4. Fresh water and hydrology

Transcription

1 4. Fresh water and hydrology Related to terrain data Catchment and drainage information HydroSHEDS based on SRTM 90m data - not complete yet HYDRO1k based on GTOPO30 1km data the only global dataset Coastlines from SRTM Water Bodies data - very detailed Surface water information Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD, WWF), 1km res. SRTM Water Bodies, 30m res. Small Water Bodies (SWBD) products from Geoland, 1km res. 1km map of temporal water bodies in Africa every 10 days. february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 25

2 4. Fresh water and hydrology Applications in agriculture, catchment dynamics, water balance, water security, risk assessment, disaster mapping and modelling. february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 26

3 4. Fresh water and hydrology february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 27

4 4. Fresh water and hydrology february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 28

5 5. Biodiversity and conservation One of the quickest growing areas of global data. Conservation data WWF Global 200 Ecoregions Conservation International Biodiversity Hotspots UNEP/WCMC GIS database on Protected Areas Biodiversity data World Conservation Union -Red list species database Global Amphibian Assessment (~6,000 species extent maps) Global Mammal Assessment (Due later in 2007) Globally Threatened Birds (BirdLife International) Marine, Freshwater and Plant Assessments due by february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 29

6 february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 30

7 5. Biodiversity and conservation Used for mapping species richness, areas of high endemism and identifying species at risk. Habitat assessments. Applications in conservation planning and protection. Allocation of funds and policy development for biodiversity conservation. Public Awareness. february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 31

8 5. Biodiversity and conservation Very time consuming to develop and maintain. Rely heavily on expert opinion to map habitats and extents of species. Many species lack information. Bird extents are particularly difficult to map. Conservation Hotspots, Ecoregions and Species Extent maps are often too vague or poorly delineated for many applications. However, this is the best available data and the alternative is nothing! february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 32

9 6. Population 20 years ago all we had was country totals. Now there are data sets that claim to map population at 1km resolution. Two different approaches: Population count per administrative unit. Modelling the population density estimated from other factors, distance to roads, urban areas, land cover, terrain etc. Also population at a location can be based on census information or ambient estimates. The population count in a city centre at 9am is much higher than at 9pm, vice versa for the suburbs. Vital for disaster management. february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 33

10 6. Population Gridded Population of the World v3 (GPW) Highest quality of input data. Data provided with no modelling good for research purposes. Data for 1990 through to 2015 in 5 year intervals. LandScan 2005 Looks more detailed than GPW. Heavily reliant on black box modelling, no metadata on the method. Input population data is poor. UNEP continental population maps Available for Africa, LAC and Asia. Quality is somewhere between GPW3 and Landscan. Has useful historical projections back to february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 34

11 6. Population Population data varies in quality and frequency. Some countries have data at census tract level, others at state level. Some countries have not had a census in over 20 years. Data availability is a problem. Need to project population estimates to a common date (i.e. 2000, 2005) and a common spatial unit (population per 1km, 5km). february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 35

12 6. Population february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 36

13 7. Transport and infrastructure Mainly concerned with roads and urban areas Road dataset are one of the key inputs for large scale analysis on : Transport and economy Pre and post disaster planning Population modelling Development and inequality measures Environment and land use It is also the poorest data set. The only free global data comes from old 1:1,000,000 scale VMAP0 or DCW data. february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 37

14 7. Transport and infrastructure february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 38

15 7. Transport and infrastructure Urban data comes from two main sources: Remote Sensing data, i.e. a component of global land cover or as a dedicated urban mapping project. Global land cover maps tend to underestimate urban areas. 50% of the world population lives on just 3% of the land. Night time lights data often used as a proxy for urban areas. Good proxy in developed countries, very poor in the developing world. Survey and country level data collections. Urban areas are being mapped by the same group producing GPW. The data set is called GRUMP, The Global Rural Urban Mapping Project. It aims to map all urban areas with a population of 5,000 or more. february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 39

16 7. Transport and infrastructure february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 40

17 7. Transport and infrastructure february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 41

18 8. Poverty and health A recent development There is no such thing as a global poverty map, but certain related issues can be mapped globally Health and malnutrition Child mortality Indicators of well bring or access to services (hospitals, schools, markets) Detailed national studies on poverty have become available from the World Bank Standardised method to map % of the population below the poverty line using census and survey information. About 50 countries have carried out this method. february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 42

19 8. Poverty and health february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 43

20 8. Poverty and health february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 44

21 9. Socio-economic Usually country level (macro) indicators World Bank Development Indicators United Nations Millennium Development Goals FAO STAT Agricultural data EarthTrends data from the World Resources Institute Environmental Sustainability Indicators from CIESIN/Yale/JRC Indicators on the economy, environment, governance, corruption, health, equality, biodiversity, pollution, natural resources, education, energy. february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 45

22 In summary Huge amounts of data Need to turn data into useful, actionable information Varying quality Metadata is not complete nor standardised Many sources A good thing, but you need to know which source it best for you Difficulty combining continuous and discrete data raster/vector, up/downscaling Integration still a time consuming process Data preparation can take up to 80% of the research time february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 46

23 References: good summaries These two documents are excellent sources of information on current state of global data sets Global Spatial Data and Information User Workshop An inventory and comparison of globally consistent geospatial databases and libraries february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 47

24 february 2007 METIER Graduate Course n 2 - Information Management in Environmental Sciences 48