Catchment restoration challenges
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1 Catchment restoration challenges Yan Li 1, Marjo Tarvainen 2, Guangwei Zhu 1, Anne-Mari Ventelä 2, Hengpeng Li 1, Teija Kirkkala 2, Huiyun Li 1, Ari Jolma 3, Boqiang Qin 1, Jouko Sarvala 4, Yang Cui 1, Xiaofei Nie 1, Rongping Gao 5 1 Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, China 2 Pyhäjärvi Institute, Finland 3 Aalto University, Finland 4 University of Turku, Finland 5 Leading group office for ecological and environmental protection of Lake Shahe drinking water sources, China. Crayfish - Lakes in trouble - final seminar, Pori 2014
2 Background Climate change is evident, according to the 5 th IPCC assessment report (2013) there has been clear changes in temperature and precipitation trends all over the world during the last decades. Climate affects the aquatic ecosystems and climate change accelerates e.g. eutrophication. Eutrophication threatens the aquatic ecosystem services, such as drinking water, fishery, habitat losses, recreation values etc. Here we introduce catchment management challenges of Shahe reservoir (China) and Lake Pyhäjärvi (SW Finland), both are threatened by high external nutrient loading
3 Daxi Reservoir Tianmu means Eye of SKY. It should have two eyes. Shahe Reservoir Tianmu Lake catchment
4 Background and landuse of Shahe Reservoir Water Surf: 9 km 2 Maximum volume: m 3 Mean depth: 7 m Catchment Area: 152 km 2 Turnover time 0,42 yr Drinking water resource for 600,000 people Tourist: 4 Million /yr 215 inhabitants/km 2 Land use: Forest: 43.3% Crop: 22.3% Grass land: 9.3% Tea farming: 8.3% Water body: 7.3% Construction: 5.2%
5 Water quality Shahe reservoir Monthly water quality (a) TN and TP (b) Chla and secchi depth Decrease in nutrient level, but more is needed The ecological status of Shahe has improved TN concentration (10 2 μg l -1 ) (a) Secchi depth (m) (b) III TN IV TN V TN Month TN TP III TP II TP Secchi depth Chla Month TP concentration (10 μg l -1 ) Chla concentration (μg l -1 )
6 Catchment management: Shahe Tianmu Lake management commission Wastewater: wastewaters from restaurants, hotels and big residence areas are treated in wastewater treatment plants In hilly areas ecological toilets are built for households (by 2009 over toilets) Agriculture: overflow dams (26), retention ponds, wetlands, buffer strips, buffer zones, some areas livestock breeding activities are forbidden etc. Agricultural land (23.3 km 2 ) has been converted to forest and grassland
7 Restrictions to industry, tourism and fishery - stone mining closure, fishing restrictions, ship wastewater out-discharging bans. In-lake measures include e.g. control of fish stocks (species ratio, fishing), dredging (1,5 km 2 ) Li et al., 2013
8 Spatial distribution of catchment measures in Shahe
9 Nutrients reduction actions in Shahe R. Dredging (4 km 2 ), 2007 River mouth wetlands (> 1 km 2 ), 2011 Fishery reduction (< 150 ton/yr), 2006 Buffer zone forest restoration, 2007
10 Finland, Lake Pyhäjärvi Lake Pyhäjärvi Surface area 155 km 2 Mean depth Maximum depth Coastline Water residence time 5.4 m 26 m 80 km 3-5 y Drainage basin area 615 km 2 Land use: Forest 67% Farmland 22% Built-up area 7% 14 inhabitants/km 2
11 Water quality - Pyhäjärvi The eutrophication is stopped, but more work is needed to keep the lake in good ecological condition (WFD). 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0, Phytoplankton biomass (g m -3 ) Pyhäjärvi OTHERS CHLOROPH EUGLENOPH DIATOMOPH CHRYSOPH DINOPH CRYPTOPH CYANOPH µg/l Total P m 0,0-0,5-1,0-1,5-2,0-2,5-3,0-3,5-4,0-4,5 Secchi depth
12 Catchment management - Pyhäjärvi Pyhäjärvi Restoration Program (1995) Management measures EU s agri-environmental program Controlled use of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers Wetlands and sedimentation ponds single, small sedimentation ponds, chain of small dam ponds, combinations of ponds and wetlands Large areas of protection zones New innovations: filtration of water ditches with lime-sand mixture along the rivers, large sand filter fields, filters on the ditch bottoms Wastewater treatment units Cattle yard renovation Public-involved village planning to protect the environment Kirkkala et al. 2012, JEQ, Kirkkala et al. 2012, AFS
13 Spatial distrubution of management measures in Pyhäjärvi catchment
14 Wetlands Sedimentation ponds Filtration
15 Catchment management, climate zones Subtropical monsoon climate zone Shahe reservoir, China Annual mean precipitation 1142 mm, annual mean temperature 15,8 C ( ) Flood season in May-Sep, 70 % of the annual rainfall Boreal temperate zone - Lake Pyhäjärvi, Finland Annual mean precipitation 577 mm, annual mean temperature 4,4 C ( ) Mean ice cover period 141 days There are two flow peaks, in spring mainly from snow melt and late autumn from rainfall.
16 Climate change - air temperature Mean annual temperature ( C) (a) Mean air temperature ( C) Air temperature Linear fits before and after 1970 Linear fit in Year T mean : April-May June-September Linear fits: (b) Year Shahe Annual mean air temperature has increased C/10 yr since 1980 Seasonal mean air temperature - Warming has been significant especially in spring, summer and early autumn - Jun-Sep C, since 1995 raise 0.67 C/10yr Increase
17 Mean annual temperature ( C) Climate change - air temperature Air temperature Linear fit before and after 1970 Linear fit in (a) Year T 18 mean : Dec.-Apr. May-Sept. 16 Linear fits: (b) Year Mean air Temperature ( C) Pyhäjärvi Annual mean air temperature has increased C/10 yr since 1980 Seasonal mean air temperature increased - Winter-spring (Dec- April) 0.51 C/10 yr since Spring-summer-early autumn 0.52 C/10 yr since 1980 Increase
18 mean Warming winter and early spring has resulted in shorter ice-cover period. Ventelä et al. 2011, updated
19 Annual precipitation (mm) (a) Precipitation (mm) (b) Climate change - precipitation Precipitation Linear fit Year Jan.-Mar. Precipitation Linear fit Oct.-Dec. Precipitation Linear fit Year Shahe Annual precipitation - Less inter-annual variation - Less precipitation, less rainy days Seasonal precipitation - Autumn and early winter (Oct-Dec) declining trend - Late winter-early spring (Jan-March) increasing trend - Tea farms are fertilized in Feb-March, flushed away with large runoffs Seasons differ
20 Climate change - precipitation Annual precipitation (mm) (a) Year Precipitation (mm) Apr.-Jun. Precipitation Linear fit Sept.-Nov. Precipitation Linear fit Pyhäjärvi Annual precipitation - Variation has change in the course of time - More precipitation with reduced yearly rainy days (decline 10.6d/10 yr ) has lead to heavier rains - Soil erosion increase Seasonal precipitation - Increasing trend (b) Year Variation increased
21 Challenges in catchment management Great efforts have been made to improve water quality in both lakes, but more work is needed Changing climate poses challenges for catchment management, measures needed especially in agriculture agricultural practices (e.g. fertilization) need to be adjusted to the change in precipitation and temperature, extreme events, load peaks, high inter-annual variation Technical challenges: need for new innovations in load reduction (e.g. soil erosion), cost-efficient measures Changing land use patterns and agricultural policies
22 Economical losses due to measures, need for financial support to motivate people to take actions In China, high population density may in some areas cover the effect of climate change Battle against eutrophication demands wide networks of actors and actions. Need for co-operation between scientists and managers and citizen involvement International co-operation and knowledge exchange! Li et al., 2011 The catchment managers should prepare stricter protection measures to cope with the challenges caused by climate change and human activities to ensure the sustainable use of lake ecosystems in the future.
23 Thank you!
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