Data Pack. Aquaculture Methods. September 2009

Transcription

1 Data Pack Aquaculture Methods September 2009

2 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 1 rev1

3 Table of Contents Ammonia... 5 Iron Nitrate Nitrite Cadmium Reduction Method Nitrate Nitrite Using Nitrate Reductase Enzymatic Reduction (NECi Superior Stock).. 23 Nitrite Orthophosphorus Silicate Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus Urea Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 2 rev1

4 Introduction As world wide demand for fossil fuel increases, alternate sources of fuel are sought. One potential source of alternative energy being investigated is algae. Many algal species store energy as lipids. Their growth requirements are minimal, they multiply fairly rapidly, and their use as an alternative fuel source does not have the impact of other alternative energy sources. Many of the algal species cultivated for biofuel production grow in saline waters. Nutrient loading must be controlled to optimise production. However, nutrient monitoring in saline matrices can be challenging. Additionally, fish, shrimp and other aquatic species grown commercially as food in saline waters must be monitored. There are some difficulties associated with the analysis of brackish waters. These include the Refractive Index, or RI Effect, which varies over the range of salinities. The RI occurs when light is deflected at the interface between carrier and sample: There is also the Salt Effect defined as a suppression of chemical reaction rate. Changing reaction rates due to varying salinities mean that results may not be representative. Lachat s solution to these problems consists of a combination of hardware, software and chemistry. Hardware includes: large surface area photodiode, a small aperture in the detector to minimise the spreading of light, and a highly polished flow cell surface (which reduces RI by 75%). Chemistry adaptations include the injection of a large sample volume so that the dip and peak of RI are separated out and the analyte peak flat topping with maximised sensitivity. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 3 rev1

5 The Lachat Omnion 3.0 software has a peak integration window feature optimised to ignore RI effects. 1. Inject to Baseline Start 2. Inject to Baseline End 3. Inject to Integration Start 4. Inject to Integration End The shaded area shown in the figure above is integrated. This is the area corresponding to analyte in the sample, and is seen most clearly in samples containing low levels of analyte. (This feature of the software is used most often for lower analyte levels.) Lachat s brackish chemistries do not require matrix matching, and can be used with samples with 0% salinity to full seawater. Standards are prepared in DI water as well. All Lachat methods are designed to prevent the memory effect (i.e. carryover), which can be problematic for segmented flow analyzers. The following is information on some of Lachat s brackish water methods for higher analyte levels that would be tested in Aquaculture analysis. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 4 rev1

6 Ammonia QuikChem Method H AMMONIA IN BRACKISH OR SEAWATER mg NH 3 N/L Principle This method is based on the Berthelot reaction. Ammonia reacts in alkaline solution with hypochlorite to form monochloramine, which, in the presence of phenol, catalytic amounts of nitroprusside (nitroferricyanide), and excess hypochlorite gives indophenol blue. The formation of monochloramine requires a ph between 8 and At higher ph, ammonia may begin to oxidize to nitrate. At ph greater than 9.6, some precipitation of calcium and magnesium as hydroxides and carbonates occurs in seawater. EDTA added to the buffer prevents this from occurring. The indophenol blue measured at 630 nm is proportional to the original ammonia concentration. Though the method is written for seawater and brackish water, it is also applicable to nonsaline sample matrixes. The method is calibrated using standards prepared in deionized water. Once calibrated, samples of varying salinities (0 to 35 ppt) may be analyzed. The determination of background absorbance is necessary only for samples which have color absorbing at 630 nm. Interferences 1. Calcium and magnesium ions may precipitate if present in sufficient concentration. EDTA is added to the sample in line to prevent this problem. 2. Color, turbidity, and certain organic species may interfere. Turbidity is removed by manual filtration. Sample color may be corrected for by running the samples through the manifold without color formation. See System Note 11 for specific instructions. 3. Sulfide may interfere at levels greater than 2 mg H 2 S/L. Samples containing concentrations greater than this should be diluted. 4. Salinity does not normally interfere in this method. This may be verified by running the samples through the manifold with all reagents pumping, except hypochlorite, which is replaced by deionized water. The resulting concentrations are then compared to those obtained for samples determined with color formation. Special Apparatus Please contact Lachat Sales for ordering information 1. Regular heater 2. PVC PUMP TUBES must be used for this method Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 5 rev1

7 Calibration Data for Ammonia File Name: Supp Run Acq. Date:31 October 2008 Calibration Graph and Statistics File Name: Supp Run Acq. Date:31 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 6 rev1

8 Method Detection Limit for Ammonia using 0.1 mg N/L standard MDL= mg N/L as NH 3 Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (x) = 0.12 mg N/L, Known value = 0.10 mg N/L File Name: Supp Run Acq. Date:31 October 2008 Method Detection Limit for ammonia using 0.25 mg N/L standard MDL= Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (x) = mg N/L, Known value = 0.25 mg N/L File Name: Supp Run Acq. Date:31 October 2008 Precision data for ammonia using 10.0 mg N/L standard % RSD = 0.29 Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (x) = mg N/L, Known value = 10 mg N/L File Name: Supp Run Acq. Date:31 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 7 rev1

9 Precision data for ammonia using 2.5 mg N/L standard % RSD = 0.53 Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (x) = μg N/L, Known value = 2.5 mg N/L File Name: Supp Run Acq. Date:31 October 2008 Carryover Study: 30 mg N/L standard followed by 4 blanks Carryover Passed File Name: Supp Run Acq. Date:31 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 8 rev1

10 Seawater Spikes. File Name: Supp Run Acq. Date:31 October 2008 Sample ID Average results Recovery (mg N/L) (%) SW Non Detect SW % SW % *Seawater obtained from LUMCON Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 9 rev1

11 Iron Total Soluble Iron in Brackish Waters 0.05 to 0.50 mg Fe/L Principle Any aqueous iron (III) in the sample is reduced to iron (II) by hydroxylamine hydrochloride. This iron (II) and the original iron (II) in the sample forms a color with TPTZ, which absorbs at 600 nm. Though the method is written for Seawater and Brackish water, it is also applicable to nonsaline sample matrices. The method is calibrated using standards prepared in deionized water. Once calibrated, samples of varying salinities (0 to 35 ppt) may be analyzed. The determination of background is necessary only for samples which have color absorbing at 600 nm. Interferences 1. Copper, cobalt, chromium, cyanide, or zinc may interfere if these metals are present at concentrations exceeding ten times that of iron. Nickel interferes when present in excess of 2 ppm. Bismuth and silver give precipitates with o phenanthroline and must be completely absent. Phosphate may interfere at levels above 200 ppm. Special Apparatus Please contact Lachat Sales for ordering information 1. INERT PROBE MUST BE USED WITH THIS METHOD 2. PVC PUMP TUBES MUST BE USED WITH THIS METHOD 3. Sample tubes are needed for 60 position samplers, Lachat Part No Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 10 rev1

12 Calibration Data for Total Soluble Iron File Name: UWSW1.fdt Acq. Date: 17 September 1996 Calibration Graph and Statistics Level Area mg Fe/L Determined Replicate % residual %RSD Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 11 rev1

13 Method Detection Limit for iron using Gulf Seawater (UW SW) MDL= mg Fe/L Standard Deviation (s) = mg Fe/L, Mean (x) = mg Fe/L, Known value = 0.01 mg Fe/L Acq. Date: 17 September 1996 Precision data for iron using 0.25 mg Fe/L standard % RSD = 0.83 Standard Deviation (s) = mg Fe/L, Mean (x) = 0.25 mg Fe/L, Known value = 0.25 mg Fe/L Acq. Date: 17 September 1996 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 12 rev1

14 Carryover Study: 0.5 mg Fe/L standard followed by 3 blanks Carryover Passed Acq. Date: 17 September 1996 Milwaukee Tap Water and Spike of Gulf Seawater Sample Mean % RSD % Recovery UW SW MKE Tap Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 13 rev1

15 Soluble Ferrous Iron in Waters of Varying Salinity 0.5 to 30.0 mg Fe/L Principle The ferrous ion (Fe +2 ) reacts with 2,4,6, tri(2 pyridyl) 1,3,5, triazine (TPTZ) to form a blue violet, water soluble derivative, Fe (TPTZ) The absorbance at 620 nm is proportional to the concentration of the ferrous ion. A sodium acetate acetic acid buffer is used in this method to control ph. The matrix of this chemistry can range from water (preserved) to 175 ppt salinity. Interferences 1. Mercury (II), bismuth (III), and silver in concentrations greater than 100 ppm will cause precipitation. 2. Cyanide and nitrate in concentrations greater than 500 ppm will cause large relative errors. 3. The molybdate ion (MoO 4 2 ) in concentrations greater than 30 ppm will also cause large relative errors. Special Apparatus Please contact Lachat Sales for ordering information 1. Inert sample probe (see Manifold diagram) 2. PVC PUMP TUBES MUST BE USED WITH THIS METHOD Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 14 rev1

16 Calibration Data for Ferrous Iron (II) File Name: OM_ _ PM.OMN Acq. Date: 26 November 2008 Calibration Graph and Statistics Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 15 rev1

17 Method Detection Limit for iron using 0.25 mg Fe/L standard MDL= 0.01 mg Fe/L Standard Deviation (s) = mg Fe/L, Mean (x) = 0.24 mg Fe/L, Known value = 0.25 mg Fe/L File Name: OM_ _ PM.OMN Acq. Date: 26 November 2008 Precision data for iron using 15 mg Fe/L standard % RSD = 0.94 Standard Deviation (s) = 0.14 mg Fe/L, Mean (x) = mg Fe/L, Known value = 15 mg Fe/L File Name: OM_ _ PM.OMN Acq. Date: 26 November 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 16 rev1

18 Precision data for iron using 5.0 mg Fe/L standard % RSD = 1.26 Standard Deviation (s) = mg Fe/L, Mean (x) = 5.04 mg Fe/L, Known value = 5.0 mg Fe/L File Name: OM_ _ AM.OMN Acq. Date: 26 November 2008 Carryover Study: 30 mg Fe/L standard followed by 3 blanks Carryover Passed File Name: OM_ _ AM.OMN Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 17 rev1

19 Acq. Date: 26 November 2008 Loveland Tap Water and Low Nutrient Seawater Spike Recovery File Name: OM_ _ AM.OMN Acq. Date: 26 November 2008 Sample Unspiked conc Spiked conc* % RSD % Recovery Loveland Tap Low Nutrient SW *Spike concentration level is 15 mg Fe/L Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 18 rev1

20 Nitrate Nitrite Cadmium Reduction Method QuikChem Method H Nitrate and/or Nitrite in Brackish or Seawater Principle A filtered sample is passed through a column containing granulated copper cadmium to reduce nitrate to nitrite. The nitrite (that was originally present plus reduced nitrate) is determined by diazotizing with sulfanilamide and coupling with N (1 napthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a highly colored azo dye which is measured colorimetrically. Separate, rather than nitrate + nitrite, values are obtained by carrying out the procedure first with, and then without, the Cu Cd reduction step. Though the method is written for Seawater and Brackish water, it is also applicable to nonsaline sample matrixes. The method is calibrated using standards prepared in deionized water. Once calibrated, samples of varying salinities (0 to 35 ppt) may be analyzed. The determination of background is necessary only for samples which have color absorbing at 540 nm. Interferences 1. Build up of suspended matter in the column will restrict sample flow. Since nitrate and nitrite are found in a soluble state, samples may be pre filtered. 2. Low results might be obtained for samples that contain high concentrations of iron, copper or other metals. EDTA is added to the samples to eliminate this interference. 3. Samples that contain large concentrations of oil and grease will coat the surface of the cadmium. This interference is eliminated by pre extracting the sample with an organic solvent. 4. Method interferences may be caused by contaminants in the water, reagents, glassware, and other sample processing apparatus that bias analyte response. 1. Cadmium Reduction Column Special Apparatus Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 19 rev1

21 Calibration Data for Nitrate/Nitrite Filename:Supp run Acq. time: 28 October 2008 Calibration Graph and Statistics Filename:Supp run Acq. time: 28 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 20 rev1

22 Method Detection Limit for Nitrate + Nitrite using a 0.25 mg N/L standard. MDL = mg N/L Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L; Mean (X) = mg N/L; Known value: 0.25 mg N/L Filename:Supp run Acq. time: 28 October 2008 Precision at 15 mg N/L %RSD = 0.52% Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L; Mean (X) = mg N/L; Known value: 15.0 mg N/L Filename:Supp run Acq. time: 28 October 2008 Precision at 10 mg N/L %RSD =0.39% Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (X) = ; mg N/L Known = 10.0 mg N/L Filename:Supp run Acq. time: 28 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 21 rev1

23 Carryover Study: 1.0 mg N/L followed by 4 blanks Carryover passed Filename:Supp run Acq. time: 28 October 2008 Spikes into Natural Seawater Filename:Supp run Acq. time: 28 October 2008 Average Spike level % Recovery mg mg mg Spike recoveries of % were achieved in natural seawater using this method. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 22 rev1

24 QuikChem Method A Nitrate Nitrite Using Nitrate Reductase Enzymatic Reduction (NECi Superior Stock) 0.02 to 5.0 mg N/L as NO 3 Principle Nitrate (NO 3 ) is reduced virtually quantitatively to nitrite (NO 2 ) in the presence of the enzyme nitrate reductase (NaR) and β nicotinamide adenine di nucleotide, reduced form (NADH). NaR catalyzes the reduction of nitrate to nitrite with NADH as the reducing agent. The nitrite (reduced nitrate plus original nitrite) is then determined by diazotizing with sulfanilamide followed by coupling with N (1 naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. The resulting water soluble dye has a magenta color which is measured at 540 nm. Interferences 1. Low results would be obtained for samples that contain high concentrations of iron, copper or other metals. In this method, EDTA is added to the buffer to reduce this interference. 2. Humic acid compounds can interfere. To eliminate this interference lower the temperature of the enzymatic reduction reaction to 10ºC. 3. Anions such as SO 4 2, PO 4 2, Cl, Br, F will not interfere at levels up to 500 ppm. 4. NADH can interfere in the colorimetric portion of the method. HCl is used in the color reagent to eliminate this interference. Special Reagents 1. NECi Superior Stock Nitrate Reductase, LA ARK kit Part number L (contains 1 vial of 3 units of YNaR enzyme, and NADH). This kit will make up the 50+ mls of reagent to perform 50+ analyses. Other reagent option: YNaR1 Part number (1 unit of enzyme/vial). YNaR3 Part number (3 units of enzyme/vial). Order from The Nitrate Elimination Company, Inc. 217 Calumet Street, Lake Linden, MI Toll Free: NITRATE, E mail: tech@nitrate.com, Website: 2. NADH (β Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) can also be purchased separately from Sigma, Part number N 8129 or equivalent). Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 23 rev1

25 Calibration Data for Nitrate File Name: 2 6 HR cal.omn Acq. Date: 6 February 2009 Calibration Graph and Statistics Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 24 rev1

26 Method Detection Limit for nitrate using 0.01 mg N/L standard MDL= mg N/L Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (x) = mg N/L, Known value = mg N/L File Name: 2 6 LR mdl.omn Acq. Date: 6 February 2009 Precision data for nitrate using 2.0 mg N/L standard % RSD = 1.58 Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (x) = 2.05 mg N/L, Known value = 2.0 mg N/L File Name: 2 6 LR support.omn Acq. Date: 6 February 2009 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 25 rev1

27 Precision data for nitrate using 1.0 mg N/L standard % RSD = 1.90 Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (x) = 1.02 mg N/L, Known value = 1.0 mg N/L File Name: 2 6 LR support.omn Acq. Date: 6 February 2009 Carryover Study: 5 mg N/L standard followed by 3 blanks Carryover Passed File Name: 2 6 LR support.omn Acq. Date: 6 February 2009 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 26 rev1

28 Seawater Spikes File Name: 2 6 LR SW spikes.omn Acq. Date: 6 February 2009 Sample ID Unspiked conc Spiked conc Spiked amount % Recovery Low Nutrient SW mg/l 2.25 mg/l 2.0 mg/l 111.2% Louisiana SW mg/l 2.26 mg/l 2.0 mg/l 113.6% California SW mg/l 2.50 mg/l 2.0 mg/l 112.3% Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 27 rev1

29 Nitrite QuikChem Method H Nitrite in Brackish or Seawater mg NO 2 N/L Principle A filtered sample is injected onto a chemistry manifold. The nitrite is determined by diazotizing with sulfanilamide and coupling with N (1 napthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a highly colored azo dye which is measured colorimetrically. Though the method is written for Seawater and Brackish water, it is also applicable to nonsaline sample matrixes. The method is calibrated using standards prepared in deionized water. Once calibrated, samples of varying salinities (0 to 35 ppt) may be analyzed. The determination of background is necessary only for samples which have color absorbing at 540 nm. Interferences 1. Since nitrite is found in a soluble state, samples may be pre filtered to prevent clogging the manifold. 2. Method interferences may be caused by contaminants in the water, reagents, glassware, and other sample processing apparatus that bias analyte response. 3. Low results would be obtained for samples that contain high concentrations of iron, copper, or other metals. In this method, EDTA is added to the buffer to reduce this interference. 4. Samples that contain large concentrations of oil and grease may cause an interference. This interference is eliminated by pre extracting the sample with an organic solvent. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 28 rev1

30 Calibration Data for Nitrite Filename: NO2 Supp Acq. time: 29 October 2008 Calibration Graph and Statistics Filename: NO2 Supp Acq. time: 29 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 29 rev1

31 Method Detection Limit for Nitrite using a 0.10 mg N/L standard. MDL = 0.01 mg N/L Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L; Mean (X) = mg N/L; Known value: 0.10 mg N/L Filename: NO2 Supp Acq. time: 29 October 2008 Precision at 10 mg N/L %RSD = 0.94% Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L; Mean (X) = 10.2 mg N/L; Known value: 10.0 mg N/L Filename: NO2 Supp Acq. time: 29 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 30 rev1

32 Precision at 5mg N/L %RSD =0.69% Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (X) = 5.04; mg N/L; Known = 5.0 mg N/L Filename: NO2 Supp Acq. time: 29 October 2008 Carryover Study: 15.0 mg N/L followed by 4 blanks Carryover passed Filename: NO2 Supp Acq. time: 29 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 31 rev1

33 Spikes into Natural Seawater Filename: NO2 Supp Acq. time: 29 October 2008 Average Spike level % Recovery Non Detected mg 95.50% mg 97.60% Spike recoveries within the range of % were achieved in natural seawater using this method. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 32 rev1

34 Orthophosphorus QuikChem Method J Orthophosphate in Waters 0.01 to 2.00 mg P/L 0.5 to 20 mg P/L Principle The orthophosphate ion (PO 4 3 ) reacts with ammonium molybdate and antimony potassium tartrate under acidic conditions to form a complex. This complex is reduced with ascorbic acid to form a blue complex, which absorbs light at 880 nm. The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of orthophosphate in the sample. Though the method is written for seawater and brackish water it is also applicable to non saline sample matrixes. The method is calibrated using standards prepared in deionized water. Once calibrated, samples of varying salinities (0 to 35 ppt) may be analyzed. The determination of background absorbance is necessary only for samples, which have color absorbing at 880 nm. Interferences 1. Silica forms a pale blue complex, which also absorbs at 880 nm. This interference is generally insignificant, but should be tested at the highest level expected in samples. 2. High iron can cause precipitation of and subsequent loss of phosphate from the dissolved phase. 3. Using ascorbic acid as the reductant, the color intensity is not influenced by variations in salinity. Stannous chloride reductant does show a significant salt effect. 4. Turbidity is removed by filtration. Particles scatter light, causing aberrant readings. 5. Hydrogen sulfide effects, such as those occurring in samples from deep anoxic basins, can be treated by simple dilution since high sulfide concentrations are most often associated with high phosphate values. Special Apparatus Please contact Lachat Sales for ordering information 1. Heating Unit 2. Glass calibration vials must be used for this method (Lachat Part No ) Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 33 rev1

35 Calibration Data for Orthophosphate, Range 1 ( mg P/L): acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: Run 3.OMN Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 34 rev1

36 MDL = mg P/L as PO 4 Avg: mg P/L as PO 4 ; SD = mg P/L as PO 4 ; Known: 0.01 mg P/L as PO 4 acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: Run 3.OMN Precision data for Orthophosphate using 1.0 mg P/L standard % RSD = 0.78 Standard Deviation (s) = mg P/L, Mean (x) = mg P/L, Known value = 1.0 mg P/L acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: Run 3.OMN Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 35 rev1

37 Carryover Study: 2 mg P/L standard followed by 3 blanks Carryover Passed Natural water samples of varying salinities Acq date: 29 Nov 2007 Filename: Run 3.OMN Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 36 rev1

38 ERA standard, and Natural water samples of varying salinities spiked Acq date: 29 Nov 2007 Filename: Run 3.OMN Sample Unspiked Spiked %Recovery ERA * N/A 97.5% GOM % BMW % ERA QC Standard WasteWatR Simple Nutrients, Catalog no. 505, Lot No. PO95505 ERA, Arvada, Colorado, US Phone: Mean Determined Concentration: 3.22 mg N/L * Known Concentration: 3.22 mg N/L Interlaboratory Acceptance Range: mg N/L ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE ASSOCIATES The Industry Standard TM * Diluted 1:2 to bring within the method range. Acceptance range in diluted check standard. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 37 rev1

39 DIN Blanks. Avg = mg P/L as PO 4 ; DIN Decision Limit, mg P/L as PO 4 ; DIN Detection Limit, mg P/L as PO 4 ; DIN Determination Limit; mg P/L as PO 4 Full seawater peaks When brackish seawater samples are analyzed, a refractive index artifact may be produced. For the full seawater samples analyzed in the support data for this method, the refractive index produced from the seawater samples was apparent. If the saltwater samples analyzed create a pronounced refractive index, Omnion brackish integration may be utilized. Parameters for this are contained in this method. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 38 rev1

40 Full seawater, and spike recovery in full seawater, 99.47% Calibration Data for Orthophosphate, Range 2 ( mg P/L): Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 39 rev1

41 acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: OM PM(hi).OMN MDL = mg P/L as PO 4 Avg: 0.49 mg P/L as PO 4 ; SD = mg P/L as PO 4 ; Known: 0.50 mg P/L as PO 4 acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: OM PM(hi).OMN Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 40 rev1

42 MDL = mg P/L as PO 4 Avg: 0.25 mg P/L as PO 4 ; SD = mg P/L as PO 4 ; Known: 0.25 mg P/L as PO 4 acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: OM PM(hi).OMN Precision data for Orthophosphate using 5.0 mg P/L standard % RSD = 0.65% Standard Deviation (s) = mg P/L, Mean (x) = mg P/L, Known value =5.0 mg P/L acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: OM PM(hi).OMN Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 41 rev1

43 Carryover Study: 20 mg P/L standard followed by 3 blanks Carryover Passed acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: OM PM(hi).OMN QC and SW spike acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: OM PM(hi).OMN % Sample Unspiked Spiked %Recovery ERA 3.27 N/A 101.6% Full SW, direct Integration Full SW, Brackish Integration * * See below ERA QC Standard WasteWatR Simple Nutrients, Catalog no. 505, Lot No. PO95505 ERA, Arvada, Colorado, US Phone: Mean Determined Concentration: 3.22 mg N/L * Known Concentration: 3.22 mg N/L Interlaboratory Acceptance Range: mg N/L ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE ASSOCIATES The Industry Standard TM Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 42 rev1

44 SW spike with brackish integration acq date: 29 Nov 2007 filename: OM PM(hi).OMN DIN Blanks. Avg = mg P/L as PO 4 ; DIN Decision Limit, mg P/L as PO 4 ; DIN Detection Limit, mg P/L as PO 4 ; DIN Determination Limit; mg P/L as PO 4 acq date: 30Nov 2007 filename: DIN hi.omn Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 43 rev1

45 Silicate QuikChem Method F Silicate in Brackish or Seawater mg Si/L as SiO 2 ( mm Si/L as SiO2) Principle Soluble silica species react with molybdate at 55 C and a ph of 1.2 to form a yellow silicamolybdate complex. This complex is subsequently reduced with stannous chloride to form a heteropoly blue complex, which has an absorbance maximum at 820 nm. The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of molybdate reactive silica. Though the method is written for brackish water and seawater, it is also applicable to nonsaline sample matrixes. The method is calibrated using standards prepared in deionized water. Once calibrated, samples of varying salinities (0 to 35 ppt) may be analyzed. The determination of background absorbance is necessary only for samples, which have color absorbing at 820 nm. Interferences 1. Orthophosphate is a known interferent in this method. The selectivity of this method against orthophosphate is 72 at a level of 10 mg P/L. A sample containing greater than 5 mg P/L as orthophosphate could result in a positive interference greater than that of the method detection limit. 2. Turbidity may positively interfere with this method. Filtration can remove this interference. Special Apparatus Please contact Lachat Sales for ordering information 1. Standards Tubes, Polystyrene (Lachat Part No ) 2. Sample Tubes, Polystyrene (Lachat Part No ) 3. All reagent, standard, and sample containers must be non glass (polystyrene or polypropylene) 4. Heating Unit Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 44 rev1

46 Calibration Data for Silicate File Name: Si Supp.OMN Acq. Date: 23 October 2008 Calibration Graph and Statistics Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 45 rev1

47 Method Detection Limit for silicate using 0.25 mg Si/L standard MDL= 0.05 mg Si/L; Standard Deviation (s) =0.005 mg Si/L, Mean (x) =0.255 mg Si/L, Known value = 0.25 mg Si/L, %RSD =1.97 File Name: Si Supp.OMN Acq. Date: 23 October 2008 Precision data for Silicate using 10 mg Si/L standard % RSD = 1.22 Standard Deviation (s) = mg Si/L, Mean (x) = mg Si/L, Known value =10.0 mg Si/L, File Name: Si Supp.OMN Acq. Date: 23 October 2008 Precision data for Silicate using 2.5 mg Si/L standard % RSD = 0.82 Standard Deviation (s) = mg Si/L, Mean (x) =2.522 mg Si/L, Known value =2.5 mg Si/L, File Name: Si Supp.OMN Acq. Date: 23 October 2008 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 46 rev1

48 Carryover Study: 30 mg Si/L standard followed by 3 blanks Carryover Passed File Name: Si Supp.OMN Acq. Date: 23 October 2008 Interference Study using Phosphorus File Name: Si Supp.OMN Acq. Date: 23 October 2008 Sample, mg P/L Value as Si Selectivity The selectivity of the method against phosphorus is at least 72. A level of P/L or above present in the sample would result in a positive interference greater than that of the method detection limit. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 47 rev1

49 Seawater samples and their spikes. File Name: Si Supp.OMN Acq. Date: 23 October 2008 Sample Unspiked Spiked Spike level Spike Recovery (%) LNS mg Si SW mg Si SW N/A SW N/A Because the sample loop is very small, brackish timing was not required for this method for saline samples. If samples having greater than 35 ppt salinity are analyzed with this method, brackish timing may give better results. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 48 rev1

50 Total Nitrogen QuikChem Method B Total Nitrogen in Brackish Waters with In Line Persulfate Digestion 500 to 5000 μg N/L (0.5 to 5.0 mg N/L) Principle Nitrogen compounds are oxidized in line to nitrate using alkaline persulfate/uv digestion. Oxidation of nitrogen containing compounds to nitrate is achieved by heating at 100ºC. The heating step lowers the sample ph from 9.1 to about 3 as the persulfate decomposes. Additional energy is supplied by exposure to UV light. The digestion occurs prior to the injection valve. The resultant nitrate is then quantitatively reduced to nitrite by passage of the sample through a copperized cadmium column. The nitrite (reduced nitrate plus original nitrite) is determined by diazotization with sulfanilamide under acidic conditions to form a diazonium ion. The diazonium ion is then coupled with N (1 naphthyl)ethyelenediamine dihydrochloride. The resulting pink dye absorbs at 540 nm, and this absorbance is proportional to total nitrogen content. Interferences 1. Build up of suspended matter in the column will restrict sample flow. 2. Low results might be obtained for samples that contain high concentrations of iron, copper or other metals. EDTA is added to the samples in line to eliminate this interference. 3. Samples that contain large concentrations of oil and grease will coat the surface of the cadmium. This interference is eliminated by pre extracting the sample with an organic solvent. 4. Method interferences may be caused by contaminants in the water, reagents, glassware, and other sample processing apparatus that bias analyte response. Special Apparatus Please contact Lachat Sales for ordering information 1. Lachat Sample Preparation Module, A30X01 (X=1 for 110V, X=2 for 220V) with UV 254 lamp 2. PVC PUMP TUBES MUST BE USED FOR THIS METHOD Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 49 rev1

51 Calibration Data for Total Nitrogen File Name: msd1tn5.fdt Acq. Date: 18 April 2000 Calibration Graph and Statistics Level Area μg N/L Determined Replicate % residual %RSD Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 50 rev1

52 Method Detection Limit for total nitrogen using 50 μg NO 3 N/L as standard MDL= 7.7 μg/ NL Standard Deviation (s) = 3.04 μg N/L, Mean (x) = μg N/L, Known value = 50 μg N/L, % RSD = 5.83, % residual = 4.55 File Name: msd1tn5.fdt Acq. Date: 18 April 2000 Precision data for total nitrogen using 100 μg NO 3 N/L standard % RSD = 2.97 Standard Deviation (s) = 2.94 μg N/L, Mean (x) = μg N/L, Known value = 100 μg N/L, % residual = File Name: msd1tn5.fdt Acq. Date: 18 April 2000 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 51 rev1

53 Precision data for total nitrogen using 2500 μg N/L standard % RSD = 0.47 Standard Deviation (s) = μg N/L, Mean (x) = 2535 μg N/L, Known value = 2500 μg N/L, % residual = 1.4 File Name: msd1tn5.fdt Acq. Date: 18 April 2000 Carryover Study: 5000 μg N/L standard followed by 3 blanks Carryover Passed File Name: peismp2.fdt Acq. Date: 30 March 2000 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 52 rev1

54 Spike Recovery in Unknown Sample # 17 File Name: peismp2.fdt Acq. Date: 30 March 2000 Recovery Data: NO 3 Spikes in unknown samples Sample Number Initial Value Spiked Value Spike Level Spike recovery % % % Spike recoveries in the range of % were obtained with this method Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 53 rev1

55 Recovery of Test Compounds in Seawater File Name: peismp2.fdt Acq. Date: 30 March 2000 Matrix Compound Average Spike Level (μg N/L) Spike Recovery Seawater Blank 84.6 Seawater Nitrate seawater Ammonia Seawater Urea Seawater Ammonia Seawater Nicotinic Seawater Glycine DI Nitrate DI Ammonia DI Urea DI Nicotinic DI Glycine DI Urea DI Nicotinic Conclusion: Acceptable spike recoveries (90 110%) were obtained with these test compounds in both the DI and seawater matrices. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 54 rev1

56 Total Phosphorus QuikChem Method D Total Phosphorous in Brackish and FreshWaters (In Line Digestion) 50 to 1000 µg P/L (1.61 to 32.3 µm) Principle The method is based on the digestion of various phosphorus forms and conversion to orthophosphate by peroxodisulfate with an in line UV digestion. Organic phosphorus is converted to orthophosphate by UV catalyzed persulfate digestion. Polyphosphates are converted to orthophosphate by sulfuric acid digestion. The digestion process occurs prior to the sample valve. A portion of the digested sample is then injected and determined by FIA. The orthophosphate ion (PO 4 3 ) reacts with ammonium molybdate and antimony potassium tartrate to form a phosphomolybdate complex. This complex is reduced with ascorbic acid to form a blue complex, which absorbs light at 880 nm. The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of orthophosphate in the sample. This method is written for seawater and brackish water but is also applicable to non saline sample matrixes. The method is calibrated using standards prepared in deionized water. Once calibrated, samples of varying salinities (0 to 35 ppt) may be analyzed. The determination of background absorbance is necessary only for samples which have natural color absorbing at 880 nm. Special Apparatus Please contact Lachat Sales for ordering information 1. Lachat sample preparation module, A30X01 (x=1 for 110V, x=2 for 220V) with UV 254 nm lamp. 2. PVC tubing, Lachat part no. 534xx. 3. Glass calibration vials must be used. Lachat part no for XYZ samplers. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 55 rev1

57 Calibration Data for Total Phosphorus Method file name: 1004cal.fdt Acq Time: 10 October 1996 Calibration Graph and Statistics Level Area (V s) μg P/L Determined Rep %RSD % residual Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 56 rev1

58 Method Detection Limit for Phosphorus using a 50 μg P/L standard MDL = 2.0 μg P/L Mean = 51.9 μg P/L, Std. Dev. = 0.65 ACQ Date: 04 October 1996 Precision data for Phosphorus using 500 μg P/L standard 0.56 Mean = μg P/L, Std. Dev. = 2.95 μg P/L ACQ Date: 04 October 1996 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 57 rev1

59 Carryover study Carryover passed ACQ Date: 10 October 1996 Interference study: Sample Concentration Determined Concentration (μg P/L) 1000 (μg P/L) (μg SiO 2 /L) < (μg SiO 2 /L) < (μg SiO 2 /L) < (μg SiO 2 /L) < 2.0 Seawater Matrix studies: Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 58 rev1

60 Recovery of orthophosphate from Seawater, Spikes and Dilutions Sample ID Sample Matrix Calculated sample Determined average Recovery from matrix (%) concentration (μg concentration μg P/L) P/L S1* SSW S2* SSW S3* SSW S4 DI S5 DI S6 DI S7** SSW/DI S8** SSW/DI *S1, S2, and S3 are spikes of Sargasso Seawater. S4, S5, and S6 are spikes of DI water. Recovery from SSW is calculated using the determined concentrations from spikes of DI water. **S7 and S8 are spiked SSW diluted with DI water. S7 was diluted 2 fold and S8 4 fold. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 59 rev1

61 Digestion efficiency studies: Recovery from digestion Sample Digestion ID compound Sample Matrix Theoritical concentration (μg P/L) Determined Average (μg P/L) R1 phenyl phosphate SSW R2 phenyl phosphate SSW R3 trimethyl phosphate SSW R4 trimethyl phosphate SSW R5 pyrophosphate SSW R6 pyrophosphate SSW R7 tripolyphosphate SSW R8 tripolyphosphate SSW R9 phenyl phosphate DI R10 phenyl phosphate DI R11 trimethyl phosphate DI R12 trimethyl phosphate DI R13 pyrophosphate DI R14 pyrophosphate DI R15 tripolyphosphate DI R16 tripolyphosphate DI R17 Std.: KH 2 PO 4 DI R18 Std.: KH 2 PO 4 DI R19 DI Blank 0.0 < 2.0 R20 SSW Blank 0.0 < 2.0 Recovery (%) There is also a dual, off line digestion method available. Method numbers are B and B. Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 60 rev1

62 Urea Urea in Brackish and Seawater 25 to 5000 μg N/L as Urea 0.2 to 20 mg N/L as Urea Principle Diacetyl Monoxime (2,3 butane dione monoxime) is hydrolyzed in an acidic solution to diacetyl. Diacetyl reacts directly with urea when acidic ferric ions are present. Thiosemicarbazide added to the reagent mixture increases the color intensity and increases the linear dynamic range. Absorbance is measured at 530nm. The determination of background absorbance is necessary only for samples, which have color absorbing at 530 nm. Interferences 1. Thiourea, nitrite, and thiosulfate interfere negatively and may cause double peaks characteristic of limiting reagent levels. 2. Reducing agents interfere negatively. Special Apparatus Please contact Lachat Sales for ordering information 1. High temperature heating unit with 1200 cm continuous tubing (Lachat Part No. A85103 for 110 V, and A85203 for 220 V). 2. Acid resistant collars are required for all connectors (Lachat Part No ) Position Racks for samples are required to allow replicate sample analyses from a single tube. XYZ with 60 Position Rack (Lachat Part No. A81122 [110V]/A81222 [220V]) 4. Sample tubes are needed for 60 Position Samplers (Lachat Part No ). 5. Debubbler kit (Lachat Part No ) Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 61 rev1

63 Calibration Data for Urea File Name: low level supp data OMN ACQ Date: 6 December 2007 Calibration Graph and Statistics Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 62 rev1

64 Method Detection Limit for urea using a 25 μg N/L Standard MDL = 4.2 μg N/L Standard Deviation (s) = μg N/L, Mean (X) = μg N/L, Known Value = 25 μg N/L ACQ. Date: 06 December 2007 Precision data for urea, using a 2500 μg N/L Standard %RSD = 0.61% Standard Deviation (s) = μg N/L, Mean (X) = 2675 μg N/L, Known Value = 2500 μg N/L ACQ. Date: 06 December 2007 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 63 rev1

65 Carryover Study: Two 5000 ug N/L standard replicates followed by 6 blanks Carryover passed ACQ Date: 06 December 2007 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 64 rev1

66 Spiked Samples (values in g N/L) Sample Unspiked* Spiked* Spike Level % Recovery California SW Louisiana SW * average of three replicates Calibration Data for Urea File Name: high level supp data OMN ACQ Date: 6 December 2007 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 65 rev1

67 Calibration Graph and Statistics Method Detection Limit for urea using a 0.2 mg N/L Standard MDL = mg N/L Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (X) = mg N/L, Known Value = 0.2 mg N/L ACQ. Date: 06 December 2007 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 66 rev1

68 Precision data for urea, using a 10 mg N/L Standard %RSD = 0.58% Standard Deviation (s) = mg N/L, Mean (X) = mg N/L, Known Value = 10 mg N/L ACQ. Date: 06 December 2007 Carryover Study: Two 20 mg N/L standard replicates followed by 6 blanks Carryover passed ACQ Date: 06 December 2007 Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 67 rev1

69 Spiked Samples (values in mg N/L) Sample Unspiked* Spiked* Spike Level % Recovery California SW Louisiana SW * average of three replicates Lachat does custom method development! If you do not see a method that you require listed here, please contact us we would be happy to help you! Lachat Aquaculture Datapack Page 68 rev1