Renewable Energy Sources
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1 Renewable Energy Sources Municipality of Grey Highlands Submitted by The Jones Consulting Group Ltd. Submitted to Wind Power Committee 24 th November 2004
2 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION: ENERGY SOURCES WIND SOLAR RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY Photovoltaic Solar Thermal ISSUES HYDROPOWER RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY ISSUES GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY ISSUES BIOMASS RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY ISSUES CONCLUSION... 8 i
3 1.0 Introduction: Renewable Energy Sources The purpose of this discussion paper is to review potential renewable energy generation sources that may be considered within the Municipality of Grey Highlands (MGH). This review is being undertaken as part of the MGH s interim control by-law that seeks to review electrical generation facilities in order to determine the most appropriate planning approval framework. During the review of wind energy facilities (Discussion Papers 1 through 3), other renewable energy sources were identified that may offer alternatives to wind power and should be considered as part of the land use review. Awareness of potential energy generation facilities will help the Municipality accommodate them, if appropriate, through an effective and comprehensive planning approval process. 2.0 Energy Sources A review of the literature identified the following renewable energy sources that may be available in the MGH: Renewable Source: Wind Solar Hydropower Geothermal Biomass Associated Technology: Small scale ancillary applications. Large purpose built clusters of larger scale turbines. Photovoltaic Solar thermal Diversion Dams Dry steam Flash steam/binary cycle Combustion - Purpose grown renewable fuel - Agricultural by-products - manure - processing by-products - Municipal waste 1
4 Traditional non-renewable energy sources, including nuclear and fossil fuel, have not been researched as part of this discussion paper due to their well established technologies and unlikely development as smaller private facilities. At the same time, structural changes to the Ontario electricity market seek efficiency and renewable energy measures to reduce dependence on fossil fuel generation and help meet Kyoto Protocol objectives. Renewable energy sources are more appropriate given current energy policy guidelines and environmental, social and economic goals. 3.0 Wind Refer to Discussion Papers Nos. 1, 2 and Solar Solar energy has the opportunity to contribute significantly to the world s energy supply. 4.1 Resources Solar radiation is available everywhere on the earth s surface providing a power density of approximately 1 kilowatt per square meter. Energy availability is measured as Insolation the energy available per unit of area and per unit of time. Insolation varies over the earth s surface by approximately a factor of 2 with higher latitudes achieving approximately 800 kilowatt hours per square meter per year to a maximum of 2,500 kilowatt hours per year in dry dessert and/or equatorial regions. Local climatic conditions and location on the earth s surface can vary available power by up to a factor of 10 in high latitude areas. A global map of world solar availability is shown in Figure 1. 2
5 Figure 1: Global Solar Insolation mapping prepared by Solarex. Given the climatic conditions associated with the close proximity of the Great Lakes and higher latitude location, it is unlikely that the MGH would be considered as a area for large/commercial scale solar generation. Improving technologies and economics may one day change this. 4.2 Technology Solar resources are generally broken down into two categories Solar Photovoltaics and Solar Thermal Photovoltaic Photovoltaic conversion is the direct conversion of sunlight into energy using solar cells in flat plane or concentrator systems. In the solar cells, sunlight generates free electrons from the energy of light particles to generate electricity. 3
6 With an average power density of solar radiation between 10 and 300 watts/square meter and a conversion efficiency of 10 15%, substantial areas are required to capture and convert any significant amounts of energy. An example using the above figures, would be 600 to 2000 square metres of photovoltaic cells in a higher insolate area to generate as much electricity as a 1 megawatt wind turbine. This area would be larger (possibly up to 1,500 to 5,000 square metres) in marginal solar insolating areas like the MGH. This technology has grown rapidly over the last decade including a doubling of photovoltaic production between 1998 and In 2002, photovoltaic accounted for approximately 1/10 of the energy produced by wind turbines. This disparity is likely to be greater today given the more rapidly growing wind energy market. At the beginning of 2004, worldwide wind-generated capacity exceeded 39,000 MW and this is estimated to increase to 95,000 MW by Solar Thermal Technologies using solar thermal principles convert the sun s energy into heat energy which can then be applied to a variety of uses from water heating to steam for electrical generation. While early developments mainly centered on domestic hot water, new technologies allow for commercial scale power generation using parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, central receivers and solar chimneys. Cloudless areas at lower elevations with little scattered radiation, such as desserts, are considered the most appropriate locations for solar thermal energy. Therefore, the primary markets for this form of generation are sunnier regions with warm temperate climates. Solar thermal systems are generally combined with established power generation facilities using steam as a supplement for intermediate and peak load applications. At this time, solar thermal technologies are generally not competitive at the commercial level but can be used in remote sites. Another form of solar thermal energy being developed are solar chimneys which heat air below glass panels at ground level and direct the heated air up through a central chimney to more cooler air. The temperature differentiation creates airflow which can be directed through turbines to generate electricity. One such project is currently in the approval stages in Australia and proposes a solar chimney 1000 metres high. 4.3 Issues Most photovoltaic generation projects are less than 1 megawatt. 4
7 Photovoltaic generation may prove to be a better alternative for smaller scale production in remote areas because of reduced operational and maintenance requirements. Solar thermal technologies can be easily integrated into existing power generation facilities using steam. Solar thermal technologies, particularly at these early stages of development, require higher solar insolation areas such as the sunbelt regions of the world not southern Ontario. Given the competitive disadvantage of solar thermal technology, it is unlikely that commercial power generation in the MGH would occur in the near future due to less favourable solar conditions. As of 2003, there was a total of 400 megawatts of installed solar thermal electricity production world wide. Solar thermal energy is considered the lowest cost solar electricity producing source which may be cost competitive with fossil fuel plants in the future. Energy policy and market position with other energy sources makes it a limited choice for renewable energy. 5.0 Hydropower Electricity generation from water is considered to be one of the best sources of renewable energy supplies. However, hydroelectric projects can have environmental impacts and high initial capital costs making them a limited option in most areas. 5.1 Resources Hydroelectricity generation is generally regarded as a mature technology unlikely to further advance. Hydroelectric power functions on the basis of falling water creating kinetic energy that is then directed through a turbine to generate electricity. Power generated is dependent on the distance the water is falling and the flow rate. While the MGH already has a hydroelectric facility through the use of Lake Eugenia, the area is unlikely able to support a new larger scale operation given the limited sized local water courses and proximity to the Niagara Escarpment a designated World Biosphere. 5
8 5.2 Technology As a mature technology, hydroelectric generation is not likely to advance significantly. Capital costs are highly variable depending on site characteristics and constraints. 5.3 Issues The following issues need be considered with this renewable energy source: The damming of rivers for larger scale projects has the potential for significant environmental impacts. Resulting reservoirs can provide a community recreation resource and offset seasonal flooding impacts downstream. Larger hydroelectric projects are often not referred to as renewable due to their potential environmental impacts. 6.0 Geothermal Geothermal plants use heat from the earth to generate steam to power turbines. 6.1 Resources Global installed capacity of geothermal plants was approximately 1/3 of total wind power capacity as of Spring Since this time, wind capacity has grown at a much faster rate than geothermal renewables. Geothermal power is limited to locations where geothermal pressure reserves are found (preferably close to the earth s surface). These areas are generally near the edges of tectonic plates however smaller reserves can be found elsewhere. It is unlikely, but unknown, if suitable geothermal resources are located within the MGH for larger scale geothermal applications. Localized mapping may be available upon further investigation at the hydrogeological level. 6.2 Technology The use of geothermal energy relies on expensive well drilling that may not always tap the necessary resource. Drilling technology is improving and these advancements will ultimately make sourcing geothermal resources a less risky and expensive venture. 6
9 Once the steam is harnessed, mature and proven technology for the generation of power through turbines can be implemented. 6.3 Issues The following issues need be considered with this renewable energy source: The gases contained in geothermal fluids can be an environmental concern, however, modern emission control technologies can reduce any impact. There is the potential for ground subsidence as steam is pulled from the earth, however reinjection may offset this risk. 7.0 Biomass Energy from biomass uses the combustion of biological material to generate steam and ultimately power. Energy from biomass is the second most widely used source of renewable energy after hydroelectricity. 7.1 Resources New technologies are resulting in new fuel sources such as wood, agricultural by-products, animal waste and municipal garbage. Given the agricultural nature of the MGH, viable biomass generation facilities could be entertained to complement and support existing agricultural operations. Agricultural operations can produce significant fuel resources as a by-product of existing grow operations (ie. grain by-products) or through crops grown specifically for biomass fuel. Livestock operations can also produce manure that can be used as a fuel. 7.2 Technology Direct biomass combustion plants ultimately use the same cycle of steam generation as those of other traditional generation facilities using fossil fuels. The only difference is the lower efficiency of the heating process due to the less concentrated nature of the fuel together with a higher water content. Some pre-processing of the material may be undertaken to improve its burning efficiency. 7
10 The most economical use of biomass is to co-fire it with coal facilities, however this will unlikely be an application within the MGH due to the lack of an existing facility and government policy that would discourage new coal fired facilities. The most promising source of biomass is from municipal waste which is currently used by the Region of Peel. Modern incineration is one of the least polluting industrial processes today. By burning garbage at high and constant temperatures, modern furnaces cut emissions and thoroughly scrub any remaining emissions to exceed minimum environmental requirements. Sweden and France incinerate 41% and 36% of their garbage respectively. All 300 waste incinerators in the European Union combine to produce less pollution than a single steel mill. While incinerators have a high capital cost and a higher garbage disposal rate, they represent a real opportunity to solve Ontario s waste disposal crisis and support its renewable energy policy. 7.3 Issues The following issues need be considered with this renewable energy source: The larger concern for biomass facilities is the cost of transporting fuel to the facility rather than whether sufficient quantities are available. Biomass plants have some of the same emission issues as fossil fuel plants. There is reliance on technology to ensure that the environmental benefit outweighs potential impact. Public perception of waste incineration is generally negative, based on stereotypical views from older technologies. European examples have demonstrated that this can be overcome. Modernized agriculture can produce adequate fuel supplies for viable energy conversion. While biomass generation can be carbon neutral, long term use in an area growing the fuel can have negative impacts on soil fertility, water use, landscape and biodiversity. The need for transportation of the fuel increases the need for road infrastructure and delivery vehicle emissions thus reducing the net environmental benefit. 8.0 Conclusion In summary, meaningful renewable energy sources on a large commercial scale within the Municipality of Grey Highlands appear to be limited to wind and biomass. It is unlikely that solar, hydropower and geothermal energy sources could be realized given local conditions. 8
11 The geographic location of the MGH, the reduced cost of wind energy technology and Government Policy are likely to result in wind energy proposals coming forward prior to the other renewable energy options outlined above. Evidence of this is demonstrated by recent wind energy proposals in Ontario and the Province s recent announcement supporting renewable energy facilities 50% of which will be wind based. Given that viable wind energy is now a reality, local planning policy should focus on this renewable resource now. 9
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