SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS

Transcription

1 Volume 116 No , ISSN: (printed version); ISSN: (on-line version) url: ijpam.eu SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS 1 B.Kaviya, 2 Ashish kumar, 3 Dev Prakash choudhary, 4 Dipanjan sarkar, 5 Kathamritha Basak Assistant Professor 1 Student, 2-5 Department of Civil Engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai. 1 kaviya.civil@bharathuniv.ac.in Abstract: Surface water is an inevitable source of water, therefor we selected our project as Surface water quality assessment of perumbakkam lake using GIS. The study area Perumbakkam lake coordinates 12.90N to 80.19E and spreads over 200 acres (0.81 km²) is a vital source of water to residents and farmers in Perumbakkam, Vengaivaasal and Sithalapakkam villages. The advancement in GIS and spatial analysis help to integrate the laboratory analysis data with geographic data and to model the spatial distribution of water. The main objective of this study is to determine the spatial variability of surface water quality using GIS. A total of 15 water samples were collected from the different locations throughout the study area by the help of GPS. The physico-chemical parameters of the samples have been determined from different locations of Perumbakkam lake. Sample lake location are obtained using GPS and the locations are imported to Quantum GIS to create a point feature. From the results, it is concluded that the water quality of the lake is found within the permissible limits. The inlet and outlets points of the lake are polluted because of the wastewater from nearby industry. So the water cannot be used for drinking purpose but it can be used for other domestic purposes. 1. Introduction Surface water is an inevitable source of drinking water for both urban and rural India. Besides, it is a vital source of water for the drinking, agricultural and the industrial sector. Being a significant part of the hydrological cycle, its occurrence and availability depends on the rainfall and recharge conditions. Surface water quality comprises the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of surface water. The suitability of surface water for various uses majorly depends on quality of surface water. Hence protecting the quality of surface water is a major concern. Water quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate information on the quality of water to the concerned people and comprehend the spatial and temporal variation of quality. It acts as the indicator of the quality of water. The objective of the water quality index is to turn multifaceted water quality data into simple information that is useable by the public. Several researchers have conducted a study on surface water quality by estimating the water quality index to substantiate the variation of surface quality. Research on spatial distribution analysis of surface water quality index developed various thematic maps for the water quality parameters using geostatistical Approach[1-4]. From the studies, it is inferred that ph in most of the wells of the area is acidic and alkaline in nature and in most of the locations surface water is not fit for drinking due to high concentration of chloride content.the TDS and Total hardness are also playing a significant role in surface water quality assessment. 2. Study Area The Perumbakkam lake, Kanchipuram district, South India has been chosen for conducting the study. The area is bounded by Bay of Bengal in the Eastern part and it is situated very adjacent to the east coast. The study area coordinates 12.90N to 80.19E. The Perumbakkam lake spreads over 200 acres (0.81 km2) and is a vital source of water to residents and farmers in Perumbakkam, Vengaivaasal and Sithalapakkam villages. Nearly 100 families raise vegetables and other crops whenever water is available in the lake[11-14]. Figure I. Study area Map 3. Methodology The methodology of the experimental work described as shown in figure II. 391

2 A. Sampling location Sampling is carried out using GPS. A total of 15 water samples were collected from the selected locations throughout the study area. The latitude and longitude values of the selected sampling locations are given in Table I.These samples were analyzed for different parameters as shown in Table III. The obtained water Quality data form the attribute database which is used to generate the spatial distribution maps for the present study area[15]. D. Hardness Total hardness is a measure of the capacity of water to the concentration of calcium and magnesium in water. In our study hardness ranges from (mg/l). B. ph ph generally denotes presence of hydrogen ions in water.ph values ranged from 6.5 to 8.5 with an average value of 7.7 indicating the alkaline nature of water samples E. Chloride Figure 3. Variation of Total Hardness Chloride occurs in all natural waters in widely varying concentrations. The chloride contents normally increase as the mineral contents increases. In our study the chloride ranges from ( (mg/l). Figure 1. Variation of ph C. Alkalinity Alkalinity is the measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize a strong acid. Alkalinity ranges from (mg/l). Figure 4. Variation of Chloride F. Total dissolved solids (TDS) A total dissolved solid (TDS) is the concentrations of all the dissolved minerals in water. In our study the TDS values ranges from 756 to 1092(mg/l). The intake of water with the higher TDS can cause kidney stones and other health hazards. Figure 2. Variation of Alkalinity 392

3 I. Ammonia Ammonia can be present in water in two forms, either ammonium hydroxide (NH3) or as the ammonium ion (NH4).Ammonia content ranges from 0.5 3(mg/l). Figure 5. Variation of TDS G. Fluoride In our study limits of Fluorides is mg/l, beyond this limit the water is considered as poor quality. The high concentration of the fluoride is due to fertilizer usage in agricultural activities. Figure 8. Variation of Ammonia J. Electrical Conductivity The electrical conductivity of water estimates the total amount of solids dissolved in water -TDS. In our study Electrical Conductivity ranges from (µmhos/cm). Figure 6. Variation of Fluoride H. Iron Iron can affect the flavor and color of water. Iron is biologically an important element which is essential to all organisms and present in hemoglobin system. Iron content ranges from 0 1(mg/l), which is within the permissible limits. Figure 9. Variation of EC K. Biochemical Oxygen Demand B.O.D is defined as the amount of oxygen required by microorganism by stabilizing biological decomposable organic matter waste aerobic conditions. In our study BOD ranges from (mg/l). Figure 7. Variation of Iron Figure 10. Variation of BOD 393

4 L.Chemical Oxygen Demand The COD test determines the oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter without the help of strong chemical oxidant. In our study COD ranges from (mg/l)[21-23]. Thematic maps for individual water quality parameters are generated using Spatial Interpolation technique in Quantum GIS C. Spatial Variation of ph Figure 13. Spatial Variation of ph Figure 11. Variation of COD D. Spatial Variation of Alkalinity 4. Results and Discussion The physico-chemical parameters of the samples have been determined from different locations of Perumbakkam lake. Parameters analysis of test samples and the results was submitted in Phase-II of the project work. 10 samples were collected and analysed. A. Point Feature of Sample Location Using Qgis Sample lake location are obtained using GPS and the locations are imported to Quantum GIS to create a point feature. Figure 14. Spatial Variation of Alkalinity E. Spatial Variation of Total Hardness Figure 15. Spatial Variation of Total hardness F. Spatial Variation of Chloride Figure 12. Study Area Sample Location Point Feature using QGIS B. Generation of Thematic Maps of Water Quality Parameters Figure 16. Spatial Variation of Chloride 394

5 G. Spatial Variation of Total Dissolved Solids K. Spatial Variation of EC Figure 17. Spatial Variation of TDS H. Spatial Variation of Fluoride Figure 21. Spatial Variation of EC L. Spatial Variation of BOD Figure 18. Spatial Variation of Fluoride Figure 22. Spatial Variation of BOD M. Spatial Variation of COD I. Spatial Variation of Iron Figure 19. Spatial Variation of Iron J. Spatial Variation of Ammonia Figure 20. Spatial Variation of Ammonia Figure 23. Spatial Variation of COD 5. Conclusions From the results, it is concluded that the water quality of the lake is found within the permissible limits. The inlet and outlets points of the lake are polluted because of the wastewater from nearby industry. So the water cannot be used for drinking purpose but it can be used for other domestic purposes. Proper treatment should be done if the water is used for drinking purpose. Since the main source is from precipitation, proper desilting activities can be done during hot weather season in order to increase the storage capacity of lake. 395

6 References [1] Brindha G., Emerging trends of telemedicine in India, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i-suppl5, pp , [2] Vijayalatha S., Brindha G., Emerging employee retention strategies in it industry, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-8, i-2, pp , [3] Karthik A., Brindha G., Green revolution conversion of offline education to online education, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-8, i-3, pp , [4] Padminii K., Venkatramaraju D., Brindha G., A Study on Quality of Women Employees in Medical Transcription, Journal of Health Management, v-18, i-1, pp-13-20, [5] Gunaraja T.M., Venkatramaraju D., Brindha G., Organizational climate-pharmaceutical professional, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-7, i-2, pp , [6] Padminii K., Brindha G., Venkatramaraju D., Quality work life â In medical field, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, v-7, i-1, pp , [7] Gopalakrishnan K., Prem Jeya Kumar M., Sundeep Aanand J., Udayakumar R., Analysis of static and dynamic load on hydrostatic bearing with variable viscosity and pressure, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i-suppl.6, pp , [8] Prem Jeya Kumar M., Sandeep Anand J., Gopalakrishnan K., Satheesh B., Anbazhagan R., Computer modelling of a vehicle system, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i-suppl5, pp , [9] Prem Jeya Kumar M., Gopalakrishnan K., Srinivasan V., Anbazhagan R., Sundeep Aanan J., PC modeling and simulation of car suspension system, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i- SUPPL5, pp , [10] Jeykar K., Srinivasan V., Performance characteristics of twin cylinder Di diesel engine operated with three different non edible vegetable oil blends with diesel, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [11] Srinivasan K., Gopikrishnan M., Analysis of a reduced switch three phase BLDC drive, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [12] Venkatesan N., Srinivasan V., Fabrication and mechanical properties of natural composite materials, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [13] Mustafa Kamal Basha M., Srinivasan V., Fabrication of AlSic Mmc and analysis of its mechanical properties, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [14] [8]Selvam M.D., Srinivasan V., Sekar C.B., An attempt to minimize lubricants in various metal cutting processes, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [15] Valentina D.S., Ilayaraja K., Ambica A., Spatial distribution of groundwater quality in Selaiyur village, Chennai, India, Ecology, Environment and Conservation, v-20, i-, pp-s173-s179, [16] Ambica A., Tamizharasan V., Venkatraman K., Treatment of domestic waste water by electrochemical method, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [17] Gokul V., Ambica A., An experimental study on high strength concrete with replacement of fine aggregate using welding slag, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [18] Divyaa K., Venkatraman K., Design of flexible pavement for an engineering college, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [19] Venkatraman S., Sathish Kumar K., Effect of glass powder on performance of concrete subjected to sulphate attack, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [20] Iyappan L., Maria Subashini L., Landuse change detection in namakkal taluk using remote sensing, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp , [21] Ajona M., Maria Subashini L., Eco-friendly concrete with rice husk ash, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, v-9, i-22, pp ,

7 397

8 398