2. Name the key ideas of the Particle Model of Matter

Transcription

1 Grade 8-Year End Science Review Unit 1: Mix and Flow of Matter 1. Fluids are used in Technological devices and common everyday materials What does the acronym W.H.M.I.S. stand for? W H M I S 2. Name the key ideas of the Particle Model of Matter 1

2 3. Name the 3 states of matter and describe the motion of their particles by filling in the chart below: Draw what the particles look like Solid Liquid Gas What shape and volume does it have? Give an example Describe the particles in this state What happens when they are poured Compressible or incompressible? 4. All matter is classified as either a pure substance or mixture. Fill in the table below: Pure Substances Mixtures Elements Homogeneous Examples of Elements Compound Examples of homogeneous Heterogeneous Compounds Examples Heterogeneous Examples 5a. What makes materials dissolve? 2

3 5b. A solution is made up of 2 or more materials the solute and solvent. Explain what each of these terms mean and give an example of each. Definition Example Solution- Solute- Solvent- Soluble Insoluble 5c. Draw a diagram that illustrates how sugar + water = solution 6. Describe how you would make a solution more concentrated. 7. Identify three ways that can affect the rate of dissolving: 8. Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated. Saturated Unsaturated 9. Explain how solvents are used as cleaning products. 3

4 10. Suppose you mix lemon juice, sugar, and cold water to make lemonade. After stirring there is still some undissolved sugar at the bottom of the class. a) Why didn t all the sugar dissolve? 11. Describe the following Methods of Separation: Distillation Chromatography Filtration Evaporation Desalination 12. Flow Rate Define flow rate What is flow rate measured rate? How do you increase flow rate? How do you decrease flow rate? 4

5 13. Viscosity Define viscosity Identify three ways to change viscosity. When we increase flow rate viscosity When we decrease flow rate viscosity 14. Define the following terms and calculate the density of an object. Density Mass Volume Weight Gravity Density formula Calculation Calculate the density of an object having a mass of 10g and a volume of 2 ml 15. Wearing a life jacket while on a boat can help you to save your life if you gall into the water. Why is this the case? 5

6 16. Explain why a solid piece of wood floats easily on the surface of liquid water. 17. Using the particle model explain why a fluid will always flow out of crack or small hole in an open container. 18. Define the following Pressure Force Area Equation for pressure Calculation Calculate the pressure emitted on an object that has a force of 20 N over an area of 5cm Which states of matter can be compressed? 20. List and describe Pneumatics and hydraulics systems and give 2 examples of each pressure system. Define Examples Hydraulics Pneumatics

7 21. a) Define Valve b) Define Pump Unit 2 - Cells and Body Systems 1. What are the 5 characteristics of living things? List an example of each 2. Complete the following chart based on the levels of organization in organisms. Level Definition Example Cell Tissue Organ System Organism 3. Define the following parts of the cell: Organelle Function Nucleus 7

8 Cell membrane Cell wall Vacuole Chloroplasts Cytoplasm Mitochondria 4. List 3 ways in which plant cells differ from animal cells 5. Identify the different types of cells 8

9 6. Describe the function of each type of cell Type of Cell Function Muscle Skin Nerve Blood Bone 7. Describe the following types of permeability Impermeable Example - Permeable Example - Semi permeable Example - 8. What is diffusion? What is osmosis? Diffusion Example - Osmosis Example - 9. What tissues in plants transport the following? Transport Tissue Water Sugar 9

10 10. Explain what the following body systems and their function. List some organs that area part of each system System Function Organs Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Excretory Nervous 11. List 3 advantages of being multicellular 12. How are the following systems connected? Circulatory and digestive Circulatory and respiratory 13. How do the blood vessels in your body respond to the following: Blush Sweat Shiver 10

11 14. Identify 5 ways to maintain healthy organs and systems Unit 3 Light and Optical Systems 1. What is the basic principle of light? 2. What causes a shadow? 3. List and describe the 5 sources of light and give 1 example of each. Source of light Example Incandescent Chemiluminescent Bioluminescent Phosphorescent Fluorescent 4. Describe and give an example for: Transparent Diagram Example Translucent Opaque 11

12 5. Describe and draw how light hits convex and concave mirrors Diagram/Explanation Example Convex mirror Convex lens Concave mirror Concave lens 6. What is reflection? Draw a ray diagram to help explain. Calculate the angle of reflection if the angle of incidence is 55 degrees. a. Law of Reflection b. Ray diagram of reflection c. The angle of reflection is 7. What is refraction? Draw a simple ray diagram to help explain. a. Refraction b. Ray diagram of refraction 12

13 8. Why does light bend when it goes from one medium to another? 9. Draw a diagram to show what happens when a light ray goes from air (less dense) to water (more dense), what way does light bend? 10. Define the function for each structure of the eye: Structure Function Cornea Pupil Iris Vitreous Humor Retina Optic Nerve Lens 11. Match the following parts of the eye to the camera parts Retina Aperture Lens Film Iris Lens Pupil Diaphragm 12. What is a blind spot? 13

14 13. Explain what happens to the pupil when it is bright and when it is dark? Light Dark 14. Explain near and farsighted vision. In each case, draw a diagram to illustrate how light is affected by the lens and how each can be corrected. Vision Diagram Correction Near sighted (Myopia) Far sighted (Hyperopia) 15. Explain how the eyes of the following animals have been adapted for survival: Type of Eye Description Amphibian Mammal Insect Bird 16. Explain the difference between refracting and reflecting telescopes 17. Label the following diagram 18. Explain the relationship between frequency and wavelength 14

15 19. Describe each of the following parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and provide an application of each. Type of Waves Radiowaves Definition Application Microwaves Infrared Visible light Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma Unit 4 Mechanical Systems 1. Identify the advantage of each of the following simple machines. Simple machine Lever Function and example Inclined Plane Gear Pulley Wheel and axle 15

16 2. Identify the load, effort, and fulcrum for the lever. 3. Complete the following based on WORK Work Force Distance Equation Calculation You exerted a force of 2.0 N on a lever and moved it a distance of 0.6 m. Calculate the work 4. What would you do to make the effort easier to move a box of 50N from the floor to a shelf? 5. Define machine 16

17 6. Define and calculate mechanical advantage. a. Mechanical advantage is b. On a seesaw, you are trying to lift the person on the other side. You apply an effort force of 600 N to the seesaw and the other person weights 1800N. Calculate the mechanical advantage. 6. Define the following: a. Transmission b. Linkage c. Which moves the larger load? 7. Define the following gears: Gear train Driving Gear Driven Gear 8. Which direction would the gears go in the gear train? 9. Calculate the speed ratio of the following gear train. The driver gear is 25 and the driven gear is 5. 17

18 10. Identify each type of pulley Type of Pulley Diagram 11. Describe the difference between potential and kinetic energy 12. Define Efficiency How can you increase efficiency How can you decrease efficiency Formula Calculation If the work output produced is 50J and the input is 20J, what is the efficiency of the machine? 13. Provide an example of a pneumatic and a hydraulic 18

19 Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems 1. Water usage can be indirect or direct. Complete the following chart. Indirect Direct Definition Definition Example Example 2. Fill in the missing information. % of the earth is water Of that % is salt water and % is fresh water Of fresh water % is in glaciers or ice caps and % is usable fresh water. % is found as surface water and % is found as groundwater. 3. What is difference between water quality and quantity? 4. Define the following Term Definition Ice Cap Glacier Continental Glacier Icefield Valley Glacier Crevasse Icefall 19

20 Advancing Retreating Park Ice Iceberg Till Meltwater Millwell Reservoir 5. When the amount of melting is more than the amount of ice flow the glacier is considered. When the amount of melting Is less than the amount of flow it is considered. 6. Describe the process in which a glacier is formed 7. Explain three situations, which could cause an ice age. 20

21 8. When water trickles down through the soil and collects in spaces between soil particles this is known as. 9. A river flows west to the pacific ocean. The point at which the river empties out into the large body of water is called the. 10. The same river begins at a glacier in the Rocky Mountains. The point at which the river starts is called the. 11. List things used to determine whether a body of water is a lake or pond. 12. What is a river? 13. What is a stream? 14. What is stream flow? 15. What is sediment? Provide an example. 16. Where does sediment come from? 17. What is it called when the sediment stops moving? 18. Why is it important to measure the sediment in environmental monitoring? 21

22 19. What are contaminants? 20. What is the difference between point and non- point contaminates? Point source Non point source 21. Describe salinity 22. Where does the salt come from in the oceans? 23. Draw how the particles move in a wave. 24. List three characteristics of neap and spring tides. Neap Spring What is the difference between high and low tide? - - a. Explain ocean currents. b. If you experience cold currents where are they coming from? 22

23 c. If you experience warm currents where are they coming from? 25. Identify the three types of aquatic habitats and provide examples of the adaptations of species to live in those habitats 26. What is an algal bloom? How does it form? 23