USE OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL ROAD CONSTRUCTION

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1 USE OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL ROAD CONSTRUCTION Dr. Sanjay Srivastava 1 Executive Engineer, PMGSY,PIU TEHRI-1,NewTehri, ID srivastavairi.s@gmail.com Dr. M.P.S. Chauhan 3 Prof.& Head, Department of Civil Engineering, G B Pant Engineering College, Pauri ID drmpschauhan@gmail.com Er. S.S. Tomar 2 Superintendent Engineer, PMGSY, Mussorie Circle, Mussorie Er. V.N. Tiwari 4 Chief Engineer, PMGSY, Garhwal Zone, Indira Nagar, Dehradun

2 Need of green technology Green technology, also known as sustainable technology, is one that has a "green" purpose. Green is a reference to nature, of course, but green technology, in general, is one that takes into account the long and short-term impact an invention has on the environment. Green products are environmentally friendly inventions that often involve energy efficiency, recycling, safety and health concerns, renewable resources, and more.

3 No doubt that by the construction of new roads brings several socioeconomic benefits for the population. Generally, roads are being constructed in India predominantly with hot mix asphalt technology. In hot mix technology, the bitumen is heated at 170 o C and aggregate is also heated up to 155 o C. The hot mix is produced at 150 o C. During laying and compaction, it is necessary to maintain the temperature around 135 o C and 125 o C respectively. In hot mix asphalt technology greenhouse gases are generated, shut down of plants during rainy and cold season, problems of maintaining paving temperature, noise, high energy consumption, problem of health of the workers and also hazardous for public in general.

4 Rural roads are approximately 60.4% of the total road network in India. Therefore, it is being experienced that new and advanced technology should be introduced to control emissions and maintenance and construction of rural roads environmentally sustainable. Due to environmental and topographical constraint, the rural road projects in hilly states like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Uttarakhand and others are beyond time. These states have long duration of monsoons and cold winter season. Due to environmental conditions (rainy and cold winters) in these state hot mix technology cannot always be used. In these states cold mix technology should be evaluated. Cold asphalt mix is produced by mixing unheated mineral aggregate with other emulsified bitumen or foamed bitumen. Unlike hot mix asphalt (HMA), cold asphalt mix does not require any heating of aggregate which makes it economical and relatively pollution free. It is also known as green and sustainable technology.

5 In 2007 NRRDA, promote the cold mix technology in rural roads for progress. Cold mix technology is environmental friendly and all weather construction technique. CRRI and NRRDA in 2008 selected Assam as state for pilot project and were directed in 2009 to construct the 500 km road using cold mix technology. By the use of cold mix technology, approximately 1500 litres of diesel per kilometre could be saved. If each state used cold mix technology in road construction then the benefit would be enormous.

6 WHY PREFERED??? No heating required. Pollution free Green Road Concept. Faster Progress Completes 1km in 3-4 days with proper manpower and support (by using conventional Concrete Mixer) Local & semiskilled labour can execute the work. No chance of accident of labour. contains anti-stripping properties, performing better than Hot Mix roads. It is all weather construction techniques i.e During monsoons and cold winters on dry days construction activities could be carried out.

7 HISTORY OF COLD MIX TECHNOLOGY In 2007, CRRI develops laboratory and field case-studies in Since 2008, Bitchem start field performance evaluation in Assam under NRRDA support. In 2010, World Emulsion Congress held in Lyon, France invites CRRI & Bitchem for presentation of cold mix joint paper on cold mix technology. In 2011, CRRI grants NE India License and East India License to Bitchem. In 2013, CRRI joins hand with Bitchem for Pan-India scale up cold mix technology in roads sector. More than 2500 Km of CRRI- Bitchem Cold Mix paving of Roads in challenging conditions and remote rural areas have been constructed.

8 COLD MIX TECHNOLOGY Cold mix is bituminous mixture containing unheated mineral aggregate, water and binder (bitumen emulsion) prepared by a suitable device like concrete mixer or cold mix plant or a modified hot mix plant. The technology has been developed by CSIR-CRRI. Cold Mix technology is an engineered mix design of tailor made cold mix bitumen binder, made suitable for available aggregates to derive durable bituminous surface based on zero pre-wetting of aggregates, workability, compatibility and setting time properties depending on equipment and climate (CSIR-CRRI, 2016) (Indian Roads Congress, 2014).

9 The technology came into existence in the early 1900s and its application, as a pavement, was first started in 1920s. In India, the use of cold mix first started in 1970s; by that time, the world had started using it in various fields of construction and maintenance of roads. In 1970, when India consumed only 20,000 tonnes, the whole world consumed about 12 million tonnes of cold mix bitumen (CSIR-CRRI and BitChem, 2013). As of December 2016, 4,896.3 km of rural roads had been constructed using cold mix technology (National Rural Roads Development Agency [NRRDA], 2015).

10 Most of the cold mix road length has been constructed in the north-eastern region with the highest length in Assam. So far, other states have accounted for only 10%, of which Odisha, Uttarakhand, and Karnataka are major users of cold mix technology for rural roads construction. In India, the Indian Road Congress (IRC) in assistance with Central Road Research Institute s (CRRI) rich research expertise has released the latest codes (IRC: SP:100:2014) for large scale adoption of cold mix technology in the country. Photo. 1 Photo. 2 Construction Work Using Cold Mix Road Construction Technology.

11 Photo 1 : Road Constructed with cold mix technology is in progress

12 Photo 2 : Road Constructed with cold mix technology is in progress

13 CASE STUDY In Uttarakhand, under PMGSY more than 1500 km road length to be constructed by using cold mix technology. Presently 3.75 m width and km road length Bhelunta se Mayahaleth motor Marg have been constructed by using cold mix technology by PIU ID TEHRI-1, NEW TEHRI. Open graded bituminous premix concrete was prepared using simple concrete mixer and laying was done manually. During laying it was observed that laying should be done as early as possible otherwise the workability of the mix gets reduce. To have good workability some more emulsion to be added. Some of the site photographs 3 to 8 during construction are shown below.

14 Photo 3 : Prepared Surface for Premix Carpet

15 Photo 4 : Mixing of Aggregate and Emulsion in mixer

16 Photo 5 : Application of Prime Coat over the prepared surface

17 Photo 6 : Application of Tack Coat over the prepared surface

18 Photo 7 : Laying of Bituminous Concrete manually

19 Photo 8 : Compaction of Bituminous Concrete Surface

20 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This is a 100% mainstream technology and can be adopted in all projects. It has 50% higher surface life than hot mix technology as it contains anti-stripping agents. It provides 200% faster progress per day using existing facilities. It is 90% energy efficient, saving 1500 litres of fuel per km of construction which is equivalent to 4000 kgs of CO2 emission per km.

21 There is 0% Extra Capital Expenditure by contractors doing site mix. It is a Green Technology as no heating of aggregate and binder is required emitting zero pollution. It facilitates job creation absorbing one skilled technician every 10 kms. This technology can be executed throughout the year permitting all weather construction whether in rainy season and/or cold winters.

22 APPLICATIONS OF COLD MIX Cold mix could be used in Surface Dressing, Pothole Repair, Mix Seal Surfacing, Patch Work, Premix Carpet in all-weather except in inclement weather condition. Today, this product has gained so much popularity and credibility that it has almost overcome the conventional hot mix technology. With thousands of kilometres of roads being constructed every year under National Highway Authority of India, NRRDA, State Highway in India and Northeast India, there is enormous potential for the use of this product in the construction of roads.

23 CONCLUSIONS As there is no noise and air pollution, no energy consumption, all weather construction, safe to workers and their health, nonhazardous for public in general cold mix technology is superior to hot mix technology. However Initial Cost of Green Roads is higher by 2-3% of total project cost, but in the long run, it lasts 50% longer than hot-mix saving a minimum of 35 percent of the total cost.

24 REFERENCES 1. International Review of Applied Engineering Research. ISSN Volume 4, Number 4 (2014), pp Research India Publications 2. T E R I. 2017, Life Cycle Assessment of Hot Mix and Cold Mix Technologies for Construction and Maintenance of Rural Roads (Final Report) New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. 3. Singh Ram, (July 1, 2011), Impact of Road Development on The Rural Economy of NE India, The Sangai Express. 4. Use of Cold Mix Technology in Construction and Maintenance of Roads Using Bitumen Emulsion (IRC: SP: 100:2014) Published by India Roads Congress.

25 5. Specifications for Road Works Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, 5th Revision, Choudhary Rajan, Mondal Abhijit Kaulgud Harshad, S., Assistant Professor, (2012), Use of Cold Mixes for Rural Road Construction. International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Technology for Rural Area (EFITRA). Proceedings Published in International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA). 7. Jain Priyanka, (2012), Sustainable Rural and Regional Development: Analyzing Role of Road Technologies in Development of the Rural Assam, International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Management, Pp Jain P.K., (July 2013), Construction and Maintenance of Bituminous Pavements Recent Development and Technologies, Traffic Infra Tech Magazine. 9. The Shell Bitumen Handbook 5th Edition, Thomas Teleford Publishing, London (UK).

26 THANK YOU