EFFECT OF ROAD DETERIORATION ON VEHICLE EMISSION

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_099 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EFFECT OF ROAD DETERIORATION ON VEHICLE EMISSION Prafulla Shahare, Sanket Gupta M. Tech, Transportation Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India Dr. V. S. Landge Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India Dr. Vivek S. Hokam Deputy General Manager, Nagpur Metro, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Vehicular emission has always been a cause of concern for environmentalists and the government. This emission has been the cause of various harmful effects such as the greenhouse effect, acid rains, increased lung issues among the people etc. The emissions have created such major problems that the government has been compelled to reduce the number of vehicles on the road, sorting them by their number plates. This study focuses on the effect of road roughness on vehicular emission. The emission level was compared for absolutely same traffic for different road roughness conditions. It was found that the emission levels reduced by almost 20% in a smoother road as compared to a rough road. Key words: vehicle emission, IRI, pavement deterioration. Cite this Article: Prafulla Shahare, Sanket Gupta, Dr. V. S. Landge and Dr. Vivek S. Hokam, Effect of Road Deterioration on Vehicle Emission. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION Air pollution is a serious problem across the globe. In a developing country like India, this has major repercussions since the basic medical needs of the people are fulfilled with major difficulty. This is an even major problem in urban areas where industrial pollution and vehicular pollution is very high and people are exposed to extreme conditions throughout the day. Various studies around the globe have proved that the vehicular emissions amount to about 60-70% of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and around 60% of the Nitrogenous oxides(no x ). This not only puts the lives of the organisms in danger but also deteriorates the environment to non-curable extent. Exhaust gases from the vehicles consisting of CO, NO x, Carbon editor@iaeme.com

2 Effect of Road Deterioration on Vehicle Emission dioxide (CO 2 ), Particulate Matter (PM), Hydro-Carbons (HC), Lead etc. can have widespread effects on the human body, from a small irritation in the eye to even cancer. It also has major effects on the environment, like increasing the global warming, increasing the greenhouse gases in the environment etc. Vehicular emission depends upon various vehicle parameters like engine technology, operating speeds, fuel type, road condition etc. In order to minimize the vehicular emission from individual vehicles, the Indian standards have been inspired by the European Union Emission standards, these have been named as Bharat stage emission standards. The emission standards have to be strictly followed by the vehicle manufacturer, since if the vehicle fails on these standards it is not allowed to run on roads. Presently the government has been instructing to use the Bharat stage IV standards, compulsorily applicable since the month of April The BSIV technology has been an advancement over the previous BSIII technology. It has been claimed by the government that the BSIV technology reduces the emission rates by over 20%, over the previous BSIII technology. Though the technology has been devised for the vehicular characteristics the bad pavement conditions, will always increase the pollution rates. Hence, such technology will not be effectively work if the pavement condition will not be good. It has been studied that emission is a function of fuel consumption and power generation by vehicle. If the pavement is in bad condition the amount of fuel requirement will be increase to produce the more power to drag the vehicle for same distance than the pavement with good condition, which leads to higher emission. The Indian automobile industry is a major contributor to the Indian economy. The Indian automobile industry is the largest in the world, but with the increase in the number of vehicles on the roads, pollution also increase year by year. The data analysis shows that from the year 2001 to 2011, the no. of passenger vehicles increased with an average annual growth rate of 34.8% as per the government, while the number of commercial vehicles have increased by an annual growth rate of 37.44%, and increase in two-wheeler is found to be 24% per annum for the study years. In recent years, cities in India reached their critical level of air pollution due to the increase in private vehicle ownership. According to WHO report for the year, 2016, the capital city of India, New Delhi is the most polluted city in the world. It also states that of the top 20 most polluted cities in the world, 13 cities are in India. The concentration of Particulate Matter of diameter less than 2.5 micron(pm2.5), and Particulate matter of diameter less than 10 micron(pm10), are critically high and other carcinogenic agent like Sulphur dioxide(so 2 ) and NO x are also very high which results in various diseases. As per the government report, this exposure to such polluted air causes 6, 20, 000 deaths in 2010, in India. This health cost when calculated in monetary terms for India, was found to be 3% of India s GDP for the year Vehicular pollution has a long-lasting effect on the human health. This may cause long term effects or also permanent effect ranging from minor eye/throat infection to cancer. To name a few, CO reduces the blood cell capacity to circulate oxygen through the body. NOx is responsible for cardiovascular and respiratory problems in the human body. Emission of pollutants like PAR may cause cancer to various parts of the living organism while it may also cause asthma. This pollution from vehicles also causes devastating effect to the environment. These gases are very harmful as gases such as CO, CO 2 are green-house gases, which cause global warming. These also can contain particulate matter which may cause poor visibility, acid rains etc. Vehicular pollution also releases NO x with various volatile organic compound in presence of sunlight causes smog which increases the risk of lung diseases editor@iaeme.com

3 Prafulla Shahare, Sanket Gupta, Dr. V. S. Landge and Dr. Vivek S. Hokam This study focuses on the level of pollutant emission level, like CO, NO x, PM from the vehicles over the time when the pavement starts to deteriorate over its life. Also, this paper studies the effect of road maintenance over vehicular emission. This study was based on the Industrial area near, Nagpur city, in Maharashtra, India, named MIDC Hingna. This area was selected since it was found that the air quality was the worst in the area due to pollution due to both, heavy duty commercial vehicles and Industrial emissions. It was analyzed using HDM-4 software a standard software developed by the World bank to devise maintenance strategies of pavements across the globe. It may also be used for economic and environmental analysis. The study area, MIDC Hingna, is one of the major industrial areas in Vidarbha. It has various large scale industries and also has heavy traffic flow of commercial vehicles. The road stretch was a 4.5 km stretch connecting wadi and the Hingna MIDC, a major road in the Industrial area. It is a two way - four lane divided road. The average speed of vehicles on this stretch ranges from for different vehicle classes. 2. DATA COLLECTION Road condition of the study area was measured by physical inspection, like the distresses in the pavement due to road traffic etc. The road roughness was measured using the MERLIN (a Machine for Evaluating Roughness using Low-cost Instrumentation). The deflection was measured at every 10m from the MERLIN and using this roughness, the international roughness index (IRI) was calculated. The formula used to calculate the IRI is as follows: IRI= D (42<D<312), Where D is the average deflection. The emission values for the vehicles were taken as the standards considered by the BSIII standards since all of the vehicles plying on road comply with this standard. The emission prediction is done using HDM-4. HDM4 predicts values for emission based on the speed of vehicle, types of vehicle, vehicle count and the pavement condition. Since this study is concerned with only the pavement condition, hence the other factors contributing to change in emission must be kept constant for the study to be reliable. So, for this, all the data has been collected in the year 2016 and has been analyzed further with an assumption that all the above mentioned factors are constant, and the road maintenance has not been done. Also, it is assumed that the pavement deteriorates only due to the vehicular movement and no other factor contributes to pavement degradation. The vehicle data count was taken manually for a week and the average daily traffic was estimated. It was found that the vehicle classes in the area were 4-wheelers, 2-wheelers, Light Commercial vehicles, Heavy Commercial vehicles, trucks, buses and other non-motorized modes of transport. Since the non-motorized vehicles do not produce any emissions, it has been neglected from this study. Also since the vehicles use diesel and petrol, they have also been categorized in order to make a proper estimation of emission. The share of vehicular count has been shown as in the pie-chart below. It must be noted that the vehicular cart shown does not categorize the vehicles as per the fuel used but only as per their class editor@iaeme.com

4 Effect of Road Deterioration on Vehicle Emission Traffic composition 25% 22% Light trucks 2 wheeler Bus 13% 14% 25% truck Pick up 4 wheeler 1% Figure 1 Vehicle composition on central road, hingna MIDC, Nagpur The central road has speed restrictions for all the classes of vehicles running over it. It is checked at various intervals and almost all the vehicles run at this speed. The speed limit chart is as given below. All these speeds are used to calculate the emissions for the various classes. Table 1 Speed Restrictions on Central Road Hingna MIDC Nagpur Vehicle type Speed in (kmph) Two wheelers 40 Three wheelers 30 Car 45 Bus/truck/trailers BHARAT STAGE EMMISSION STANDARDS The Government of India has set the standards for vehicular emissions, for vehicles running on Indian roads. It is mandatory for all the vehicles to ply by these standards as the vehicles without the basic standards are not allowed to run on these roads. These emission standards have been named as the Bharat Stage Emission Standards. These standards have been changed from time to time as and when a better technology is available so as to reduce the vehicular emission. These standards, though Indian, are highly inspired by the European standards. At present the vehicle manufacturers have to comply with the BSIV standards applicable to all since April, In this study since the data is older we have used the BSIII standards applicable in the country since the year Also since the standards are applicable since a very short duration of time, the vehicles complying to BSIV standards are very less and hence this is a valid consideration. The study since considers the vehicles in India, the standard emissions are given in table 2. HDM-4 predicts the amount of pollutant emitted in grams per kilometer of distance travelled by the vehicle, while the emission values as per the Bharat stage are given in amount of pollutant emitted in grams per kilowatt hour of the engine running. This was then converted to g/km by calculating the power required to travel 1 km with the speed specification in the study area. For HDM-4, these values have to be calibrated accordingly and be used in the software. The values as used in the software as per the BSIII guidelines are given in table editor@iaeme.com

5 Prafulla Shahare, Sanket Gupta, Dr. V. S. Landge and Dr. Vivek S. Hokam Table 2 Bharat stage III emission standard for heavy duty vehicle (g/kwh) Type CO(g/kwh) NO x (g/kwh) PM(g/kwh) HC(g/kwh) BUS Truck Table 3 Bharat stage III emission standard for vehicles (g/km) Vehicle type HC CO NO x PAR 2-wheeler wheeler LCV Bus Trucks CALIBERATION FOR HDM 4 HDM4 has been devised by the World Bank for road maintenance and can be used around the globe. Though only the pavement type is same, the various parameters on which the pavement distresses depend vary all over the world, like type of fuel, speed limits, vehicle loading, road conditions etc. vary from country to country. Thus, for the most accurate results, the software needs to be calibrated according to the ground conditions, for most accurate results. HDM4 governs various parameters of vehicle fleet, engine and road geometry for proper analysis of pavement maintenance. There are almost 16 parameters which vary with the type of engine which are very difficult to access. The data for vehicle fleet, road geometry and pavement condition was collected and analyzed manually by field observation. Calibration in HDM4 takes place with the help of two factors, known as calibration factors, K 1 and K 0. K 0 is multiplied with the complete emission value while K 1 is used for multiplication for IFC (instantaneous fuel consumption) only. The IFC value may be kept at default for this study as provided by the software. Since the IFC value is kept constant, the value of K 1 is taken as 1.0, and for K 0 the calibration is carried out since it may vary for different pollutants. 5. METHODOLOGY Change in vehicular emissions depends upon the fuel consumption of vehicles, which is dependent upon the change in road condition, speed, saturation level of pavement fuel consumption (litres) speed (kmph) passenger service vehicle Figure 2 Relationship between speed and fuel consumption editor@iaeme.com

6 Effect of Road Deterioration on Vehicle Emission For a pavement with high IRI, the average vehicular speed is reduced by considerable extent, so that the commuter is unaffected due to the pavement roughness and reducing the damages to the vehicle. The above graph shows that when the speed limit is greater than 60 kmph, the emissions may get reduced due to increase in IRI as the engine may generate less power due to reduced speed, but since the speed limit at the study area is less than 60 for every class of vehicle, the emissions will increase as and when the IRI increases. Also, the average speed within the city limits for is less than 60 kmph thus reducing the speed due to inappropriate roads, will increase the fuel consumption and as the fuel consumption will increase, the emissions will also increase. This study focuses on developing on a model for MIDC Hingna s central road, for estimating the effect of road roughness on the vehicular emission rates, when two maintenance alternatives have been given for the pavement. The first scenario is the one in which the pavement is given no maintenance whatsoever over the period of 20 years and the pavement only deteriorates because of vehicular movement. The study simulates the effect of these for 20 years over the pavement which reduces its IRI from 3.26 in the present status to 9.56 after 20 years. The second scenario is much more realistic. This scenario states that when the pavement is maintained properly over this period and the IRI is never allowed to fall below 6, i.e. the pavement is maintained as and when the IRI value falls below6 the road is overlaid by a new layer of bituminous concrete. The vehicular emission will increase for an increase in number of vehicles on the road. This study assumes that the number of vehicles on the road is constant throughout the study period so that the correlation between emission values can be explained with definite reasons. Hence, the vehicle growth rate is assumed to be zero percent per year. The other parameters for both the conditions are kept constant. The emission values for all the types of vehicle was observed and the model is calibrated as per the values specified in the Bharat Stage III guidelines for vehicle emissions for the initial years. 6. RESULTS The results for the above study, i.e. emission values when the roads are maintained and when the roads are not maintained showed that the emission values increased over a period of time and were drastically reduced when the roads were maintained from time to time. It was seen that the emission values were fairly equal for both the types of maintenance for the time when the IRI was less than 6, but as and when the maintenance schedule started, the emission values started to vary drastically. It can be seen that the emission values can be reduced by almost 10% due to proper maintenance of pavement surfaces. It was also found that for the roads when the speed limit is less than 60kmph, the IRI is directly proportional to the emission of vehicle due to higher fuel consumption editor@iaeme.com

7 YEAR Prafulla Shahare, Sanket Gupta, Dr. V. S. Landge and Dr. Vivek S. Hokam Table 4 Annual Emission and IRI Prediction using HDM4 CARBON NITROUS OXIDE PARTICULATE IRI (m/km) MONOXIDE (kgs) (kgs) (kgs) N.M G.M N.M G.M N.M G.M N.M G.M In the above table, G.M refers to Good Maintenance and N.M refers to No Maintenance, i.e. scenario 2 and scenario 1 respectively. IRI IRI (m/km) no good YEAR Figure 3 Effect of maintenance on IRI of the pavement editor@iaeme.com

8 Effect of Road Deterioration on Vehicle Emission CARBON MONOXIDE EMMISSION CO emmission (Kg) no good Year Figure 4 Effect of maintenance on IRI of the CO emmission PM EMMISSION PM emmission(kgs) no good year Figure 5 Effect of maintenance on particulate matter emission NITROUS OXIDE EMMISSION NOx emmission (Kgs) no maintainanace good Year Figure 6 Effect of maintenance on nitrous oxide emmission 7. CONCLUSION The above results can conclude that the road roughness can be a decisive factor for emissions from vehicles. The roughness is a major factor contributing to the emissions since with the increment in roughness of roads creates a need of extra power which is needed to create the editor@iaeme.com

9 Prafulla Shahare, Sanket Gupta, Dr. V. S. Landge and Dr. Vivek S. Hokam drag force needed for the vehicle to move which in turn increases the fuel consumed, hence leading to higher emission. For roads having design speeds greater than 60, this drag force is reduced considerably since road roughness will lead to a decrement in speed and hence decrement in drag force thus reducing the fuel consumption. REFERENCES [1] Calibration of HDM-4 emission models for Indian conditions 2 nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (2nd CTRG) 2013 [2] Analytical Framework and Model Descriptions.HDM-4 Manual, Volume-4.HDM Global publications. [3] A Guide to Calibration and Adaptation.HDM-4 Manual, Voulme-5.HDM Global publications. [4] R. Prasanna Kumar, Afshan Sheikh and SS.Asadi, A Systematic Approach for Evaluation of Risk Management in Road Construction Projects-A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp [5] Accessed on 22 march 2017 [6] Society of Indian automobile manufacturers:emission norms, [7] Ahmed Salah, Talaat Abdel-Wahed, Amr Whabla and Ayman Othman. Evaluation of Pavement Distresses Appearance and Propagation for Urban Roads in Upper Egypt, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6 (11), 2015, pp editor@iaeme.com