Comprehensive Design & Implementation Approach of Solar Power System in Subtropical Hong Kong

Transcription

1 Comprehensive Design & Implementation Approach of Solar Power System in Subtropical Hong Kong Ir Dr Tony Lam Associate Director of Arup CEng, CPEng, MHKIE, WELL Faculty, LEED AP, BEAM Pro ND NB 13 December 2018 CIBSE One-day Seminar on Renewable Energy New Development and Technologies in Hong Kong

2 Agenda Context and Role of solar power system Approach of designing a solar power system Post-installation evaluation

3 Climate change is real!

4 Context and Role of Solar energy system The Hong Kong's Climate Action Plan report, published by the Environment Bureau on January 2017

5 Context and Role of Solar energy system Solar power system can: To achieve the goals of carbon emissions To respond government policies Carbon Footprint of Hong Kong Source:

6 Context and Role of Solar energy system World Green Building Council The Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment 2030 to reach net zero carbon operating emissions within their portfolios 2050 to advocate for all buildings to be net zero carbon in operation

7 Context and Role of Solar energy system How to make Hong Kong Net Zero Carbon? Existing Condition: Proposed Solutions: 25% PV coverage of HK land 100% LNG + 15% PV coverage 50% better BEC for all bldgs + 15% PV coverage 70% LNG + 10% PV coverage + 50% better BEC for all bldgs + 50% GV Bus Hong Kong climate Action Plan PV LNG Efficient Building Green Transportation

8 Context and Role of Solar energy system How to make Hong Kong Net Zero Carbon? Existing Condition: Solar PV System plays a 4 KEY Proposed Solutions: ROLE 25% PV coverage of HK land 100% LNG + 15% PV coverage 50% better BEC for all bldgs + 15% PV coverage 70% LNG + 10% PV coverage + 50% better BEC for all bldgs + 50% GV Bus Hong Kong climate Action Plan PV LNG Efficient Building Green Transportation

9 Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers Building: Zero/Low Carbon Design Steps Sub-tropical Climate Architectural Design Energy Efficient System Renewable Energy Decarbonize Use energy efficiently Avoid energy use

10 Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers Korea Zero Energy House: Year 2010 Resort House 425 m 2 floor area 163 m 2 rooftop PV PV 44% contribution of total energy

11 Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers Singapore Zero Energy Building: Building and Construction Authority (BCA) Office Building 4,500 m 2 floor area 1,540 m 2 rooftop PV

12 Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers HK Zero Carbon Building: Year 2012 Construction Industry Council (CIC) Exhibition/Office Building 1,520 m 2 floor area 1,015 m 2 rooftop PV

13 Context and Role of Solar energy system Drivers Regulations/Incentives: To take advantage of Feed-in Tariff Effective date: CLP October 2018 HEC Jan 2019 Commitment period: 15 years FiT rate for solar energy: Under 10kW HKD5 per kwh 10kW to 200kW HKD4 per kwh 200kW to 1MW HKD3 per kwh

14 Approach of designing a solar power system

15 Approach of designing a solar power system Scale fits the demand? Fixing and Safety? Electrical connection Safety? Affect surroundings?

16 6 Steps in Designing a PV System 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval Step 1: Building and Location Analysis Architectural layout plan study Site visit Propose potential location Step 2: Solar Resource Assessment Solar resource simulation Shading and glare analysis Identify orientation and inclination of PV panel

17 6 Steps in Designing a PV System 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval Step 3: Selection of Solar Technology Conventional Photovoltaic (PV) Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) Building Integrated PV Hybrid PV (PV + Thermal) Step 4: PV System Design PV Schematic System Design Metering Design Plantroom Design Other Issues for Implantation of Existing Building

18 6 Steps in Designing a PV System 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval Step 5: Structural Aspect Assessment Dead load and live load assessment Propose installation method Step 6: Statutory Submission and Approval Application of CLP/ HKE for Feed-in Tariff (FiT) Submission and Approval for Building Department Issuance of Work Completion Certificate (WR1)

19 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval

20 Steps 1 & 2 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval Building 3D model with topography and surrounding buildings Annual solar availability Annual glare study Optimization of PV orientation and tilt angle

21 3D Building Modelling with Surroundings Surrounding buildings/ self shading/ topography Request GIS information from Lands Department

22 3D Building Modelling with Surroundings Topography, Building massing and Building height variations are modelled Together with the proposed building massing and PV panel layout, this form the foundation of later studies. Surrounding model by 3D modelling software

23 Annual Solar Availability Prescriptive Approach Solar chart to determine the preliminary PV panel orientation and tilt angle Source: Tony Lam s PhD Thesis 2008 Data measurement results show that the optimal setting is around 20-23deg tilted due south orientation Use performance approach to determine the preliminary location of PV panel Annual total solar yield (kwh/m2) for various tilt angles and orientations in Hong Kong

24 Annual Solar Availability Performance Approach With self shading/ surrounding buildings shading effect, Annual solar availability Shading above Recommended PV installation area High Mid Low

25 Annual Glare Study

26 Annual Glare Study Geometric analysis based on Hong Kong solar path It is not SIMPLE!

27 Annual Glare Study Reflection from PV panels may result in undesirable glare for pedestrian, occupants of neighboring buildings Sensitive receivers include: Office Residential School Hotel Hospitals Shopping Centre Shops Air flight path Etc. Site Building Sensitive Receivers Surrounding Buildings

28 Annual Glare Study Geometric analysis based on Hong Kong solar path in Grasshopper software Glare study is carried out from 7am to 6pm throughout the whole year Visual the potential glare problem for sensitive receivers

29 PV Panel Scale Design After knowing the basic information such as solar availability variation, glare issue, PV orientation and tilt angle, the next step is to determine the PV panel scale PV panel scale depends on Site constraint (space) Energy saving target (green building certification requirement) FiT Scheme (Incentive) E&M limitation (for existing building)

30 PV Panel Scale Design Determine the whole building energy consumption By Energy Modelling Increase the % of renewable energy contribution MAXIMIZE ENERGY GENERATION % BY PV

31 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval

32 Selection of PV Technology Type of PV Technology Mono- and Poly-crystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) Hybrid PV (PV + Thermal) Monocrystalline PV Building Integrated PV Design consideration: Performance at ambient temperature Module efficiency Space requirement Job reference: Zero Carbon Building

33 Selection of PV Technology Conventional PV Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Power range: W Efficiency : 15-23% Dimensions: 1600mm(L)x1000mm(W)x50mm(H) Weight: 18~19kg (~12kg/m 2 ) Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Power range: W Efficiency : 13-16% Dimensions: 1600mm(L)x1000mm(W)x50mm(H) Weight: 18~19kg (~12kg/m 2 ) Application: PV panel at traditional roof, flat surface Walkable PV panel at floor For Example: PV at rooftop, PV wall mounted at building façade, PV at floor PV panel at rooftop

34 Selection of PV Technology Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) Categorized by which photovoltaic material Amorphous silicon (a-si) Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) Thin-film CIGS solar cells Power range: 70W-310W Efficiency : 10-16% Dimensions: 1700/2590/5900mm(L)x350mm(W)x2.5mm(D) Flexible Weight: <2.4kg/m² (less structural requirement) Application: PV at curved surface, structures, low load capacity roofs, building integrated PV module For Example: PV at curved rooftop surface

35 Selection of PV Technology Building Integrated PV (BiPV) Solar Paving Block Thick crystal products Solar cells by crystalline silicon (150x150 mm 2 ) Deliver watts per ft² of PV array Thin-film products Thin layers of photovoltaicly active material placed on a glass superstrate or a metal substrate Deliver 4-5 watts per ft² of PV array area Photovoltaics in glazing Application: PV panel integrated in building materials For Example: Solar paving block at pavement, BiPV Skylight, BiPV Glazing Photovoltaics in glazing

36 Selection of PV Technology Hybrid PV and Thermal (PVT) Increase electricity output performance by around 10% Backside of the panel is composed of a heat exchanger. The water that circulates through the exchanger is warmed by the heat dissipated from the photovoltaic cells and can reach temperatures up to 70 C Reuse the heated water in different ways Space saving Application: Building with hot water demand For example: Commercial building, hotel, hospital, clubhouse, etc Power out Hot water out Cold water in

37 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval

38 PV System Design PV Schematic System Design Sale to Power Company $ Inverter Transformer CLP / HKE Meter Power Distribution Board Electrical Equipment

39 PV System Design Feed-in Tariff Metering Requirement for CLP Simplified Single-Line Electrical Diagram for FiT Meter Arrangement for a RE System

40 PV System Design Feed-in Tariff Metering Requirement for CLP

41 PV System Design Feed-in Tariff Metering Requirement for HKE Simplified Single-Line Electrical Diagram for FiT Meter Arrangement for a RE System

42 PV System Design Feed-in Tariff Metering Requirement for HKE

43 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval

44 Structural/ Roofing Design Issue Concrete Building Roof Roof made by solid concrete Withstand higher loading Less strengthening required Flat roof surface Sheet Metal Roofing Structure Roof made by sheet metal Withstand lower loading More strengthening by roof truss steel members Corrugated shape with inclined angle

45 Structural/ Roofing Design Issue Types of roofing system Concrete Building Roof Metal frame Solar panel Concrete plinth

46 Structural/ Roofing Design Issue Types of roofing system Sheet metal Roof Structure Direct Screw Fixing Type (Corrugated Metal Roof) Standing Seam Type Direct Screw Fixing Type Standing Seam Type

47 Structural/ Roofing Design Issue Strategy of installation Screw Fixing(punch through) for Direct Screw Fixing Roofing system Proprietary Add-on Clamp for Standing Seam Roofing System Waterproofing Screw Fixing vs Add-on Clamp Direct Screw Fixing Type Standing Seam Type

48 Structural/ Roofing Design Issue Sample of PV panels installation for Standing Seam Roofing System

49 Structural/ Roofing Design Issue Other Issues Dead load on PV panels and supporting frame Wind load on PV panels Waterproofing Screw Fixing vs Add-on Clamp Testing of the Special Add-on Clamp (BD requirement) Warranty Warranty Period and Validity of Warranty (for existing building)

50 1. Building and Location Analysis 2. Solar Resource Assessment 3. Selection of Solar Technology 4. PV System Design 5. Structural Aspect Assessment 6. Statutory Submission and Approval

51 Statutory Submission and Approval Application of Feed-in Tariff (FiT) to CLP/ HKE Application Process for CLP Submit application and required documents Technical assessment, system test and installation before CLP smart meter installation Completion and grid connection Application Process for HKE

52 Statutory Submission and Approval Submission and Approval for Building Department New building General Building Plan submission Existing Building Minor Works Submission (Class I or III) For Class I item 1.19 Step 1 - Appoint Prescribed Buildings Professional and Prescribed Registered Contractor (Class I of Type A, E) Step 2 - Submit MW01 - Notice of Commencement, documents, photos 7 days before commencement of work Step 3 - Submit MW02 - Certificate of Completion, documents, photos within 14 days after completion of work

53 Statutory Submission and Approval Submission and Approval for Building Department Existing Building For Class III item 3.15 Step 1 - Appoint Prescribed Buildings Professional and Prescribed Registered Contractor (Class III of Type A, E) Step 2 - Submit MW05 - Notice and Certificate of Completion, documents, photos within 14 days after completion of work

54 Statutory Submission and Approval Issuance of Work Completion Certificate (WR1) Completion of Electrical Work Issuance of Work Completion Certification(WR1) Electrical Inspection Power Energization

55 Post-installation Evaluation & Optimization

56 Post-installation Evaluation & Optimization Conventional PV System Performance monitoring Data analysis by comparing energy data monitored by PV inverter and microclimate station Microclimate Station Data Analysis Solar Radiation Data BMS System Dashboard Inverter Power Transformer Distribution Box $ CLP / HKE Meter

57 Post-installation Evaluation & Optimization Using power optimizer to maximum energy yield Carry out maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at module level Traditional String Inverter Suit for roof where ideal for solar Simple and most affordable MPPT per string Power losses due to module mismatch Weak panel and faulty panel is not easy to be identified Power Optimizer plus Inverter Suit for roof have shading Higher cost MPPT per PV module More equipment means more effort on maintenance and replacement Power monitored from each module individually

58 Post-installation Evaluation & Optimization Operation concept of power optimizer inverter inverter Under ideal condition Under partial shading condition Source: xx

59 Post-installation Evaluation & Optimization Advanced PV System Performance monitoring Data monitored by power optimizer Manufacturer cloud Data Analysis Solar Radiation Data Microclimate Station BMS System Power Optimizer Power Optimizer Inverter Power Transformer Distribution $ Box CLP / HKE Meter

60 Solar Power System Reduce the building electricity demand Optimised Solar PV System RE Output target Scale optimization Disturbance of surroundings Structural loading Electrical connection Financial model Demonstration + Make it as common practices! Monitoring and Maintain Performance Source: CCC Kei Wai Primary School Ma Wan

61 Thank You! Ir Dr. Tony Lam Associate Director of Arup CEng, CPEng, MHKIE, WELL Faculty, LEED AP, BEAM Pro ND NB 13 December 2018 CIBSE One-day Seminar on Renewable Energy New Development and Technologies in Hong Kong