The Distribution of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Suez Bay Using Geographic Information System (GIS)
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1 The Distribution of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Suez Bay Using Geographic Information System (GIS) H. B. Hassan, 1 and W. M. Mohamed 2 (1, 2) Siting & Environmental Department, Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (NRRA), Cairo, Egypt Received: 3/2/2016 Accepted: 2/4/2016 ABSTRACT Suez city represents the southern entrance of the Suez Canal. As a result of the rapid development of industrialization and anthropogenic activities of Suez city may be entered containments such as heavy metals through Suez bay boundaries. The geographical information system (Arc GIS 9.1) is used to study the spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrations (Cd, Mn, Fe, Ni, pb, Cu and Zn) of which were collected in four different sampling sites (I, II, III and IV) from Suez bay. In this study, tabular data representation of the spatial distribution was developed using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method. The GIS technique was applied to transfer the information into a final map illustrating the spatial distribution of heavy metals within the studied area. GIS models showed the high concentrations of heavy metals in some sites in the Suez city affecting by their activities. An overall distribution map of heavy metals is observed from GIS special analysis. Site (IV) in Suez City demonstrated the highest polluted area in the overall distribution map. Key word: Suez Canal, Geographic Information System (GIS), Pollution, Trace element. INTRODUCTION The coast of Suez city comprises many types of pollution sources. The pollution sources of Suez city include domestic waste waters; oil refineries, marketing, storage and piping; fertilizer and chemical industry; power station; harbor activities; cement industry; and offshore and inshore oil production; dismantling of old ships. The impact of urban and industrial pollution on Suez city coast ecosystem affects human health, tourism and beach amenities, commercial and industrial investments, and the fisheries of Suez coast bio-diversity and density of the marine fauna and flora are severely decreased. The quantification of heavy metals in coastal marine water and sediment is of great importance in deterring hot spots and to evaluate the direct impact of urban areas on the pollutants transfer to the marine medium. The present study used a geographical information system (GIS) to analyze the concentration of selected heavy metals (Cd, Mn, Fe, Ni, pb, Cu and Zn) of water samples at different sites in Suez city marine water (1) to identify the highly polluted area in Suez city. Studied Area and Collected Data Suez bay is located between latitudes 29 O 50` and 29 O 57` N and longitudes 32 O 27` and 32 O 36` E. Water data were collected from four different sites (I, II, III and IV) in the Suez Bay which are shown in figure (1). Site (I): The waste from repairing ships in port Tawfik as in site (1). Also marine transportation, including tanker operations, other shipping activities and accidental spills from ships represent another input of oil to the Suez Canal. Site (II): Industrial waste which comes from different factories such as Petroleum companies (Misr Petroleum Company, Suez Petroleum Company and Al Naser Petroleum Company for refining the crude oil) and the Suez- Mediterranean pipelines (SUMED) may increase the risk of spills. Site (III): This site receives the municipal drainage water from Suez City and fertilizer factory. The municipal drainage of the Suez City may contain sludge arising from the treatment of 258
2 sewage effluent. It may have harmful effects such as oxygen depletion and eutrophication, while health risks may arise from the presence of pathogens if dump sites are not carefully selected. Site (IV): It is used for dismantling old ships. Fig. (1): The location of Suez Bay and the sampling sites MATERIALS AND METHODS The locations of the which were collected from the four sampling sites (I, II, III and IV) (1) are determined using the global positioning system tool (GPS). The coordinates of water samples are presented in Table (1) and Figure (2). Table (1): The coordinates of from the sampling sites Number of Station X(Longitude) Y (Latitude)
3 Fig. (2): The locations of Suez Bay The data which was obtained from the monitoring process (1) are interpolated using IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) method, GIS analysis tool. The IDW interpolation method has been widely used on many types of data because of its simplicity in principle, speed in calculation, easiness in programming and credibility in interpolating surfaces (2). The IDW interpolation method is based on the principle of assigning higher weights to data points closest to unvisited points relative to those which are further away (3). This way, the data points were transformed into spatial map data and the distribution of heavy metal pollution maps in the Suez Bay have been obtained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Electrical conductivity (EC) of Suez Bay ranged from (55.6 to 57.0 ms cm -1 ) with an average 56.3 ms cm -1 and the total dissolved solids of its water vary in the ranging from 41.7 to g/l with an average (41.7 g/l) (1) which is considerably typical to the Red Sea water (4). The northern part of the Suez Bay receives heavy load of wastewater from Suez city and its industrial activities, agricultural and domestic effluents. The average values of the measured heavy metals in ( g/l) (1) which collected from the four sampling sites in Suez Bay are given in Table (2). Table (2): The mean measured concentration of heavy metals in the Suez Bay ( g/l) Sites Cd Mn Fe Ni pb Cu Zn Site I Site II Site III Site IV P.L g/l * P.L: permissible limits according to (USEPA, 1986) (5).*Water Pollution Control Regulation, 1988 (6). Using the IDW interpolation method GIS analysis tool to analyze and assess the previous results of measured heavy metals (Cd, Mn, Fe, Ni, pb, Cu and Zn) of in Suez bay, the distribution areas of these heavy metals maps are obtained as shown in the figures (3.a, b, c, d, e, f and g). 260
4 Fig. (3.a): Areal distribution map of Cd Fig. (3.b): Areal distribution map of Mn Fig. (3.c): Areal distribution map of Fe Fig. (3.d): Areal distribution map of Ni Fig. (3.e): Areal distribution map of pb Fig. (3.f): Areal distribution map of Cu 261
5 Fig. (3.g): Areal distribution map of Zn Figure (3. a) shows that the maximum concentrations of cadmium are detected in sites (II) and (III) for some samples in S.B. which exceeds the maximum permissible limit (10 g/l). This may be attributed to the discharged effluent from the petroleum companies in site (II). Also a high Cd concentration is detected in site (III) due to discharged water from Fertilizer Company. Figure (3.b) shows that a high Mn concentration is observed in sites (III) and (IV) reaching 210 and 250 g/l respectively which exceeds the maximum permissible limit (50 g/l). Maximum Fe concentration is observed at site (IV) as shown in Figure (3.c). It is mainly attributed to dismantling of old ships in this region. Also site (II) has a high iron concentration which may be produced from oil and water spilled from petroleum companies and corrosion process from the petroleum pipelines or storage tankers. Dismantling of old ships led to the highest concentration of Ni at site (IV) as shown in figure (3.d). Lead concentration values are related to several industrial activities as refining petroleum industries at site (II) and dismantling of old ships site (IV) which exceeds the maximum permissible limit (50 g/l) as shown in Figure (3.e). From Figure (3.f) a high concentrations of Cu are recorded in sites (II). The high concentration of Zn is due to the use of Zn in ship s pigment and galvanizing for coating to inhibit steel corrosion at the floating basin of Suez bay was observed at site (I). Also the maximum Zn concentration at site (IV) is as a result of disposable materials from cutting of old ships on shore as shown in Figure (3.g). In order to demonstrate the highly polluted areas in Suez city by using GIS special analysis the areas distribution of heavy metals ( Cd, Mn, Fe, Ni, pb, Cu and Zn) maps of Suez Bay were used as input layers, which are combined using the Raster Calculate Module producing the final overall distribution map as shown in Figure (4). Fig. (4): Overall distribution of heavy metals map in Suez bay 262
6 In this model used to obtain overall map, each thematic heavy metal map of (Cd, Mn, Fe, Ni, pb, Cu and Zn) of in Suez bay has been given a weight value depending on its concentration values. The overall distribution of heavy metals map is mathematically calculated using ARC GIS raster analysis (7) as follows: GWP= Ʃ Wi * CVi Where, GWP: heavy metal concentrations Wi: map weight CVi: capability value (weight of inter-map class) Ʃ Wi =Ʃ (Redass of IDW Cd + Redass of IDW Mn + Redass of IDW Fe + Redass of IDW Ni+ Redass of IDW pb+ Redass of IDW Cu+ Redass of IDW Zn) Where CVi = classification of concentration of each heavy metal From figure (4) the highly polluted area is observed in site (IV) due to dismantling of old ships industry. CONCLUSION Observation of relatively higher heavy metal concentrations in these taken in Suez bay is a result of domestic waste waters, oil refineries, marketing, storage and piping, fertilizer and chemical industry; power station, harbor activities, cement industry, offshore and inshore oil production and dismantling of old ships. Overall distribution of heavy metals map demonstrated the highest polluted areas in site (IV) in Suez city due to dismantling of old ships industry. Decreasing pollutants discharge into Suez city coast is recommended to mitigate and control the impacts of marine pollution originated from Suez city pollution sources. REFERENCES (1) Hassan H. B. (2007): Assessment of Pollution in the Marine Environment in Suez Canal. Ph.D Al- Azhar University Faculty of Science (girls). (2) Xu, F.L, Tao, S., Dawson, R.W., Li, B.G. (2001): A GIS-Based Method of Lake Eutrophication Assessment. Ecological Modeling 144: (3) Bing, L., Yao, J., Liqing, Q. (2011): Research on the model of Nam Co lake water level evolution based on GIS. Procedia Environmental Sciences 10, (4) Sammatr, S. (2004): Tide gauge network on the Red sea. IOC/GlOSS/PERSGA/LSESCO Technical mission to Red Sea tide gauge operating agenctes, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer 2025 Salammmbo, Tunisia. (5) United States Environmental Protection agency (USEPA) (1986): Quality Criteria for Water. EPA 440/ May Office of water regulations and standards. Washington. DC., USA. (6) Water Pollution Control Regulation (1988): The Environmental Ministry of Turkey (14th provision). (7) Elbeih, S. F. (2014): An overview of integrated remote sensing and GIS for groundwater mapping in Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 263
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