"Kraft Recovery Boilers" By T. N. Adams, W. J. Frederic, T. M. Grace, M. Hupa, K. Iisa, A. K. Jones, H. Tran

Transcription

1 Item: 0102B064 ISBN: This comprehensive new textbook covers recovery boilers in great depth and pulls together information on combustion, safety, emissions, plugging, and corrosion. The book covers fundamental chemical and mechanical engineering principles that bear directly on black liquor and recovery boilers. It contains information about typical values and the normal range of important variables, plus many example calculations, data tables and charts of relevant material properties or constants and conversion factors. Written by a team of industry experts, the text includes a great deal of practical information such as simple tests to pinpoint problems, important observations to help understand issues for a particular operation, and "rules-of-thumb" that are generally used in the industry. This new text was written as a project of AF&PA and published by TAPPI PRESS. Chapter titles include: General Characteristics of Kraft Black Liquor Recovery Boilers Recovery Boiler Chemistry Black Liquor Properties Black Liquor Spray Nozzles Black Liquor Droplet Burning Process Char Bed Process Recovery Boiler Air Supply and Gas Flows Recovery Boiler Air Emissions Upper Furnace Deposition and Plugging Recovery Boiler Corrosion Recovery Boiler Safety Recovery Boiler Design and Control Page 1 of 16

2 Page 2 of 16 Book TABLE OF CONTENTS 1: General Characteristics of Kraft Black Liquor Recovery Boilers Introduction Recovery Boiler Equipment Material and Energy Balance Furnace Combustion Processes Summary Nomemclature : Recovery Boiler Chemistry Introduction Liquor Composition Sodium and Sulfur Chemistry Sodium and Sulfur Release During BL Burning Dust Formation Potassium and Chlorine Summary Nomenclature : Black Liquor Properties Introduction Chemistry of Black Liquor Analysis of Black Liquor Viscosity Heating Value Boiling Point Rise Solubility Limit Density Enthalpy and Heat Capacity Surface Tension Thermal Conductivity Summary Nomenclature : Black Liquor Spray Nozzles Introduction Description of Black Liquor Nozzles Typical BL Nozzle Operating Conditions Flow Characteristics of BL Nozzles Black Liquor Flashing Droplet Formation with Pressure Nozzles Black Liquor Spray Droplet Median Size The Effect of Flashing on Droplet Size Black Liquor Droplet Size Distribution...121

3 Book 4.10 Black Liquor Spray Trajectory Summary Nomenclature : Black Liquor Droplet Burning Processes Introduction The Stages of Black Liquor Combustion Droplet Drying Devolatilization Droplet Swelling Effect of Operating Variables on Drying, Devolatilization, and Entrainment Char Burning Impact of Black Liquor Combustion on Recovery Boiler Performance Summary Nomenclature : Char Bed Processes Introduction Char Bed Shape and Structure Residence Time of Inorganic Salts in the Char Bed Char Combustion and Sulfate Reduction Chard Bed Cooling Summary Nomenclature : Recovery Boiler Air Supply and Gas Flows Introduction Goals of Well Designed Air and Gas Systems The Air System The Gas Flow Path Summary Nomenclature : Recovery Boiler Air Emissions Introduction Sulfur Gas Emission HCL Emissions Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Particulates Other Emissions Summary : Upper Furnace Deposition and Plugging Page 3 of 16

4 Book 9.1 Background Deposition Principles Recovery Boiler Deposits Deposit Chemistry Deposit Melting Behaviour Deposit Growth Deposit Hardening and Mechanical Strength Occurrence of Plugging Deposit Removal Plugging Prevention Deposit Monitoring Summary Nomenclature : Recovery Boiler Corrosion Introduction Corrosion Principles Tube Materials Corrosive Gases Corrosive Deposits Corrosion in the Lower Furnace Corrosion in the Upper Furnace Waterside Corrosion Summary Nomenclature : Recovery Boiler Safety Introduction Overview of Recovery Boiler Explosions Combustible Gas Explosions Smelt-Water Explosions Prevention of Smeltwater Explosions Summary Nomenclature : Recovery Boiler Design & Control Introduction Recovery Boiler Design Recovery Boiler Heat Input Recovery Boiler Firing Control Strategies Char Bed Control Summary Nomenclature Page 4 of 16

5 Book Subject Index A Acid-base titration Acid sulfate 51-53,56,258,273, 295,298, ,321,323 Activation energy 47 Air emissions, 11, 37, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241,243, 245 Air-Cooled probe, 226, 250 Air heaters, , 213 Air infiltration 19, 22 Air jets, 10-11, 174, 176, 179, 183, 185, , 202, 213, 369 Air levels, 8, 152, 164, 176, 185, 190 Air ports 9-11, 22, , , 199, 213, 219, 237, 292, 298, 300, , 308, 320, 323, 342, 355, 367 Air preheat temperature 18, 32, 35, Air Supply 183, 185, 329, 342, 370, Alkali chlorides 53-54, 56, B BPR 78, 80-83, 139 Brownstock washing 61, 78 Boiler bank 8, 13-15, 51, 205, 211, 212, 219, 220, 226, , 260, 265, , 277, , 336, 350 Page 5 of 16 Boiler bank pluggage 14 Boiler drum 8, 343, 353, 355 Boiler size 35-36, 111, 169 Boiling point rise 61, 78, 82-83, 85, 90, 96,98,114,139 Boundary layer 154, 172, Brownian motion 247 Bulk droplet temperature Bullnose 7, 13, 145, 251, 255, 267, 305, , 321 Burkeite 80, 84-86, 90 C Calcium 53, 69, 83, 86, 99 Capacity 10, 15, 29, 31, 35, 47, 61, 82, 90-91,96, 99, 139, 145, 169, 176, 186 Carbon 3,9,13,25-27,41-42,45,47,49, 51-53,56-57,64,66-67,69-70,78,84,86,99, 131, ,140, , , , , , ,217,227, 229, , ,243, ,277, 279, ,293,296, ,304, , ,316, ,333, , 352,358,361, ,372 Carbon gasification 155, 171, 175 Carryover 14,26,30,37,48,50,53,103,185, ,205, ,226, , , ,271, ,290, , 312,314,316,349,352,362, ,371 Carryover composition 253 Carryover deposits 14, 249,-250, 253,

6 Book 255, 259, 268, 278, , , 316 Cellulose 63-64, 357, 360 Cellobiose 64 Char 3-4, 9-11, 13, 32, 36-37, 41, 45, 47, 49, 55, 103, 120, , 140, , 145, 149, , , , , 185, 199, 219, 225, 227, , , 243, 249, ,, 278, 285, 290, 292, 298, 300, 303, 310, 312, 314, , 341,-342, 344, 349, 352, 354, 356, 362, Char bed, 3-4,9, 11, 13, 32, 36-37, 131, 135, 149, , 156, 160, , , , 185, 225, , 249, ,278, 285, 292,298, 300, , ,344, 349, 352,354, 356, 362, Char bed composition , 240, 295, 297, 301 Chromizing 13, 291, 300, 322 Closed cycle processes 53 CO 9-10, 25, 27, 37, 45, 47, 133, 163, 174, 179, , 195, 213, 219, 240, , 333, CO 2 9, 25, 31, 45, 51, 69, , , 157, 160, 163, 176, 179, 196, , 232, 291, , 320, 333, 361, 369 Combustible gas explosion 5, , 333, 345, 356 Char bed control, 120, Char bed cooling 163, , 179 Char bed processes, 163 Char burning, 3, 47, 49, , , 143, 149, , 160, 163,167, , 176, , 249,303 Char carbon 49, 153, 159, 232, 333, 369 Char combustion 10, 37, 131, 134, 145, 152, 160, 163, 170, 176, 179, , 243 Char yields 140 Chemistry 37, 41-42, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56-57, 61, 97, 179, 225, 247, 253, , 266, 269, 276, 285, 291, 305, 323, 338, 344, Chill-and-blow 276, Chlorine 41, 53-57, 153, 157, 242, 289, Combustibles 139, 239, 329, 331, 342, Combustion 3,,5, 7-11, 13-15, 17, 19-22, 25-32, 35-37, 41, 45, 47-49, 51-57, 61, 69, 76, 90, 103, 125, , 140,143, 145, , , , 170, , 176, , , , , 237,239, , 285, 247, 249, , , 327, 329, 333, 337 Combustion air 9, 30, 35, 37, 45, 173, 183, 186, , 213, , 249, 356, Combustion products 17, 25, , 69, 76, 135, 183, 196, 361 Composite tube 13, , , Computational fluid dynamics 189, 214, 305, 349, 371 Computational modeling 183 Page 6 of 16

7 Concentrator 4, 16, 19, 78, 84 Concentric arrangement 205 Conical spray nozzle 9 Convective heat transfer 7, 13, 36, , 145, 175, 367 Corrosive gases , 290, 291, , 300, 321 Cross-Sectional area 111, 187, 200, 349, Book Corrosion 13, 37, 45, 51, 57, 192, 209, 211, 213, 276, 276, 282, , 293, , , 343, 351, , Corrosive deposits 297, 313 Deposit melting 257, 261, 354 Deposit removal 273, Deposit strength Cyclone evaporator 16, D Dampers, 9, 183, 189, , 204, 213, 367 Decanting hearth 11 Decanting hearth boilers 164 Degree of mixing 30 Deposit buildup 14, 211, 280 Deposition 14, 37, 53, 244, , 252, 254, 260, , , 305, , 323, 355 Density 21, 61, 70, 86-87,89-90, 96, 99, 108, 116, 118, 125, 149, 164, , 249, , , 340, 345, Deposit composition 253, 256, 286 Deposit formation 247, 266, 278 Deposit growth 261 Deposit hardening 261 Devolatilization 37, , , , ,, , , 217, , 249 Dew point corrosion 285, 295, 302, 320, 321 Dimethyl disulfide 217, Dimethyl sulfide 217, 221, 223 Direct contact evaporator 3-4, 8, 16, 42, 76, 109, 183, , , 226, 240, 320 Dissolving tank 3, 86, , 240, 242, , , , 340, 342, Draft 9, 20-22, 183, , 191, 196, 198, 206, 208, , , 355, 367 Drop tube reactor 135, 171 Droplet burning processes 131 Droplet drying 37, 90, 136, 139 Droplet formation 75, 104, 109, , 115, , 121,-122, 125 Page 7 of 16

8 Droplet size 9, 103, 108, 115, , , 145, , 151, Book Drying 3, 37, 41, 49, 68-69, 90, , , , 149, 156, 158, 167, 169, 249 Droplet size distribution 108, 125, 151, Dry-basis Dry clean 276 Dry solids content, 3, 37, 44-45, 52-53, 56, 68, 70-71, 80-85, 87, 89-91, 93, 95-97, 109, 121, 151, , 242, 345, E EA/wood 61 Economizer 8, 13-14, 16, 26-27, 51, 183, 206, , 226, 236, 248, 248, , , 265, 271, 273, , 281, 295, 316, , 336, , 355, 364, 366 Economizer corrosion 319 Electrically heated grid 135 Electrostatic precipitator 6, 8, 16, 26, 45, 48-49, ,196,213, 226, , , 252, 256, 285, , 321, , 355 Elemental composition 41, 61, 64, , 361 Emergency shutdown procedure , 346 Emissions 11,35,37,42,45,78,160,206, , , , , ,252,296,318,322,349,351,362,368 Endothermic reactions 175 Energy balance 5, 16-17, 25, 27-28, 32, Ducts 9, 183, 187, 189, 213 Dust 19-20, 29-30, 45, 48-56, 78, 86, 109, 186, , 252, , , , 273, 296, , 364 Dynamic surface tension 93, , 90, 175, 351,353 Enrichment factor 53, 55 Enthalpy 29,82-83,90-91,98,139,145,353 Entrainment 9, 28, 103, 131, 133, 145, 149, 156, 249, 273, 352, 369 Erosion corrosion 276, 285 Equilibrium 25, 45, 47-48, 54, 56, 65-66, 93, 98, , 142, 219, , 242, 255, 291, 297, 322 Equilibrium composition 45 Evaporation 3, 16, 61, 68, 75, 84, 90, 95, 98, 113, 116, 119, 137, 156, 222, 341, 370 Evaporators 6, 42, 76, 78, 86, 96, , ,226,240 Excess air 22-23, 27, 29-30, 32, 35, 185, 200, 206, 219, 362, Explosions 221, , , 356 Extractives 63-64, 67, 133, 357, 360 F Fatty acids 64, 67 Page 8 of 16

9 Feedwater 8, 27, , , 350, 355, 356 Fin 13, 372 Fireflies 145 Firing control strategies 349, 356, 368, Firing rate 28, 32, 35, 112, 168, , , 260, , 280, 350, , 368 Book Flame temperature 28, 30-32, 35-37, 45 Flashing 103, , , , Floor tube corrosion 300, 323 Flow coefficient , 125 Floor measuring devices 183, Flue gases 41, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53-56, 217, , 237, 239, 248, 248, 269, 289 Firing temperature 19, 75, 111, 118, 120, , 362, Fixed carbon 133, 140, , 167 Forced draft fan 9, ,355,367 Fossil fuel 8, 23,28, 185, 227 Fouling 14-15, 17, 45, 50-51, 54-56, 84, 131, 260, 268, 278, 278, 282, 323 Fragmentation 153, 249, Frozen smelt 163, 293, , 302 Fuel-NO x 228, 234, 241 Fume 14, 26, 30, 37, 41, 45, 47, 50-51, , 135, , 153, 156, , , 176, 179, , 217, , , 234, 236, 241, , , 265, , 276, , , 312, 316,323, 351 Fume composition 51, 254 Fume deposits , , 261, , 278, 281, 305, 316 Fuming 37,41 Fly-ash deposition 247 Forced draft 9, 183, , 355, 367 Furnace height 29,205,354,355 Furnace nose arch 183,205,209,354 Furnace roof tubes 321 Furnace walls 8,13,37,47,169,329, 331,355 G Gas flow patterns 28,151,156,183, 211,368,369 Gasification 3,41,134,154,-155, , , ,243, Generating bank 8,183, ,248, , ,262, ,271,276,278, 281,285,295,316, ,321,323, 334,336, , ,371 Generating bank corrosion 318 H Hardwood 63,67,73-74,236,259,285, 361 Page 9 of 16

10 Book HCI 78,217,223, , , ,297,322,351 Headers 13,319,336,355 Heat Capacity 29,31,61,82,90-91,96 99, 139,145 Heat of dilution 91, 98 Heating rates 133,142 Heating value 17-18,27-28,61,69,76-78,96 98,217,350,352,356, ,364,367,372 Heavy metals 41,217,240 Hemicelluloses 63,64,357 High dry solids, 35,48, ,111, 205 High solids firing 156,160,318 Inertial impaction Infiltration air 20,183,208 Inorganic material 3,9,78,82,87,90, 131, ,157,247, Inorganic matter 61,83, , ,152,236,349, ,371 Inorganic salts 49,61,64,72,90,134, ,169,171,180,249, Interlaced jets 202 Iron 53,69,83, ,296, , ,310,314,318,320,338 K Kappa number 61,73,350,361,370 Page 10 of 16 Higher heating value 17-18,27,69,76,352 HHV 17-18,27,76,352 Hydrogen 17,22-23,25-27,37,45,49,51,54-55,69,131,152,173,217,227,239,295,333,3 37,361 Hydrogen correction 17,54 Hydrogen sulfide 45,49,51,55,217 Hydrogen chloride, 295 ID fan 20,183,279, Ignition 5,28,136,145,329,331,356 In-flight burning 131,153,156,173 Induced draft 183,185,196,355 KCI 53,55-56,61,223,226,237,241, , KOH 55-56,254, ,308 L Laminar entrained-flow reactor 135 Lance tube 15,273,276 Leak prevention 343 Ligaments 104,119,125 Lignin 3,63-67,72-73,75,87,97,133,146, 148,243,357, ,365 Liquor burnability 131 Liquor firing rate 32,221,238,260, , 368

11 Liquor dry solids 4,27-28,32,35,37,53,70, 97,113,118,234,252,362, ,370 Liquor guns 8-11,109,151,169, ,369 Book Mass transfer 28, ,160,174, Material and energy balance 16 Material balance 19,27,30,68,372 Liquor heater 16,86,109 Liquor nozzle 9,103, , , , , ,205,208,362 Liquor spraying 9,41,45,117,127,368 Lower furnace 8-9,11,13,20-21,26,29-30, 32,35,37,45,47-49,51,55-56,151,156, ,176,180, , , , ,233, ,242, , ,285,288, ,293, ,300, ,308,310, ,316, ,334,336, , , , Lower heating value (LHV) 17 M Makeup chemicals 8,17,53,78,84,109, 259,364 Molecular weight 61,66-67,70,72-73, 75,82,148,333, ,360 Monitored burners 372,331,345 N Na 17,24,45,51,53,86,174,236, 253,259,291,312,357 NaCl 53-54,56,64,69,219,223, ,237,241, , ,311, 337 NaHSO 4 271,295, Na 2 S 3,9,17,27,42,45,61-62,64- Melting temperature 54-55,175,247, ,260, ,287,290,293, , ,305, , ,321 Membrane construction 13 Mercaptans 25, 49,133,142 Methyl mercaptan 45, 49,217, Micelles Mix tank 8,16,26,109,252 Mixing 3,7,10-11,22,25,27-28,30,32,35, 37,41,45,51,90,137,185, , ,208,213,219, ,239,291, Molecular diffusion ,68-69,131,134,142, ,156, 163, ,219,221,253, , ,295,297, , , Na 2 SO 4 3,8-9,17,25-26,42,45,64-69, 80,84-86,134,142, ,171,172, 220,241, ,257,260,271,293, 297,311, , Net heating value (NHV) 17 Newtonian fluids 70 Nickel 240, Page 11 of 16

12 Nitrogen 17,41,45,69,76, ,140, 143,153,157,217, , ,243 Nitrogen oxides 217, , NO 133,143,217,229, ,240,243 Book Oxidation 17,25,28,51,68-69, , 85,87,98,134, ,168, ,174, 179,219,222,227, ,254,285, ,293,295,303,310,319,321,349,359, 361,369 Non-destructive thickness (NDT) 285 Non-flashing conditions 112, , 120,125 Nose arch 7,13-14,183,205, , 213,314,354 NO x 41,76, ,217,229,232, , ,351 NSSC 146,171 O Opposed nozzles 15,204 Organic material 3,9,28,49,86,90,93, 95,131,133,185, , Organic matter 3,61-62,64,66,68,73-74,78,86,93,133,143,146,152,156, 223,349,360 Organic/inorganic ratio 15, ,360, ,367 Organosulfur gases 49 Polymer-continuous phase 72,89,137 Polysaccharides 63-64,66-67,72-73, 75,98,133,360 Polysaccharides 133 Port rodding 195,300, Potassium 41,53-57,69-70,83-84,131, 153,155,157, ,242,249, ,257,259,281,285, ,297, Oxides of nitrogen 17 Oxygen bomb calorimeter 17,76 Oxygen delignification 61, P Particulates ,239 Peeling 64 Phenolic groups 64 Phenylpropane 64, 361 Physical modeling 183, 189 Pitting corrosion 285, 287,295,309,314, 318, Platens 14, 211, 268,277,290,309 Plugging 14-15, 17,131,187,247,260, 262, ,271,273, , ,362,369, , ,315, Precipitator dust 29,48,109,252, ,262,265,296,320,364 Pressure drop 21-22, , 125,127, , ,193,198,210,213, 353 Primary air 9-11, 186, ,195, ,298,302, ,308,323,342,370 Page 12 of 16

13 Prompt-NO x ,232,234,241 Pyrolysis 3,5,9-10,37,41,49,57,90, 97,131, ,140, , ,171,227, ,234, , ,322,327,333,345 Pyrolysis gas explosions 327,333 Q Quaternary air 11, Book Reduction efficiency 17,55,78,85-86,176, 199,349,356,359 Residence time 169,180,185, , Residual alkali 61,73-74,98 Residual alkali content 61,74,98 Residual effective alkali 69 Radiation 13-14, 28, ,138, ,192,205,209,290, , ,366 Radical deformation temperature 258, 261 Reactivity 25, ,152,255 Recovery boiler design 3,9, 36-37,61, 132,179,185, ,371 Recovery boiler models 167 Recycle 8,19,26,86,171,252,259,360,364 Recycle dust 19,86 Reduced sulfur gases 37,45,217,219, ,295,298,314 Reduction 17-18,27-28,35,37,41,45-47,55, 69,75-76,78,85-86,97-98,103,131,142, , ,163,168, , , ,231,234,243,277,285,322,327,349, 351,356,359 Shear rate 70,74 Shutoff valves 109,331 Silicon 53,83,86 Single droplet method 134 Resin acids 64,67 Ring header , S Safe firing of black liquor 333, Safety 5,20,37,103,285,302,327,331,354 Scale 37,57,74,86,99,127, ,177, 183,188,191,213, ,291,296,298, 310,321 Screen 7,13-14,166,219,251, ,271, 276,314,320,334,336, Screen tubes 7,13-14, ,276,314, Secondary air 9-11,152,164,176,186, ,195, ,204,214,235, Settling velocity 149 Single-drum system 211 Sintering 53,258, , , ,273,276,278,282, Slagging temperature 258 Page 13 of 13

14 Book Sodium chloride 64,338 Sloped-floor boilers 164 Sodium hydroxide 45,49,51,338 Smelt bed imaging cameras 163 Sodium pyrosulfate 315 Smelt coalescence 131 Sodium sulfate 45,51-52,64,78,84 Smelt inventories 169 Sodium sulfide 41-42,45,65,76-77, Smelt reaction stage Smelt reactions 131,156 Smelt reduction 45,47,103 Smelt spout corrosion 301 Smelt spouts 3,8,11,13,20,47, 163,169,201,208, ,321, 328,334,352,356 Smelt-water 4,131,177,285, , 331, ,354,356 Smelt-water explosion 4,177,285, ,331, ,356 SO ,45,52-53,142, , ,225,226, ,253,-257, , , ,316,320,351 Sodium 3,8,25-26,41-42,44-45,47-49, 51-57,64-67,69-70,76-78,83-85,131,134, 143,146, ,155, ,169,171, 173,179,217, ,225,240,243,249, 255,257,271,281,291,295,307,315, , ,357,358 Sodium bisulfate 271,315 Sodium carbonate 42,45,49,51,56,64,66, 78,84,243,337,338 Sodium thiosulfate 64,77,295 Solubility 61,80,82-84,86,96,98-99 Solubility limit 83-84,86,98-99 Softwood 63,66,68,73-74,98,236,361 Sootblowers 14, ,213,247, ,266, ,273,276,279, 282,317,336,353,356,367 Sootblowing 14,22-23,27, ,261, , , ,367 Splashplate nozzle 9, ,106,108, ,120,125,127 Spray droplet size 103,117, , 126,368 Spray nozzles 103,355 Spray trajectory 122 Stack effect 21 Stack emission 51,54, 362 Stack particulate 19 Steam coil heater 16, Steam generating bank 8, 352 Page 14 of 16

15 Book Sticky temperature , , 323 Stoichiometric 22, 30-32,35,76, 176, 208,219,329,333,361,369 Stoichiometric air 30-32,176,208, 219,329,333,361 Stress corrosion cracking 285, 308, 314 Sulfate reduction 69, 97, , 163,171, , ,322 Sulfate/sulfide cycle Sulfidation 285,289,298,302,304, 310,314 Sulfidation/oxidation corrosion 310 Sulfidity 15, 25,27,42,51-52, 56,73, 85-86,253,255,257,271,279,298,314, 316, ,338, Sulfur 3,8,17-18,24-26,28,37,41-42,44-45,47-49,51,53-57,61,68-70,76,78,86, 97,131, , ,153, , 159,163, , ,173, , ,237, , ,257,279, , , ,298,312,314, 317, Sulfur correction 17 Sulfur dioxide 45,51,54-56,217 Sulfur gas emissions 217 Superheater 8, 13-15, 50-51,156,160, ,205, , , ,236, 248, , ,260, , ,290,293,296,298,302, , 316, 321,323,334,336, Superheater corrosion 293,308,310, 312- Superheater inlet gas temperature Surface temperature ,153, 158,164,177,229,261, ,287, 290,298, , ,317,320 Surface tension 61,91,93,96,99,109, ,118,152,153 Swelling , , , ,152, ,249 Swirl 9,28, ,107,112, , 121,124,191,204 Swirlcone nozzle ,107,112,118, 121 T Tall oil 64,77,93,148 Tangent construction 13 Tangential 9-11, Tar 131,140,333 Terminal Velocity 149 Terpenes 68 Tertiary air 9-11,51,186,193, ,219, ,225,237,291, 355 Thermal and transport properties 37 61,144 Thermal Conductivity 61,93,95-96,99, ,164,166,175 Thermal treatment 75 Page 15 of 16

16 Book Thermal-NO x ,234,241 Thermal oxidation 285,288 Thermal shock ,281 Viscosity 8,61,66-67,70-76,93, ,108,110,112,116,118,121, Thermosphoresis ,258, ,345 Thiosulfate 42,49,64,69-70,77, Thiosulfate 222,295 Three -level air 9-10,120, Three-level air 369 Total reduced sulfur (TRS) 25 Total reduced sulfur (TRS) 217 Tracer concentration 169 Trajectories 151,156,167 Transport phenomena 134 TRS 25-26,37,42,51,159,195, , ,225,239,242,344,368 Tube materials 285,290 Turbulent diffusion ,258,270 Turpentine 68,93 Two-drum system 211 Two-level air 176, ,204 U U-type nozzles 103 V V-type nozzles 103,108,120 Virgin liquor 30 VOC emissions 240 Volatile organic compounds 68 Volatile organic compounds 217, ,242 W Wall drying 49,167,169 Water circulation 13 Water vapor 20,22,25,29,31,69,82,98, ,134,136, ,157, , 179, , ,254,271,302,317, 329,355,369 Waterwalls 8,13,28,177,211,300, ,352, , 268,279,286, 311,319 Wet-basis Wet bottom precipitators White liquor 3,62,64,77-78,85-86, 223,253,359 Windbox 9-10,22,187, ,193, 195,198,213,305,308,320 Wood 3,53,61-64,66-68,70,73-74, 77,98, ,137, ,236, 243,253,259,285, , , 359,361, , Wood acids 64,77,359 Page 16 of 16