ECON European Economic History II, 2018 John Lovett. Code Name: Part 1: (70. points. Answer on this paper. 2.5 pts each unless noted.

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1 ECON European Economic History II, 2018 John Lovett Code Name: Part 1: (70. points. Answer on this paper. 2.5 pts each unless noted.) 1. According to lecture, which change in agriculture will lead to the largest relative increase in the industrial workforce? a. The % of the labor force in agriculture decreases from 85% to 75% b. The % of the labor force in agriculture decreases from 55% to 45% c. The % of the labor force in agriculture decreases from 25% to 15% d. The % of the labor force in agriculture increases from 15% to 25% e. The % of the labor force in agriculture increases from 45% to 55% f. The % of the labor force in agriculture increases from 75% to 85% 2. (2 pts) Which of the following revolutions most directly led to modernity? Which of the following revolutions was the most proximate cause (versus a more distant but perhaps ultimate cause) of modernity? a. the Agricultural Revolution b. the Industrial Revolution c. the Scientific Revolution 3. Below are four graphs. Which one of them plots the actual (estimated) percentage of the English labor force in Agriculture? a. c. b. d. d. 1

2 ECON Economic History of Modern Europe John Lovett # s 4 6: Match each region with how their agricultural system changed from about 1530 to Country 4. England 5. France 6. Eastern Germany New Agricultural System a. Land is no longer farmed in the medieval, communal fashion. Instead each worker typically has a very small plot of land for his family. He can farm this land pretty much as he pleases. There are, however, also large estates. There are also many feudal obligations (peasants owing lords certain taxes and goods). b. Land is no longer farmed communally. Instead, there are very large estates that are privately owned by rich land owners. The workers (former peasants) are now wage laborers. c. There are very large estates that are privately owned by rich land owners. The workers are attached to the land and cannot freely move elsewhere in search of different work. The workers are, in effect, serfs. d. Land is no longer farmed communally. Instead there are many moderately sized lots each able to support a family and then some. These plots are owned by small tenant farmers. Farm workers are free to move about the country. 7. (2 pts) Which two people are associated with describing the above changes (# s 4 6) and their importance? Check 2 blanks below. Brenner Castro-Balbi McCloskey Nichols Broadberry Cruz Merriman Niedermeyer 8. (2 pts) According to text and lecture, which country had the highest agricultural productivity (measured as ag output per worker) around the year 1600? a. The Dutch Republic b. France c. Eastern Germany d. England e. Southern Italy f. Spain 9. (2 pts) According to text and lecture, which country had the highest agricultural productivity (measured as ag output per worker) around the year 1750? a. The Dutch Republic c. Eastern Germany e. Southern Italy b. France d. England f. Spain 10. (2 pts) According to the readings, lecture, and just plain a good guess, how did the amount of power an English farmer had compare to that of an French farmer around the year 1750? a. French farmers had more useable power (in the form of cattle). b. English and French farmers had about the same amount of power until about c. English farmers had more power mostly in the form of more horses. d. English farmers had more power mostly in the form of steam engines.

3 ECON Economic History of Modern Europe John Lovett 11. Who was Antoine Lavoisier? a. The first person to develop a method for making cheap steel by the ton b. the first person to use coke in the production of cast iron c. a thinker that isolated many chemical elements and is considered the founder of modern chemistry d. the first person to build a industrial factory 12. According to lecture, what, is the major significance of the Agricultural Revolution that preceded the Industrial Revolution was? a. Most of the agricultural machines that were invented directly led to machines that were used in other industries. For example, the seed drill evolved into the textile industry s power loom. b. Labor was freed up for other purposes. A nation could now have lots of workers in industry instead of agriculture without having them starve. c. Feudalism finally began to break up. Small farmers could now make enough money they did not need help from a large landowner. # s Compare Britain and France over the period from about 1670 to about Which of the following best describes the system in Britain, relative to that of France, at the start of this period 1670? a. The British political system was much more modern at the beginning of the period (1670) than it was in France. Britain had a less absolutist government with some enfranchisement. b. Britain and France started out very equal; both absolutist governments with little democracy. c. France started out as the more democratic and less absolutist of the two. 14. How did the political changes in Britain compare to that of France over the course of this period (167- to 1840)? a. Britain was relatively static during this period. Britain may have started out with superior political institutions. However, France slowly and caught up. b. Britain tended to see many small changes that moved the country to more democracy, wider enfranchisement, and a more professional and restrained government. France saw a similar pattern. c. Britain tended to see many small changes that moved the country to more democracy, wider enfranchisement, and a more professional and restrained government. France saw radical swings from monarchy, to populist rule, to dictatorship and back. 15. If one defines the start of the Industrial Revolution as; The time when factories came into being, i.e. mass production using machines and all under one roof,, roughly when did the Industrial Revolution start? a b c d e f If one defines the start of the Industrial Revolution as; When fossil fuels first began to be used for multiple industrial processes, roughly when did the Industrial Revolution start? a b c d e f

4 ECON Economic History of Modern Europe John Lovett 17. (2 pts) Which workers does the reading describe as more militant than the other group? a. British workers b. French and German workers 18. (2 pts) The piston in a Newcomen engine is being moved down during its power stroke. What is the pressure on the high pressure side? What is the pressure on the side labeled More? a. more than one atmosphere b. approximately one atmosphere c. less than one atmosphere d. the pressure of several dozen gerbils pushing against the piston More More 19. (2 pts) In what industry, and in what capacity, was the first practical steam engine primarily used? (ex. It was used in the potato chip industry to operate equipment that sealed the potato chip bags). Less Less 20. What improvement did James Watt make to the steam engine? a. a firebox that burned coal rather than wood b. a cylinder that slides (in addition to the sliding piston) thereby reducing vibrations and wear c. passing high-pressure steam over a turbine (fan blades) instead of using it to push a piston d. a separate condenser so that steam condenses back to water outside the cylinder rather than inside 21. How did the above (# 6) improve the steam engine? a. The engine could operate at a much higher speed without breaking. b. The engine that could now work in adverse weather & the rolling deck of a ship. c. The engine became much more efficient. It burned less fuel per unit of power. d. The engine became much safer. It was less likely to explode. 22. The first British factories were powered primarily by: a. wood fired steam engines b. oil fired steam engines d. water power e. animal power c. coal fired steam engines f. wind power g. slave power 23. (3 pts) Which of the following was directly facilitated by the use of coke? Check () and all process that used coke. the cheap mass production of cast iron. steam engines that were small enough to power canal boats. the production of modern dyes for fabric. the cheap mass production of kerosene (what the British call coal oil). Back to work ye mangy curs or put ye in the Regarding # s 20 and 21, know that Watt greatly improved the efficiency of the steam engine around 1763 turning it into a general purpose technology with 100s of applications. Don t worry about how Watt did it yet. 24. (3 pts) Which of the following best fit the definition of a General purpose technology? Check () any and all that are general purpose technology? Watt s steam engine the Spinning Jenny Arkwright s Water Frame the counter-weight trebuchet 4

5 ECON John Lovett 25. (2 pts) Once the Spinning Jenny & Water Frame were adopted, output per worker hour in spinning: a. remained roughly the same. Now, however, less skilled and much cheaper labor could be used. b. increased by about 50%. Output per worker was about 1.5 what is was before. c. increased by about 100%. Output per worker was about 2 what is was before. d. was about 5 what is was before. e. was about 150 what is was before. 26. Which process was being done in the first real factory? a. Cast iron and steel was being produced from iron ore. b. Cotton thread was being woven into cloth. c. Seeds were being removed from raw cotton. d. Cotton was being spun into thread. 27. (6 pts) Fill in the chart below to indicate the characteristics of each type of metal. The first two rows have been done for you. Characteristic Cast Iron Wrought Iron Steel I m a type of metal Spelled backwards, I m Norit-Sac Prior to about 1860, I m very hard to produce in large quantities. I am also called Pig Iron. I have the least carbon of the three. I am the most brittle of the three. I am produced in a Blast Furnace. I m generally the most useful metal of the three. 28. The advent of the Bessemer convertor, among other things, meant: a. firms in the ferrous metal industry could finally begin using mineral energy instead of wood energy. b. for the first time in human history, production had to be moved into factories to be efficient. c. that firms in the ferrous metal industry now had to be very, very large (thousands to tens of thousands of employees) to effectively use the new technology and compete in global markets. d. water turbines began to replace water wheels for powering factories. 5

6 ECON John Lovett Part 2: Answer 1 of the following 3 essays (30 points) 1. Compare and contrast Medieval Thought versus Modern Thought as taught in this course? Roughly when did this change take place? Explain how the change from Medieval ways of thinking, to modern ways of thinking, might have affected Europe s later economic development. 2. Explain the operation of a Newcommen Atmospehric engine. Include a drawing (or two) to help explain how this engine worked. For what activity was this engine used? When and where (country) was it first used? Why was it used in this activity, but not others? What are some of the limitations of the Newcomen Atmospheric Engine? Explain why these limitations existed and how they prevented the Newcomen engine from being used more widely. 3. What s the difference between Wrought Iron, Cast Iron, and Steel? Which one of these metals is the best general purpose metal? Why? How did the way this best metal was made change as Europe modernized? Explain the process used in at least 2 different time periods. Don t forget to include illustrations. Also, tell the reader how each change affected the price and availability of this best metal. 6