface water invariably contains dissolved inorganic ions. BIS and WHO set standards for total dissolved solids (TDS) as 500 mg/l (Desirable Limit) AND 1000 Mg/L (maximum permissible limit). In the study, TDS values vary from 1912 mg/l to 2575 mg/l, which are maximum permissible limit. p H is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution or a sample of water. For drinking water purpose as far as possible, it should be neutral (p H =7). p H value ranges between 7.2 to 7.9. BIS and WHO Specify that p H value may vary between 7.95 to In this stage the surface water could not be useful for domestic and irrigation purpose. In the present study phenolphthalein alkalinity is found to be Zero in maximum of seven samples, surface water has not dissolved Na 2 CO3. The total alkalinity values range from 384 mg/l to 484 mg/l, which lie well below the prescribed (BIS & WHO) limit 200 to 600 mg/l. The hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble salts of calcium and magnesium. BIS and WHO guidelines indicate the desirable and permissible limit for total hardness of water as 300 mg/l and 600 mg/l. This study reveals that total hardness vary from 630 mg/l to 780 mg/l. Hardness of surface water sources of this areas are much harmful for domestic and irrigation purpose [17]. Calcium deficiency may lead to cramps, joint pains, heart palpitations, increased cholesterol levels, slow pulse rates, insomnia, impaired growth, excessive irritability or nerves, muscle cramps, brittle nails, eczema and numbness of the arms and or legs. Major deficiency of calcium causes bone diseases. Estimation of calcium hardness indicates that the value ranges from 140 mg/l to 172 mg/l. BIS prescribes desirable limit for Ca ions as 60 mg/l and permissible limit at 200 mg/l. Ca has not harmful effect on human consumption. The graphical values are given below K.Prabhakaran and M.Asaithambi ijesird, Vol. II Issue XII June 2016/813

3 Graph-1 Nitrate in surface water is due to dissolved ions of sodium and potassium salts. BIS prescribed desirable and permissible unit as 45 mg/l to 100 mg /L. Whereas WHO sets 10 mg/l as the maximum allowable concentration. In all the seven samples the values varies from 7 to 17 mg/l[17]. If the concentration of Nitrate ion is excess then the limit then it would lead to certain disorders. Phosphate content in surface water run-off into a water stream. In surface water, Phosphate concentration accumulates because of soluble inorganic salts. The study has shown that phosphate concentration varies from 7.10 mg/l to 8.21 mg/l. So it cannot be used for drinking purpose[18]. Similarly, the concentration of sulphate ions may not have detrimental effect on human health when present in the lower concentration. Sulphate deficiency causes chronic diseases and inflammation in the body. In all the seven samples, sulphate ion concentration lies between 155mg/L to 220 mg/l. which are far below and the allowed limit of 200 mg/l to 400 mg/l by BIS and WHO standards. In surface water the presence of chloride ions is attributed to soluble inorganic salts. As expected the surface water samples contain Cl ions between 565 mg/l and 785 mg/l. WHO and BIS presented for drinking water as 240 mg/l (desirable limit) and 600 mg/l (maximum allowable concentration). Surface water sample contains maximum concentration of Cl ion, It would affect health of people, So this water is not suggested for the human life. Humans need less than 1 mg/l fluoride ion to maintain teeth and bone formation in good condition. When F ions concentration exceeds 1.5 mg/l, It would result in dental fluorosis. The study indicated that F ions concentration is less than 1 mg/l in the seven samples. So the use this water will affect the human teeth and bones. According to BIS and WHO standards, the desired iron concentration should be 0.3 mg/l and permissible limit is 1 mg/l. The study reveals that a few of the surface water the samples have expected concentration of Fe ions. The graphical values are given below Graph-2 K.Prabhakaran and M.Asaithambi ijesird, Vol. II Issue XII June 2016/814

4 Sample No S. Station Appearance Odour Turbidity TDS EC ph Talk TH Ca Mg NO3 Cl F PO4 SO4 Na K NH3 NO 2- Fe 2+ TABLE-2 PHYSICO - CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SURFACE WATER ANALYSIS Tidy s 1 PI ST.turbid Unpleasant TK ST.turbid Unpleasant 3 KT ST.turbid Unpleasant KP ST.turbid Unpleasant KKP ST.turbid Unpleasant KKI ST.turbid Unpleasant AP ST.turbid Unpleasant Sampling stations PI-Paravalasu Indhiranagar, TK-Thampayankadu, KT-Konarikattuthottam, KP-Karaipudar,KKP-KAnnimarkovilpudur, KKI-Kathakanni, AP-Aanipaliyampalam. Turbidity is expressed in NTU. EC is expressed in µs / cm. p H is expressed in p H, TDS,Palk,Talk,Acidity,TH,Ca 2+,Mg 2+,Na +,K +,NO 3 2-,PO 4 2-,SO 4 2-,Cl -,F - are expressed in mg / L K.Prabhakaran and M.Asaithambi ijesird, Vol. II Issue XII June 2016/815

5 IV. CONCLUSION Surface water forms an important resource for drinking and irrigation purpose. This is especially true in the tropical countries like India. As there is no perennial river in the western districts of Tamil Nadu for all practical purposes, people depend on surface water and ground water sources. In this background it has become necessary to investigate the quality of surface water in some areas of Erode District. Water Samples were collected and preserved as per the standard methods. Various physicochemical parameters and biological investigations were carried out by employing known procedures. Analyses were repeated for precision and accuracy and to eliminate determine and indeterminate error. The present study reveals that physicochemical examination of all the fifteen samples of surface water (river water) were compiled with the standards prescribed by WHO and BIS. Dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demands values of all these samples vary within the allowable limits. The result obtained in this study indicates that in large scale the surface water was not polluted before the establishment of industries and textile units. But now the surface water is much polluted because of the emission of the toxic chemicals from the industries and textiles units. When these chemicals are mixed with the water, the water became poisonous. This poisonous water will be suitable only for industrial use (if it will undergo effluent treatment) and not for domestic and irrigation purpose. If this process continues means the Noyyal river will become a sewage in future. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to the management of Erode Arts and Science College [Autonomous], Erode , Tamil Nadu, India for their continuous encouragement and support to carry out this research work. [1] Tyler Miller Jr. G., (2008), Environmental Science, Cengage Learning India Private Limited, New Delhi, 11 th Edition, First Indian Reprint. [2] [3] Felix Franks, (2000), Water: 2 nd Edition A Matrix of Life, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. [4] pollution/river stretches.com [5] summary - erode.litml. [6] Science & Technology, The Hindu, Oct, (1998). [7] Bhargava, S.K., (2009), Practical Methods for Water and Air Pollution Monitoring, New Age International (P.) Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi, First Edition. [8] Abbasi, S.A. (1998), Water Quality : Sampling and Analysis, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, vii pages. [9] Mark K. Mitchell, and William B Stapp, (1996), Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring, Kendall Hunt Publishers, p [10] Manivasakam, N., (1995), Physicochemical Examinations of Water, Sewage and Industrial Effluents, Pragati Prakasan Publications, Meerut, pp [11] Kottaiah, B. and Kumarasamy, N., (1994), Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual, Charotar Publishing House, Anand, India. [12] Narayana Rao, M., Kothandaraman, V. and Rayudu, V.N., (2000), Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual for Water Analysis, Canada India Institutional Cooperation Project, Chennai, pp [13] Narayana Rao, M., Kothandaraman V. and Rayudu, V.N., (2000), Environmental Engineering Laboratory Manual for Water Analysis, Canada India Institutional Co-operation Project, Chennai, pp [14] APHA, (1992), Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Waste Water, American Public Health Association, Washington D.C., 18 th Edition [15] Indian Standards Specifications for Drinking Water IS , [16] World Health Organization (WHO) Papers,Methods Used in USSR for Establishing Biologically Safe Level of Toxic Substance (1975). [17] Gopalswami, P.M., Kumar, P.E., Kulandaivel, A.R.K., Study on the Quality of water in the Bhavani River, Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 15(1), pp , (2003). [18] Chempa, R., Thaneer, Thaneer, Thaneer, Bharathi Puthakalayam, Chennai-15, 15,1 st Edition, (2003). [19] De, A.K., Environmental Chemistry, New Age International (P.) Ltd., New Delhi, (1996). [20] Dara, S.S., A Text Book of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi, (1993). [21] Krishnan Kannan, Fundamentals of Environmental Pollution, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi, (1991). REFERENCES K.Prabhakaran and M.Asaithambi ijesird, Vol. II Issue XII June 2016/816