World Energy Sources & Fossil Fuel Power Production. Josh Barnes, Cyrus Hughlett...and Karl. SL/AP Physics Hour 2

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1 World Energy Sources & Fossil Fuel Power Production Josh Barnes, Cyrus Hughlett...and Karl. SL/AP Physics Hour 2

2 Different World Energy Sources There are many different forms of energy used throughout the entire world today. Some of these are... Solar Power - Energy absorbed from the sun through a system of solar panels.this is the cleanest form of solar energy because it emits no form of pollution into the atmosphere. Fossil Fuels - This is the most commonly used form of energy in the world today, due to its large scale power production and continuous supply of energy. Consequently, it is also a very pollutant form of energy.

3 Different World Energy Sources, Cont. Wind Power - This uses turbines to harness wind power and convert it into mechanical energy. It is mainly used for grinding grains, pumping water or electrical energy used to power generators. Hydro-Electric Power - This is the most widely used form of renewable energy. It produces almost no carbon dioxide and uses potential energy from highly elevated water to drive water turbines and generators.

4 Different World Energy Sources, Cont. Nuclear Power - It is a relatively clean source of energy that emits little to no carbon dioxide. It is popular due to its capacity to generate large amounts of energy. Geothermal Energy - Uses the heat of the earth for directuse applications, geothermal heat pumps, and electrical power production. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water to hot rock found miles beneath the Earth's surface and even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock, or magma.

5 Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Energy Renewable Energy: Sources of energy that are selfsustaining and basically endless in nature. Renewable energy sources are often difficult to harness and apply. Large amounts are needed to yield small amounts of energy. Non-Renewable Energy: Sources of energy that are not everlasting and will be used up. However, this type of energy is much more efficient and can produce a large amount of energy from a small amount of source.

6 Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Renewable Energy Sources include... - Solar, Wind-Power, Geothermal, and Water Power Non-Renewable Energy Sources include... - Oil, Coal, & radioactive fuels such as Uranium238

7 Energy Density - Energy density is a term used to describe the amount of usable energy stored in a given system or area of space per unit volume. - It is a useful tool to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of different fuel sources. - Energy per unit volume uses the same physical units as pressure and in many situations is synonymous to pressure.

8 Choice of Energy Source Based on Energy Density - Energy sources are of better use and application if they have a greater energy density. Renewable energy sources such as wind farms and solar cells do not have a very high energy density. This is because it takes a large area of space to devote to wind turbines and solar panels to yield the amount of energy that you could obtain from a small area of fossil fuel harvest and production. (Uranium 235 has a very high energy density, yielding 79,500,000 MJ per kilogram.)

9 Relative Proportions of World Use The distribution of energy* is as follows... Oil 38% Gas 23% Coal 26% Hydroelectric 6% Nuclear 6% Geothermal, Solar, Wind, Wood, Other 1% * (This is measured in terms of power that each of these methods provides to the world at large.)

10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Fuels Coal - One of the most widely used fossil fuel in the world. It is more abundant than crude oil and it has a high energy density allowing for a greater harvest of energy from a smaller amount for material. Its disadvantage is that it is non-renewable and is responsible for environmentally damaging high CO2 emissions. Crude Oil - Advantages include: high energy density, and it is currently one of the most cost-effective, safe, widely used fuels. It was responsible for the growth of the automotive industry. Its disadvantages include that it is non-renewable, it has been dominant for so long that we now rely on it, it has caused political conflict and turmoil, and it has caused great environmental pollution to both the sea and the air.

11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuels (cont.) Wind Energy - Advantages include: Wind is free, after turbine production no further environmental pollution is caused, they can provide energy to remote areas off of the electricity power grid. Its disadvantages include: wind is inconsistent and thus energy isn't always produces, they're noisy, many are needed to produce small amount of energy. Solar Power - Advantages: The sun is free, very low maintenance, doesn't produce pollution, long-lasting. Disadvantages include: though they have a higher Energy Density than wind, much is still to be desired, they are very expensive to install. Geothermal - Advantages: Low maintenance, cuts down reliance on fossil fuels, no harmful environmental effects. Disadvantages: high installation cost, can run out of steam, only suitable for particular regions

12 Historical & Geographical Reasons for Widespread Use of Fossil Fuels The use of fossil fuels began approximately three hundred years ago. People generally relied on manual labor performed by humans or animals rather than machines. The use of fossil fuel grew in the late 18th century. First, the steam engine was introduced, giving way to faster shipping by sea and by land, as a result of the quickly growing railroad system. Coal-driven machines could now perform tasks more proficiently, and steam technology was increasing in popularity. Not long after, oil use also began to increase. Early oil-driven combustion engines were introduced, and as time passed, oil and natural gases became the norm rather than coal. As years passed through the 1900s, reliance shifted from manual labor to combustion engines, and finally to electric engines. Now, in present time, fossil fuels are essential to certain processes, and it is hard to imagine life without them in the manufacturing world.

13 Early Examples of Fossil Fuel Use Industrial Revolution Manufacturing Plant Early Railroad Car/System Mid-1800s Steamboat

14 Historical Influence , natural gas used for lighting s, Industrial Revolution ushered in use of coal - Fossil fuels led to development of higher rate of energy usage - Invention of steam engine revolutionized British textile industry s introduced refined oil-run internal combustion engine Geographical Influence - Easily transportable, petroleum carries through pipes - Railroad system & steamboats caused need for long distance travel - Shipping across long distances was made faster by the steam engine - Converted tiring manual labor to efficient machine use for agriculture, energy and manufacturing

15 Energy Density of Fossil Fuels and Demands of Power Stations One of the primary reasons that many renewable energy sources have yet to become significant alternatives for fossil fuels is that they lack the energy density to compete. Power stations provide millions and millions of joules of energy daily, and this demand must be met by substances of high Energy Density so as to yield the greatest output. Coal is a very widely used fuel in power stations because of its relatively high Energy Density; it is also more abundant than oil and other such resources.

16 Energy Density of Fossil Fuels & Demands of Power Station (cont.) Type of Fuel Energy Density MJ/kg Coal 31.4 Diesel 45.3 Gasoline (automotive) 45.8 Gasoline (aviation) 43.1 Kerosine 46.3 Crude Oil (petroleum) 41.9 Gasoline (heating) 42.5 Common Coal-Fired Power Station

17 Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil Transportation - Oil is heavily transported by water which is very effective; however, there is the possibility of oil spills and discharge of polluting products such as the residue from tank and bilge cleaning. - By land there are generally no serious oil spillages. One disadvantage is that oil is always corrosive to a greater or lesser extent so that pipes deteriorate from the inside. If they are not changed in time, the result is leaking.

18 Oil Transportation Mishaps (Under-water pipe rupture) (Overhead view) Possible consequences of oil transportation problems...

19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal Transportation - Coal by railroads is expensive. However, the long life of the permanent assets, relatively minimum maintenance, the large-volume shipments that are possible, the high mechanical efficiencies that are obtained with low rolling resistances, and the dedicated nature of the origin and destination of the runs are positive aspects. - Water delivery is a slow process and pipeline leaks may cause pollution. However, it is relatively inexpensive.

20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Gas Transportation - Transportation by gas pipelines is less costly. - The compressed gas circulates at high speed in a gas pipeline with the aid of compression plants positioned at regular intervals along the network, which is desirable. - What is disadvantageous is that in certain cases, the construction of gas pipelines is technically impossible or too expensive.

21 Power Station Efficiencies Fossil fuel power stations store chemical energy from fossil fuels and convert them into thermal, mechanical and electrical energy for use over a large geographical space. Generator Efficiency (Approximated) Coal-fired plant: 33% Oil-fired plant: 33% Gas-fired plant (Combined Cycle): 50%

22 Environmental Problems Associated with the Recovery of Fossil Fuels As fossil fuel exist deep inside the Earth's crust, while extracting and mining the fossil fuel, it destructs the habitations for all kind of wildlife and marine animals. Not only that, during the oil extraction process, "oil spill" is a distress as it harms the sea animals and birds catastrophically. Usage of the fossil fuels can also damage the environment since while burning the fossil fuels, the "pollutants" like "sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide" dissipate into air which helps the greenhouse effect to accelerate and cause "global warming". These "pollutants" attribute to cause acid rain as well. Additionally, according to the University of california college prep. coal will be depleted "in 200 years", "30 years" for oil, and "100 years" for natural gas.

23 Hydraulic Downhole Surface Pump These surface pumps are dangerous to wild animals. The accident of wild animals and birds being trapped by the surface pump occurs at times, leading to injury and even death among animals.

24 Sankey Diagrams (See Notebook) Sankey Diagram (Example) Sankey diagrams are used to illustrate input and output proportionally, with arrows of various width representing the approximate percentage of each output as a result of an initial input. In this case the inputs are varying fossil fuels, and the diagrams specifically illustrate energy efficiency.

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