COMMUNITY-BASED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODELS IN THE HETEROGENEUS REGION OF PALU

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_121 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed COMMUNITY-BASED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODELS IN THE HETEROGENEUS REGION OF PALU Aryan Gafur Doctoral Student of Civil Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Makassar Mary Selintung Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Makassar M. Ramli Rahim Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Makassar Johannes Patanduk Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Makassar ABSTRACT The size of the population and the diversity of activity in Palu City resulted in the emergence of problems in urban infrastructure services, such as garbage problem. Waste management aims to handle waste does not endanger human health and does not pollute the environment. This is based on the view that waste is a resource that can still be used and even has economic value. Regarding to the waste problem in Palu City, this research is aimed to understand the relationship between reducing waste with the participation level of heterogeneous community in Palu City. The results of this study found that the level of public participation to reduce waste production increased from 50% to 75%. These results indicate that the increasing of people wishes to make the clean environment, especially in the middle and upper economic groups. Community participation and influential mindset can increase awareness among all stakeholders to overcome the waste settlements in Palu City. The government is demanding to improve facilities, infrastructure and management of waste management so that waste production can be handled. Key words: Participation, Waste Management, Waste Infrastructure Facility, Private Organization editor@iaeme.com

2 Aryan Gafur, Mary Selintung, M. Ramli Rahim and Johannes Patanduk Cite this Article: Aryan Gafur, Mary Selintung, M. Ramli Rahim and Johannes Patanduk, Community-Based Solid Waste Management Models In The heterogeneus Region of Palu, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION Waste management is largely regulated by legislation and policy implemented at the municipal level, but there are significant provincial regulations that may come into play. The size of the population and the diversity of activity in metropolitan cities in Indonesia resulted in the emergence of problems in urban infrastructure services, such as garbage problem. The equipment, human resources, and budgetary requirements of the plan must all be considered in the design process as well as how the plan will be implemented, monitored and reviewed. Most organizations will require some services provided by commercial waste/recycling/composting service providers. With proper research, the contractual relationship with waste service providers can be negotiated to ensure that the contract provisions will allow for the successful implementation of the waste management strategy. Before a comprehensive plan can be developed, a general knowledge of the waste composition and volume is required. This information is typically obtained by conducting waste characterization studies, or waste audits. In the beginning, waste audit information is essential to logistical planning. After implementation, waste audits are useful for measuring the success and progress of the plan and to identify areas which require review. In many cases, the most efficient and cost effective way to manage waste is to not have to deal with it at all; therefore waste diversion and waste minimization are often a primary focus for most integrated waste management plans. Specific goals and targets are defined in a plan. Municipal solid wastes (MSW) is often described as the waste that is produced from residential and industrial (non-process wastes), commercial and institutional sources with the exception of hazardous and universal wastes, construction and demolition wastes, and liquid wastes (water, wastewater, industrial processes) (Tchobanoglous & Kreith, 2002). Waste management aims to handle waste does not endanger human health and does not pollute the environment. Waste management is also carried out to obtain a benefit or advantage for humans. This is based on the view that waste is a resource that can still be used and even has economic value. That view appears along with the depletion of natural resources and the further degradation of the environment. The size of the population and the diversity of activity in metropolitan cities in Indonesia resulted in the emergence of problems in urban infrastructure services, such as garbage problem. It is estimated that only about 60% of the waste in big cities in Indonesia that can be transported to the place of final processing (TPA), which operates mainly is land filling. The amount of waste that is not transported likely not recorded systematically, as it is usually calculated based on the rotation of the truck to the landfill. Land filling is a way that until now the most widely used, because the cost is relatively cheap, easy operation and flexible in accepting waste. However, this facility has the potential to wreak havoc on the environment, particularly from the leachate that can contaminate ground water as well as odor and flies were annoying, because it usually means it is not prepared and is not operated properly. Until now the paradigm of waste management are gathering - transport and waste, and the mainstay of a city in resolving problems with the land filling of waste is annihilation in a landfill. The city manager is less likely to give serious attention to the landfill. City managers editor@iaeme.com

3 Community-Based Solid Waste Management Models In The heterogeneus Region of Palu assume that landfill can solve all the problems of garbage, without having a proportionate attention to these facilities. TPA can be a time bomb for the city manager. City of Palu faced the problem of waste. Since the end of 2012 until 2016 the growing waste problem within the last 5 years the landfill has been unable to accommodate the trash deposit even predicted the age of the landfill last 18 months. To improve the effectiveness of the waste management program DTRKP promote reduce, reuse and recycle (3R) to build three units composter that utilize organic waste into compost. The composter unit management has not been able to overcome the problem of waste the city of Palu, where the program is implemented 3R not involve the Community directly so there is no public awareness to reduce waste production. Therefore, do research on community-based integrated waste management Palu. Integrated waste management (IWM) has emerged as a holistic approach to managing waste by combining and applying a range of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs to achieve specific objectives and goals (McDougall et al., 2001; Tchobanoglous & Kreith, 2002). The concept of IWM arose out of recognition that waste management systems are comprised of several interconnected systems and functions, and has come to be known as a framework of reference for designing and implementing new waste management systems and for analysing and optimising existing systems (UNEP, 1996). Due to the varying needs and challenges faced by organization in the ICI sector, a flexible yet comprehensive approach is needed to manage waste properly. Using a wide range of waste management options as part of a comprehensive integrated waste management system allows for improved ability to adjust to changing environmental, social and economic conditions. 2. RESEARCH METHODS The purpose of this research is to gain an understanding of waste management planning concepts, frameworks, strategies, and components that are current and emerging in the field. A particular focus is related to the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) with a emphasis placed on information useful to society organizations, commercial and institutional sector. Specific information is given on the characteristics of MSW, existing frameworks, emerging trends, and important considerations. Technically the success of this method depends a lot on how to sort and segregate the garbage as early as possible, starting from the garbage in the house that have been split, wheelie bins which consists of several compartments and garbage trucks that would transport the garbage to the kind of processing. Organic waste can be used directly, without going through certain processes, for animal feed, especially fish. It can also be processed for various purposes including the fodder and compost. Trash that has been sorted, and then enter the factory to be used as animal feed. Organic waste can be produced pellets to feed the fish and it was can also be used for agriculture. Further, it can be used for fertilizing crops, namely through the composting process Data of the Research Palu Municipality located in the valley plain of Palu and the palu gulf with an altitude meter above sea level, in which it astronomically lies beetwen 0º,36-0º,56 south latitude and 119º,45-121º,1 eastern longitude. Sulawesi Tengah Province area is shaped in land by 61, km2. In 2016, Palu is divided into 8 Subdistrict and 46 villages are Palu Barat (8, 28 km2), Tatanga (14,95 km2), Ulujadi (40,25 km2), Palu Selatan (27,38 km2), Palu Timur (7,71 km), Mantikulore (206,80 km2), Palu Utara (29,94 km2), dan Tawaeli (59,75 km2). Territorial Boundaries of Palu Municipality in northern area bordered by Donggala Regency, eastern area border on Parigi Moutong dan Donggala Regency, southern area border on Sigi Regency, and western area bordered by Sigi and Donggala Regency editor@iaeme.com

4 Aryan Gafur, Mary Selintung, M. Ramli Rahim and Johannes Patanduk Figure 1 Map of Palu Municipality Differing with other cities in Indonesia which has two seasons, Palu Municipality has specified caracteristic, because Palu Municipality can not be classified to season region or called as Non Zona Season. In 2016, the temperature maksimum which was recorded at Palu Mutiara Air Station was 35.6 C was happened in march, the minimum temperature was happened in February of 22.6 C. The average higest temperature was happened in march of 29, 2 C. Meanwhile, the average lowest temperature was happened in October of 27.5 C. The highest humidity was 79.0 percent in october, while the lowest humidity was 71.5 percent occurred in January. According to Meteorology Station of Mutiara Palu in 2016, the highest air pressure was 1,012.5 mb occurred in january and march, while the lowest air pressure was 1,010.4 mb which was happened in desember. Meanwhile, the highest velocity of wind was happened in march of 5.3 knots, the lowest velocity of wind was 3.9 knots occured in juni. The most of wind direction in 2016 still came from north west, although ini december the wind from the north position. In 2016, the highest rainfall was mm occured in october. The average number of rainy days most occurred in June that was 24 days. While the number of rainy days occurred at least in January and February was 9 days. Meanwhile, the highest of lengths of daylight in 2016 was 83.9% which was occurred in march, and the lowest of lengths of daylight was 52.7% which was occurred in desember. Currently, garbage problem in Palu City is very urgent to be handled. With the increasing rate of population growth, the more increasing the rate of waste generated. Most of the existing waste generation could not be handled or transported to landfill (TPA). Waste produced from waste sources such as from households (RT / housing), commercial area (market, shopping complex), industrial estate (processing plant, etc.), office area, education area (school / madrasah) and special area (hospital, military complex), desperately need land for temporary editor@iaeme.com

5 Community-Based Solid Waste Management Models In The heterogeneus Region of Palu shelter before transported to TPA garbage. The amount of waste generation in Palu City can be seen in the table below: Table 1 The Amount of Waste Production At Least 5 Years in Palu (tones) No. Garbage Years Years Years Years Years Source Household 80,140 83,060 94,200 98, ,806 2 Market ,077 56,024 59,200 37,887 3 Business Area 21,883 30,402 30,900 31,808 17,680 4 Hotel / Restaurant 30,100 30,705 31,120 31,800 7,557 5 Public facilities 22,441 25,801 27,772 29,980 12,629 Total 192, , , , ,559 Sources: BPS Central Bureau of Statistics 2017 The limited facilities and infrastructure of the garbage owned by the city government of Palu resulted in the limited access to waste handling services to the maximum, in some urban areas such as market areas and residential areas often can not be transported to the final processing place due to the limited garbage transport fleet such as garbage trucks / Arm Roll Truck, even to Temporary Shelter (TPS) of garbage due to limited garbage cart or garbage motor. Table 2 The Number of Garbage Vehicle Unit in Palu Minicipality No Facility Type Garbage truck Garbage Container Sources: BPS Central Bureau of Statistics Research Stage The research uses quantitative research method, for quantitative research by using descriptive analytic approach which characterized the activity of collecting, describing and interpreting data about the situations experienced, activities, views and attitudes shown or tendency that appear in the process that is underway. In quantitative research, variables are called categories. These research categories are policy implementation, community participation and waste management institutions (mental and emotional involvement in group activities, contributions and responsibilities). Society lack of awareness of the importance to reducing waste causes they were less concerned about the environment. The method of stratified proportional random sampling that applied in this research by assuming that all subjects are randomly drawn together with 66 respondents to know the characteristics of society and community participation in 3R waste management. Data obtained then processed using descriptive analysis of crosstab to determine the relationship between the variables tested in the study. The result of this research is known that the factors of age, sex, education, occupation, and income are not all of those factors influence in managing 3R waste. The average factor has a moderate level of relationship. The most influencing factor in waste management is education factors, because education is high then the level of public awareness to participate in 3R waste management will also be higher also, vice versa. The research was done by using field experimental method and waste handling simulation model editor@iaeme.com

6 Aryan Gafur, Mary Selintung, M. Ramli Rahim and Johannes Patanduk To set the appropriate parameters according to the equations used in designing the model. Primary data conducted in this study is a questionnaire distributed to the community to determine the level of public understanding and the level of community participation in waste management. Secondary data is obtained from the Office of Sanitation Department of Palu City and the Regional Development Planning Board (BAPPEDA) of Palu City. Table 3 Respondent Criteria and Institutions No Criteria Agency Respondents Respondents High, medium and 1 Society Urban settlements Society low income Sub District, District, All the officer in Position Public Work Level City Palu and 2 the agency or (government) Department, Office of Province, department Sanitation and garbage. 3 Academics 4 Society (profession and expertise) Universities / Colleges, Institutes and others Agencies involved in providing waste construsion Similar research People involved in waste production The academics involved engaged in participatory research and empowerment, Hotels, restaurants, markets, shops, kiosks, and home industries. Stages of research Based Integrated Waste Management Palu include identification composter performance of existing units. Then it was analyze the performance of composter both operational and non-operational. The analysis was conducted to determine the level of community participation and analysis of multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) to determine the type of treatment that was appropriate for the city of Palu. Then the integrated waste management directives based society. This study aims to identify the operational performance of waste management at the unit composter in Palu formulate community-based integrated waste management in the city of Palu. Integrated waste management system can be done with the direct involvement of the community both in planning and in execution. Results are expected to be used as a basis in determining the type of waste that is suitable for people of Palu. The scope of this study consisted of the scope of the content and scope of the territory. Restriction area of this research is Birobuli, North Tatura and Petobo Compost Unit. The scope of the material in this research is to identify the characteristics of waste and operational performance in the composter unit Palu. Assess community perceptions and preferences of Palu on the performance the units of composter. Integrated waste management directives Develop community based in the city of Palu. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Waste management in Palu Selatan area needs to be done thoroughly so that waste management can be done comprehensively by involving community participation. Approach method accompanied by seriousness to Government and society to create clean environment is aim and target together thus public involvement becomes very important. Separation of waste becomes very important to know the waste that can be used and utilized. Waste segregation is done at Final Processing Place (TPA), as it will require complete facilities and infrastructure. Therefore, sorting should be done in waste sources such as housing, schools, offices, puskesmas, markets, terminals and places where people are on the move editor@iaeme.com

7 Community-Based Solid Waste Management Models In The heterogeneus Region of Palu The relationship between reducing the amount of waste by participation rate, and development of community-based waste management, and continued with community-based waste management model in heterogeneous settlement area in Palu City is very important for analysis. By knowing the aspects in the analysis of factors related to the development of community-based waste management model Waste Managemen and Projection of Waste in the next 10 Years Based on the analysis of waste generated in South Palu area, the result of waste production according to income level can be seen in Table 4. below: Description Table 4 Waste Production Based on Income Level percentage of population Number Household Total population capita (kg/capita/ day) waste/kg/ day low income society 18% 3,290 13,160 0,6 7,896 Below middle income society 28% 5,068 20,272 0,78 15,812 middle income community 42% 7,553 29,289 1,16 33,975 high income society 11% 1,888 5,664 2,13 12,064 Total 100% 17,799 68, , Sources: Survey at December 2016 Table 5 Waste Production Based on Subdistrict and Projection to the Next 10 years Sub District Number of Household Number of Population Waste Production kg/day Projection of Waste Production until 2026 (kg/hari) Birobuli Selatan 2,787 10,516 10, , Petobo 1,942 6,876 7, , Birobuli Utara 4,736 17,689 18, , Tatura Utara 5,324 21,801 22, , Tatura Selatan 3,010 11,503 11, , Jumlah 17,799 68,385 69, , Result of Analaysis in editor@iaeme.com

8 Aryan Gafur, Mary Selintung, M. Ramli Rahim and Johannes Patanduk 30,000 27, ,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 13, , ,516 8, , ,876 2,787 1,942 22, , ,801 18, ,689 4,736 5,324 14, , ,503 3,010 - Birobuli Selatan Petobo Birobuli Utara Tatura Utara Tatura Selatan Rumah Tannga Penduduk Produksi Sampah Prediksi 2026 Figure 2 Projection of Waste Generation In Year 2026 at South of Palu Based on the results of waste generation analysis at South Palu Sub-district it can be seen that the waste production is quite large, while the ability of Palu City Government is very limited. So it needs an effort proceeds from the community to the distribution process in the landfill. Program of reducing waste generation is done by applying the 3R (reuse, reduce and recycling) at the process from waste source and it should involving the community participation. In addition, The managers at TPS from local communities by doing recycling of inorganic waste and environmental composting. With the implementation of waste management in these settlements, it appears that the amount of equipment needed to be reduced. And also the waste that will be managed by the municipal waste management will be reduced. So that the waste problem will need land landfill will be reduced. Managers in settlements should focus on improving the performance of waste management institutions, and strengthening regulatory and operator functions. The targets to be achieved are systems and institutions capable of fully managing and managing the waste in the environment by involving the community in the management and retribution or contribution and as much as possible implement the 3R concept of waste source Aspects of Community Participation Judging from the composition of waste, then most of the waste in the city of Palu is classified as biological waste, or commonly known as organic waste. The garbage composition for organic garbage reaches 70% of the total waste, and about 28% is non-biological waste which becomes the object of potential scavengers activity, ranging from waste source (from houses) to TPA. Based on that, it should be introduced the concept of Industrial Waste Areas (IWA) at the level of the area with the goal of minimizing waste that will be transported to the landfill as much as possible by involving the community in recycling waste. This concept is the Business of Recycling and Compost Production (BFCP). But this concept requires the readiness of all parties to change the way of thinking and perspective in handling waste. The concept of zero waste technically depends a lot on how to sort and separate garbage as early as possible, ie starting from separated house wastes, garbage carts consisting of several compartments as well as garbage trucks that will transport similar waste to processing editor@iaeme.com

9 Community-Based Solid Waste Management Models In The heterogeneus Region of Palu 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% Community Participation Asprects 53.0% y = x x % 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% -10.0% 7.4% 2.7% SS S KS TS Aspek Partisipasi Masyarakat Poly. (Aspek Partisipasi Masyarakat ) Figure 3 The Graph of Aspects of Community Participation 4. CONCLUSIONS From the studies and evaluations that have been conducted in Palu City, the main problems in urban waste management can be identified, such as: Increasing complexity of waste problems as a logical consequence of urban population growth; Increased population density also demands improved methods / patterns of waste management; The heterogeneity of the sociocultural level of the urban population adds to the complexity of the problem; Limitations of appropriate human resources available in the area to deal with waste issues; Community participation is generally still less well directed and well organized; The concept of waste management that is sometimes unsuitable to be applied, and lacks the possibility of modifying the concept in the field. Municipalities often perceive the collection of recyclables separate from general waste as a burden to their managerial skills and their operational costs. Historically, municipalities did not perceive waste minimisation and recycling as their mandate and it was thus not included in their collection plans. Therefore the concept by involving community participation should be considered as follows; 1) Community participation and local culture support social differences to find a common solution to overcome waste in Palu City; 2) Community participation and influential mindset can increase awareness among all stakeholders to overcome the waste settlements in Palu City; 3) Community empowerment and participation have a positive effect to improve cooperation between communities, government, planners, and independent organizations play a role in local institutions to overcome the waste settlements in Palu city; 4) Empowerment, participation and independence of the community have a positive influence can create local institutions based on independence role to overcome the waste settlements in the city of Palu REFERENCES [1] Beck, R.W. 2001, Understanding Beverage Container Recovery: A Value Chain Assessment, Report to Businesses and Environmentalists Allied for Recycling, FinalReport.pdf. [2] Djuarnani N, Kristian, Setiawan BS Quick Way to Compost. Cet.1. PT. Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta. [3] 2002, Procedures for waste management by recycling system on the environment, Deapartemen settlements and Regional Infrastructure, Jakarta editor@iaeme.com

10 Aryan Gafur, Mary Selintung, M. Ramli Rahim and Johannes Patanduk [4] 2004a, Composting and Related Organics Processing Facilities, Sydney, [5] DEFRA (UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) 2004, Recycling of Plastic Packaging Waste: Results of Government Investigation, News Release no. 358/04, London, [6] Environmental Protection Agency Municipal solid waste generation, recycling, and disposal in the United States: Tables and figures for 2010 [Online]. Retrieved from [7] Eurostat 2005, Waste Generated and Treated in Europe 2005 Edition: Data , European Commission, Belgium, /EN/KS EN.pdf [8] Godfrey L and Oelofse S A Systems approach to waste governance unpacking the challenges facing local government. Proceedings Waste 2008: Waste and Resource Management a Shared Responsibility, Stratford-upon Avon, Warwickshire, England, September [9] Hong, S. 1999, The effects of unit pricing system upon household solid waste management: the Korean experience, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 57, pp [10] Moerdjoko S, Widyatmoko Avoiding, Processing and Removing Waste. Cet.1. PT. Dinastindo Adiperkasa Internasional. Jakarta. [11] McDougall, F., White, B., Franke, M. and Hindle, P. 2001, Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Life Cycle Inventory, Blackwell Science, Oxford. [12] Oelofse SHH and Godfrey L Towards improved waste management services by local government A waste governance perspective. Proceedings of the CSIR: Science Real and Relevant Conference November 2008, Pretoria. [13] O Leary, P.R. and Tchobanoglous, G. 2002, Landfilling, in Tchobanoglous, G. and Kreith, F. (eds), Handbook of Solid Waste Management, 2nd edn, McGrawHill, New York, pp [14] 2008, ISO 3242: 2008 on waste management in the settlement, the Department of Public Works, Jakarta. [15] 2008, the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18 on Waste Management, the Department of Public Works, Jakarta. [16] Syahyuti, Important Concepts in Rural Development and Agriculture. Jakarta: Bina Rena Pariwara. [17] K. Manikandan, Jishu Chandran, A. Devaraj and R. Ganesh, A CFD Analysis for Optimization of Total Disolved Solids in Impeller Mixing Solid Waste Anaerobic Digester, Volume 8, Issue 7, July pp International Journal of Mechanical Engineering And Technology (IJMET) [18] Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad, A Multi Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp [19] M. Satish Kumar, M.V. Raju and Hepsibah Palivela, An Overview of Managing Municipal Solid Waste in Urban Areas-A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp [20] Tchobanoglous, G., & Kreith, F. (2002). Hand Book of Solid Waste Management (2nd ed., p. 950). Mc Graw-Hill. [21] United Nations Environmental Programme. (1996). International Source Book on Environmentally Sound Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management. United Nations Environmental Programme editor@iaeme.com