Stor-skala taredyrking: Faktorer der kan påvirke og spiller inn på naturlige økosystemer. Kasper Hancke

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1 Stor-skala taredyrking: Faktorer der kan påvirke og spiller inn på naturlige økosystemer En presentasjon av KELPPRO: Kelp industrial production: Potential impacts on coastal ecosystems Kasper Hancke For Algenett Nord via video 17 Desember 2018 Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Bilder: SES, NIVA og Tango Seaweed

2 Kasper: Education and positions 2002 MSc in Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Uni. of Copenhagen PhD in Marine Algae Ecology, NTNU, Norway Post doc on Primary Production and Ocean optics, IMR, Norway Research coordinator at NTNU, Norway Post doc Benthic & Pelagic Biogeochemistry, Uni. of Southern Denmark (SDU) Researcher in Arctic Ecology. Aarhus Univ Researcher in Coastal Ecology. NIVA Prosjektleder for et nytt forskningsprosjekt. NFR KELPPRO Kelp industrial production: Potential impacts on coastal ecosystems 2

3 KELPPRO Kelp industrial production: Potential impacts on coastal ecosystems Project lead: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA, Kasper Hancke) Scientific partners: SINTEF, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Akvaplan-NIVA, Institute of Marine Research (HI), University of Southern Denmark (SDU) Industrial partners: Seaweed Energy Solutions (SES), Hortimare Duration: (4 years) Funding: Research Council of Norway Kasper Hancke et al

4 Why spend time on environmental impacts? Sangou Bay, China Image: SES/J Funderud

5 Why spend time on environmental impacts? Global seaweed production >26 mill. ton (FAO 2016) In Norway, current production is low (145 tons in 2017), but the future prospect is 20 mill. tonn by 2050 (Olafsen 2012) This requires an area of km2, equivalent almost to the size of Hardangervidda national park Globally, estimate potential seaweed production is ~several billion tons year-1 (e.g. Bjerregaard et al 2017) Image: SES/J Funderud

6 Why spend time on environmental impacts? Image: SES/J Funderud

7 Potensialet for vekst i dyrkning av makroalger anses som betydelig, med anvendelser som mat, fôr, næringsstoffer, kjemikalier og energi. Regjeringen er opptatt av at vi skal få til en vekst i oppdrettsnæringen som spiller på lag med naturen. Det er bare slik vi kan opprettholde en fremtidsrettet næring. Regerings havstrategi Februar

8 Marked potential The macro algae industry is expected to increase from NOK 1.2 mrd i 2010 to NOK 40 mrd i 2050 (SINTEF, NTNU et al. - Verdiskapning basert på produktive hav i 2050). 8

9 Kelp industrial production: Potential impacts on coastal ecosystems Aim: Provide an integrated assessment of positive and negative impacts of industrialscaled kelp farming on the marine ecosystem of coastal Norway Three main questions: 1) How will large scale kelp farming impact the coastal ecosystems open water and sea floor habitats and functioning? 2) Will farmed kelp detritus provide valuable bioresources or pose a threat to natural coastal ecosystems? 3) Will kelp farming facilities provide ecosystem functioning as artificial forest habitats? Images by SES and Tango Seaweed Kasper Hancke et al

10 Potential environmental impacts of extensive seaweed cultivation Positive impacts are Nutrient uptake, reducing marine eutrophication CO2 uptake, reducing ocean acidification Increased primary production Promote elevated biodiversity Negative impacts are Depletion of limited nutrients Depositing of large quantities of kelp biomass on the seafloor, leading to poor environmental conditions, oxygen deficiency, and change in natural biodiversity Kasper Hancke et al

11 Effects on open water ecosystems Reduce light availability for natural populations of phytoplankton Effects on primary production and foodweb efficiency (wild fish stock) Reduce water currents, mixing and attenuate waves Alter nutrient and matter transport and the water column vertical transport rates Take up of nutrients Provides a tool for eutrophication mitigation, or limits recourses for the foodweb, and commercial harvest (fish) The balance determines the system Carrying Capacity Take up of CO 2 Provides climate mitigation actions (if carbon is removed from the biosphere) Provide refuges for a vast number of species, virus to fauna Increase habitats for wanted and unwanted species Increase spread of diseases and genetic material? Kasper Hancke et al

12 Effects on seafloor ecosystems Reduce light availability for seafloor macroalgae Effects on primary production, foodweb efficiency and biodiversity Depositing organic matter (lost kelp) detritus (30% of the biomass) Provide a food source for staving ecosystems, or Lead to poor environmental conditions and oxygen deficiency The balance determines the tipping point between food source or ecosystem threat Change in biodiversity and ecosystem function impacts on foodweb structure and ecosystem servises Depositing of carbon (CO 2 removal) Provides climate mitigation actions, if carbon is permanently buried in the seafloor Kasper Hancke et al

13 Ongoing efforts Fieldwork Laboratory work Mesocosms Numerical modelling Kasper Hancke et al

14 Broch et al. in review

15 Photograph: A Chapman, Tango Seaweed Conclusion There is a large potential for growing industrial-scale volumes of seaweed biomass to supply the global market with food and resources Industrial-scaled kelp farming will inevitably impact local, regional and global ecosystems and productivity positively and/or negatively As of today, we have limited knowledge on ecosystem consequences, and potential positive and negative impacts are largely unmeasured Research efforts and applicable indexes needs to be accomplished and developed Take home message: Knowledge-based operations and research-based monitoring is needed to secure a sustainable future for seaweed aquaculture NIVA research for a sustainable future 15

16 Photograph: A Chapman, Tango Seaweed Two resent publications New report out: April 2018 A website targeted for kelp farmers and managers: NIVA research for a sustainable future 16

17 Two resent publications New report out: April 2018 A website targeted for kelp farmers and managers: NIVA research for a sustainable future 17

18 Photograph: A Chapman, Tango Seaweed Thank you Questions? KELPPRO Kelp industrial production: Potential impacts on coastal ecosystems Funded by the Research Council of Norway NIVA research for a sustainable future 18