17. Solid Waste Management/Landfill (Methane Recovery)

Transcription

1 1. Tpical Project Outline Recover of landfill gas (LFG) from landfills or waste disposal sites. 2. Applicabilit (1) LFG recover from disposal sites where anaerobic and aerobic treatments are occurred. (2) Recovered LFG are used for direct power generation or thermal energ purpose. (3) Landfills completed or disposal sites in use are targeted. 3. Methodolog of Emission Reduction Calculation The emission reduction from the project activit is determined as the differences between the GHG emissions of baseline scenario (LFG are emitted to atmosphere without recover) and project scenario (recover and application of LFG). ER = BE PE ER BE PE : Emission reduction through the projet in a ear (t-co 2 e/) : GHG emission from the baseline scenario in a ear (t-co 2 e/) : GHG emission from the project scenario in a ear (t-co 2 e/) (1) Calculation of Baseline Emission The baseline emissions are comprised of uncaptured methane emitted to the atmosphere from landfill sites and the CO 2 emissions from generation of electric power and/or thermal energ that will be replaced b electricit generated or thermal energ b LFG-fueled power plants or boilers. BE = P BE MD PJ : Methane recovered and destroed b the project (t-ch 4 /) ( methane emission from landfill sites in the baseline) MF BL : Methane quantit to be flared as required b National Regulations before the project starts (t-ch 4 /). It shall be 0 as developing countries have ver limited regulations on CH 4 emissions. GWP CH : Methane Global Warming Potential (=25 t-co 2 /t-ch 4 ) BE EN : Baseline emissions from generation of energ displaced b the project activit (t- CO 2 /) Determination of MD PJ : Methane quantit from landfill (CH 4 quantit recovered and destroed b the project) shall be determined b monitoring the quantit of degradable organic carbon reclaimed in the landfill in consideration of decomposition rate. = η BE SWDS BE SWDS = φ 1 OX 16/12 OC f C { j x OC j e k j x 1 e k j } η PJ : Efficienc of LFG recover (%) x=1 j φ : Model correction factor to account for model uncertainties 1

2 OX F DOC f MCF W j x DOC j x : Oxidation rate : Fraction of CH 4 in LFG : Fraction of degradable organic carbon (DOC) that can decompose : CH 4 correction factor : Average annual quantit of the waste tpe j disposed in the SWDS before the project starts (t/) : Fraction of degradable organic carbon (b weight) in the waste tpe j : Years in the time period in which waste is disposed at the SWDS, extending from the first ear in the time period (x =1) to ear (x = ). k j j e : Year of the crediting period for which methane emissions are calculated ( is a consecutive period of 12 months) : Deca rate for the waste tpe j (unit/) : Tpe of residual waste or tpes of waste in the MSW : Base of natural logarithm W j x is determined as follows. W j x = j : Average annual quantit of the waste disposed in the SWDS before the project starts (t/) j : Weight fraction of the waste tpe j in solid waste (weight basis) (%) Determination of : It is determined b multipling the methane quantit from landfill with the fraction of decomposed and combusted. MD PJ AF = : Methane quantit recovered from landfill b the project : Methane fraction required for flare and combustion under the National Regulations before the project starts. It will be zero as developing countries mostl have no this regulation. Determination of BE : It is determined b the quantit of electricit and thermal energ generated after b the project and corresponding CO 2 emission factors. BE = BE elec BE e = E E elec /η E f el BE elec BE heat EG PJ HG PJ η BL : Baseline emissions to generate the same amount of electricit generated b project activit (t-co 2 /) : Baseline emissions to generate the same amount of thermal energ produced b the project activit (t-co 2 /) : Amount of electricit generated b the project (MWh/) : CO 2 emission factor of the electricit (t-co 2 /MWh) : Amount of thermal energ generated b the project (TJ/) : Energ efficienc of the boiler/air heater used in the absence of the project activit to generate the thermal energ. 2

3 It will be 1 as a conservative value. : CO 2 emission factor of the fuel used in the absence of the project (t-co 2 /TJ) (2) Calculation of Project Emission The project emissions is comprised of the GHG emission from electricit and fuel consumption in the LFG recover plants or power generating plants after the project starts as follows; PE = PE EC PE C PE PE EC PE C : GHG emission from the project in ear (t-co 2 /) : GHG emission from electricit consumption b the project in ear (t-co 2 /) : GHG emission from fossil fuel consumption b the project in ear (t-co 2 /) Determination of PE EC : It is determined as follows. PE EC = EC PJ EC PJ : Amount of electricit consumption b the project (MWh/ear) : CO 2 emission factor of the electricit (t-co 2 /MWh) Determination of PE C : It is determined as follows. PE = ( C C f el E f el ) FC PJ i C fuel i : Amount of fuel consumption b the project (t/ear) : Net calorific value of the fuel i applied in the project (TJ/t) : CO 2 emission factor of the fuel i applied in the project (t-co 2 /TJ) 4. Data and Parameters Estimated and Need Monitoring η PJ φ Data Description Efficienc of LFG recover (%) Model correction factor to account for model uncertainties Data Sources For baseline emission calculation For baseline emission calculation Ex-ante Ex-post Ex-ante Ex-post (Default value: AMS-III.G: Landfill methane recover)

4 F Fraction of CH 4 in LFG (Default value: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 5 Waste) OX Oxidation rate 0.1 DOC f DOC j Fraction of degradable organic carbon (DOC) that can decompose Fraction of degradable organic carbon (b weight) in the waste tpe j (%) Default value of IPCC(Table 9, MCF CH 4 correction factor Default value of IPCC (Table 10, W j x k j EG PJ HG PJ Average annual quantit of waste disposed in the SWDS before the project starts (t/) Weight fraction of the waste tpe j in solid waste (weight basis) (%) Deca rate for the waste tpe j (unit/) Amount of electricit generated b the project (MWh/) Amount of thermal energ generated b the project (TJ/) priorit i) Interview with disposal site managers ii) Assumption as per design of the disposal sites priorit i) Interview with disposal site managers ii) Assumption as per design of the disposal sites Default value of IPCC (Table 11, A planned value A monitored value A planned value A monitored value In the case of a grid CO 2 emission factor (t-co 2 /MWh) In the case of stand alone power generation or mini grid: CO 2 emission factor of diesel generator (t-co 2 /MWh) priorit i) A specific data from power generation authorities ii) A value from official data of a host countr iii) A default value (Table 4, priorit i) A value from specification of power generators ii) A default value (Table 5, 4

5 C fuel i Net calorific value of the fuel i used (TJ/t) CO 2 emission factor of the fuel i (t-co 2 /TJ) priorit i) A national default value ii) An IPCC default value (Table 2, priorit i) A national default value ii) An IPCC default value (Table 1, EC PJ Amount of electricit consumption b the project (MWh/ear) A planned value A monitored value FC PJ i Amount of fuel consumption b the project (t/ear) A planned value A monitored value 5. Others (1) Project Boundar The project boundar is the site where the project activit is being done, where the gas is captured and destroed/used. (2) Leakage Construction of power plants, replacement of facilit: the indirect emissions potentiall leading to leakage due to activities such as product manufacturing or materials transport in consideration of Life Ccle Assessment, LCA of disposal of waste at a solid waste disposal site. The contribution of this emission is relativel small and negligible compared with the GHG emission reduction after the project starts. The methodolog ignores the leakage because ACM0001 also ignores it. (3) Comparison with existing CDM methodologies The logic of emission reduction calculation in the methodolog is almost the same as that of the ACM However, this methodolog simplified the methodolog b using default values as more as possible. Moreover, there is no limitation for the emission reduction in the methodolog like the small-scale CDM methodologies did. 5