Metro Vancouver Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

Transcription

1 Metro Vancouver Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

2 Created for Metro Vancouver by Busby Perkins+Will and Stantec Consulting Copyright 2006 Greater Vancouver Regional District Disclaimer Copyright to this publication is owned by the Greater Vancouver Regional District ( Metro Vancouver ). Permission is granted to produce or reproduce this publication, or any substantial part of it, for personal, non-commercial, educational and informational purposes only, provided that the publication is not modified or altered and provided that this copyright notice and disclaimer is included in any such production or reproduction. Otherwise, no part of this publication may be reproduced except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, as amended or replaced from time to time. While the information in this publication is believed to be accurate, this publication and all of the information contained in it are provided as is without warranty of any kind, whether express or implied. All implied warranties, including, without limitation, implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly disclaimed by Metro Vancouver, Ledcor Construction Limited, Buildgreen Developments, and Keen Engineering Co. Ltd. The material provided in this publication is intended for educational and informational purposes only. This publication is not intended to endorse or recommend any particular product, material or service provider nor is it intended as a substitute for engineering, legal or other professional advice. Such advice should be sought from qualified professionals. BuildSmart is the Lower Mainland s resource for sustainable design and construction information. Developed by Metro Vancouver, this innovative program encourages the use of green building strategies and technologies; supports green building efforts by offering tools and technical resources; and educates the building industry on sustainable design and building practices.

3 table of contents.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 OVERVIEW OF THE LEED GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM MUNICIPAL CONSIDERATIONS WATER USE AND CONSERVATION ENERGY MATERIALS AND RESOURCES INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY TRANSPORTATION CHOICES INNOVATION AND DESIGN APPENDICES a. LEED -Canada.0 Score Card b. Frequently Achieved LEED Credits for Municipal Projects c. City of Vancouver s Green Building Strategy: Summary of LEED Credits d. Capital Regional District Cost Summary of Potential Rainwater Systems e. Technology Fact Sheets: I. Demand control ventilation ii. iii. iv. Geo-exchange heating and cooling systems Waterless urinals Domestic solar hot water v. Daylighting GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

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5 .0 INTRODUCTION This resource is designed to assist municipalities to effectively construct and develop high performance and LEED certified buildings. In 2002, the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) Green Building Program developed the LEED Implementation Guide for Municipal Green Buildings. This guide has been successful in helping municipalities, consultants, and public sector building owners understand green building concepts and the LEED rating system as it applies to new municipal facilities. The GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings is more of a how-to guide and Technology Series that places a greater emphasis on practical solutions that will help municipalities in the GVRD achieve higher levels of performance and LEED certification. This Design Guide builds upon the previous guide by providing: Up-to-date information on LEED in Canada; Municipally-based solutions to meet LEED credits; Guidelines on the ease of implementation, capital cost, and life-cycle cost; Operational feedback from built case studies; Practical solutions to meeting LEED credits; Barriers and issues of design solutions; Relevant resources; and The responsibilities of professionals. In conjunction with this Guide, a series of Technology Fact Sheets has been developed to provide municipalities with detailed information on specific sustainable technologies. These fact sheets are intended to promote market-ready, sustainable technologies that are applicable throughout the Greater Vancouver Region. The technologies include: Geo-exchange heating and cooling systems Waterless urinals Domestic solar hot water Daylighting Demand control ventilation These fact sheets can also be used as stand-alone documents. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

6 . Summary of Design Solutions and Measures Each section presents a number of design solutions with guidelines on the ease of implementation, capital cost, and life cycle cost. A complete summary of the design solutions and information related to ease of implementation, capital cost, and life cycle cost is provided below. Definitions of Ease of Implementation Easy: Moderate: Difficult: Off the shelf, readily available product or technology Low no risk Many precedents of application in potential other geographic areas, building types, or industries Low no user and maintenance training issues Low-moderate risk Some training or user modification required Changed or increased maintenance requirements Some precedents of application in potential other geographic areas, building types, or industries Medium-high perception of risk Use and maintenance training required Few or no precedents of application in potential other geographic areas, building types, or industries Definitions of Capital Cost Capital Cost: Net project impact rather than individual strategy or product cost Cost neutral: +/- 2% of conventional project Moderate cost increase: 2% - 20% High cost increase: 20% + Cost savings: Overall cost savings Definitions of Life-cycle Cost Immediate Payback: 0-5 year payback Moderate Payback: 5-0 year payback Long Payback: 0 years + 2 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

7 Summary Table of Design Solutions Capital Cost Increase Ease of Implementation Payback Applicable LEED Credit(s) Water Conservation Strategies Rainwater reuse Moderate Moderate Immediate WE c Greywater reuse Moderate Moderate to Difficult Moderate WE c2, c3 On-site sewage treatment High Difficult Long WE c2 Ultra-low flush / dual flush toilets None Easy Immediate WE c3 Low flow faucets and showerheads None Easy Immediate WE c3 Waterless urinals None Easy Immediate WE c3 Automatic sensor controls on faucets None Easy Immediate Water use metering Moderate Moderate Long WE c3 Energy Conservation Strategies Building envelope None to Moderate Moderate Immediate to EA p2, c Moderate Heating None to Moderate Easy to Moderate Immediate EA p2, c Cooling None to Moderate Moderate Moderate EA p2, c Lighting None to Moderate Easy Immediate EA p2, c Domestic hot water None Easy Immediate EA p2, c Ventilation None to Moderate Moderate Immediate EA p2, c District systems Moderate Difficult Immediate to EA p2, c Moderate WE c3 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 3

8 Capital Cost Increase Ease of Implementation Payback Applicable LEED Credit(s) Energy Conservation Cont. On-site generation Moderate Difficult Immediate to Long EA p2, c Material Strategies Storage and collection of recyclables None Easy N/A MR p Building reuse Savings Difficult N/A MR c Construction waste management None Moderate Immediate MR c2 Resource reuse None to Moderate Moderate N/A MR c3 Recycled content None Easy N/A MR c4 Local / Regional materials None Easy N/A MR c5 Rapidly renewable materials None Moderate N/A MR c6 Certified wood Moderate Moderate N/A MR c7 Durable building None Difficult N/A MR c8 Indoor Environmental Strategies Construction IAQ None Easy Immediate EQ c3 Thermal comfort None Moderate Immediate EQ c7 Adhesives and sealants None Easy N/A EQ c4. Paints and coatings None Easy N/A EQ c4.2 Carpet None Easy N/A EQ c4.3 Composite wood products Moderate Moderate N/A EQ c4.4 Light quality and views None to Moderate Moderate Immediate EQ c8 Transportation Choices Transportation choices Savings to Moderate Easy to Difficult Immediate SS c4 Innovative Strategies Green operations (Housekeeping plan) Moderate Moderate Immediate ID c2 Green education plan Moderate Moderate Immediate ID c2 4 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

9 2.0 OVERVIEW OF THE LEED GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM Since the inception in 998 of the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System by the U.S. Green Building Council (US- GBC), the Council is continuously in the process of updating the Rating System and developing new application guides for different building types. The following LEED Rating Systems are currently available in the U.S. marketplace: LEED-New Construction 2.2 LEED-Existing Buildings LEED-Commerical Interiors LEED-Core and Shell 2. LEED in Canada Initially, LEED was solely based on accepted U.S. energy and environmental standards to evaluate the environmental performance of a building over the building s life cycle. In 2003, the Canada Green Building Council (CaGBC) was formed to represent the rapidly emerging Canadian green building industry. The CaGBC launched its newly adapted LEED guidelines, LEED-Canada for New Construction version.0 (LEED Canada-NC) in December 2004, under license from the USGBC. These guidelines reflect Canadian standards, guidelines and regulations, and closely parallel the USGBC s LEED-NC Rating System. All Canadian LEED projects are now being registered and certified exclusively under the CaGBC. There are some significant changes in LEED Canada-NC that projects should be aware of when pursuing LEED certification. Under LEED Canada-NC there are now a possible 70 points rather than 69 points a project can achieve; further information on these changes can be obtained from the CaGBC. Appendix A provides a LEED Canada scorecard. 2.2 LEED Canada Market Developments The Canada Green Building Council is also developing rating system products in Canada to respond to various market needs. To date, the CaGBC has developed a supplementary Application Guide for Multi-Unit Residential Buildings and LEED for Commercial Interiors. The CaGBC is in the process of developing an Application Guide for Campus and Multiple Building projects which will be available for use in Canada by Fall GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 5

10 2.3 Municipalities and LEED Municipalities across Canada are leading the market in having new projects certified under the LEED Canada-NC system. The majority of the LEED certified projects in Canada are municipal projects; see the list below for examples of these projects. Project Country Hills Multi-Services Centre Emergency Medical Services Headquarters and Fleet Centre Nose Creek Recreation and Library Facility Surrey Transfer Station Location Calgary, AB Region of Waterloo, ON Calgary, AB Greater Vancouver Regional District, BC Level of Certification Silver Gold Gold Silver Canmore Civic Centre St. John Ambulance Headquarters Crowfoot Library Spring Creek Firehall Alberta Urban Municipalities Association Building Expansion White Rock Operations Building City of Vancouver National Works Yard Semiahmoo Library and RCMP District Office Canmore, AB Edmonton, AB Calgary, AB Whistler, BC Edmonton, AB White Rock, BC Vancouver, BC Surrey, BC Silver Silver Certified Silver Certified Gold Gold Silver See Appendix B Frequently Achieved LEED Credits for Municipal Projects for a LEED Scorecard that shows which credits are frequently achieved by 0 of the above 2 certified municipal projects across Canada. The LEED rating system provides municipalities with an opportunity to benchmark building performance and demonstrate sustainability leadership. As well, 6 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

11 municipalities can move to adopt the LEED system as a standard, or guideline, for green building design in their community. For a more detailed introduction to the LEED system, the Canada and U.S. Green Building Council along with the LEED Implementation Guide for Municipal Green Buildings provide a comprehensive introduction to the rating system. 2.4 Resources Canada Green Building Council: US Green Building Council: GVRD BuildSmart Program: (includes GVRD LEED Implementation Guide for Municipal Green Buildings) GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 7

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13 3.0 MUNICIPAL CONSIDERATIONS 3. The GVRD and Green Buildings The GVRD has been very active in promoting green buildings over the past 6 years as a key component in meeting its demand side management strategy. One of the GVRD s primary initiatives in this area has been the BuildSmart program that was launched in January This program is a valuable resource for the design and construction industry, helping designers to make informed decisions about sustainable materials, design and construction choices. The program encourages the use of green building strategies and technologies; supports green building efforts by offering tools and technical resources; and educates the building industry on sustainable design and building practices. In Canada, GHG emissions from buildings are projected to increase by 6% over 990 levels by 200 (under a business as usual scenario). This increase will account for 60.7 megatonnes of GHG emissions per year (Pembina Institute, 2003). Buildings in the Lower Mainland contribute the second largest quantity (28%) of GHG emissions in the region; only transportation contributes more (BuildSmart 2006). The BuildSmart program contributes to the Sustainable Region Initiative (SRI), advancing sustainable development in the Greater Vancouver area. The GVRD s Sustainable Region Initiative is a framework and action plan for present and future Greater Vancouver based on the sustainability principles of economic prosperity, community well-being and environmental integrity. It has been adopted as a management philosophy that will determine how plans and strategies for tomorrow are developed, evaluated and implemented today. Local industry knowledge of this subject area is very high. As of November 2006, the GVRD probably has the highest concentration of green buildings in Canada, with over 54 LEED registered projects and 5 LEED certified projects. 3.2 Impact of City of Vancouver Policy on Other Jurisdictions Among the GVRD s 2 member municipalities, the City of Vancouver is the most progressive in the area of green building policies. Vancouver alone has 4 certified and 9 registered LEED projects and the City s policies cover both municipal and private sector buildings. On July 8, 2004 the Vancouver City Council adopted a Green Building Strategy, setting high environmental standards for the construction of new civic buildings and special development projects such as Southeast False Creek. This strategy supported the use of the LEED Green Building Rating System. At that time City Council mandated: 2. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 9

14 LEED Gold with a 30% improvement in energy performance for all civic buildings; LEED Silver for all buildings in Southeast False Creek (SEFC); and LEED Gold for the Olympic Athlete s Village in SEFC (as of March, 2005), with an additional directive to ensure that at least one project is built to a LEED Platinum standard. On November 3, 2005 the City of Vancouver Council approved a proposal that will allow the City of Vancouver to pursue mandatory regulated building strategies for all buildings regulated under Part Three of the Vancouver Building By-Law (e.g., generally buildings four stories and above). Experienced City staff will develop a formal building code and bylaw (including new code/bylaws, changes, refinements, and modifications) to ensure a new baseline for all noncombustible, 4-storey or greater, commercial, residential, mixed-use, industrial, and office buildings. These building types represent 80% of the total square footage built in Vancouver. The City has recognized that many of the LEED credits are already aspects of development which the City currently regulates. Most buildings in Vancouver, depending on their location, would achieve about eleven LEED points simply based on their urban location, and by adhering to other existing City regulations. City staff estimate that revisions to a few key by-laws some of which are already slated for update would add an additional sixteen points, resulting in a base LEED Certified level. Beyond these credits, the City estimates that there are an additional 6 LEED credits that are easily achievable because they are low cost and readily marketable (e.g., use of local or regional materials, low-emitting materials, and paints). These additional points would bring most buildings to a LEED Silver level; see Appendix C for the City of Vancouver s Green Building Strategy and summary of applicable LEED credits. It must be noted that changes to these by-laws are subject to cost analysis and consultation. Once the baseline for green building is built into City s regulations, compliance will be obtained through the normal permitting, inspection, and enforcement system. It is also important to note that under this approach, buildings are not LEED-certified; but building owners will be well-positioned to apply for formal LEED certification through the Canada Green Building Council. 0 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

15 This is the first comprehensive municipal approach committed to the development of green buildings in Canada. The City of Vancouver has committed to 3 :. develop a regulatory tool for green building development through modification, change, and development of key bylaws and codes, thereby raising the baseline of development in Vancouver and meeting key city environmental policy; 2. ensure a clear correlation with LEED to ensure that a regulatory stream supports and encourages the LEED framework for voluntary certification; 3. complete a cost benefit analysis of all mandatory measures and by-laws and code changes; 4. ensure an ongoing liaison with stakeholders; 5. ensure a full assessment of supply and demand and trades and training capacity to support the new baseline; 6. develop a training program for staff and key stakeholder groups to facilitate the transition to the new baseline; and 7. create an approach that can be phased in to incrementally increase and enhance the baseline of performance over time. It is important to add that the green building baseline achieved through by-law amendments reflects the City of Vancouver s environmental priority areas, which include energy efficiency, greenhouse gas reduction, and water management. The City of Vancouver is also working with the GVRD in exploring opportunities for greening the low-rise residential building sector in Greater Vancouver, and collaborating with leading home builders, BC Hydro, Canadian Home Builders Association, and the Canada Mortgage Housing Corporation (CMHC). With these policies, the City of Vancouver is becoming a model for other cities across North America. In addition, the City of Vancouver s by-law review under its Green Building Strategy will provide a benchmark and direction for other municipalities wanting to amend code and regulatory barriers to green buildings in their communities. 3. City of Vancouver Vancouver Green Building Strategy. October 7, GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

16 3.3 Other Local Municipal Green Building Initiatives A number of other GVRD municipalities have to some extent endorsed sustainability and green building principles through various policy and program initiatives. These include: Official green building policies with or without minimum performance targets for municipal buildings (usually expressed in terms of LEED certification levels). An example of this is the 2005 City of Richmond Sustainable High Performance Building Policy that sets LEED Gold rating as the desired standard of building performance for new City buildings larger than 3,000 sq.m. Requirements for a minimum level of green building performance (usually expressed in terms of levels of LEED certification) for developments on land previously owned by the City as a condition of sale of the land. For example, the Council of the City of North Vancouver mandated that the new public library meet LEED Silver certification. To help fund this new facility, the City plans to sell surplus lands for the development of two residential towers and intends to ensure that the LEED system is applied to new construction within that development. Endorsement of green building principles for the private sector and support to developers willing to pursue green buildings. This is the case of the City of White Rock, for which the Official Community Plan (OCP) states that the City supports green building initiatives that incorporate environmentally advanced design and energy systems and that the building applicants are encouraged to design and construct buildings that incorporate measures that will improve energy efficiency and reduce their environmental impact. The City provides information to proponents on environmentally advanced building techniques, and offers additional advice and guidance through the review of projects by the Advisory Design Panel. Implementation of water metering programs. For example, the Cities of Richmond, Delta, Surrey, White Rock and West Vancouver have, or plan to implement a universal metering program. Others require metering only in new construction, have a voluntary metering system, or nor program at all GVRD Draft Water Conservation Plan 2005 in Support of the GVRD Seymour Capilano Filtration Project. 2 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

17 A host of other policies are in place in various municipalities that contribute to green building development by promoting specific areas of sustainability such as stormwater management, green purchasing, alternative energy supply, and energy demand management and transportation. Finally, a small number of initiatives addressing the wider concerns of sustainable development, rather than strictly the building, are starting to emerge, such as the City of New Westminster s Smart Growth Development Guide or the City of Coquitlam s Low Impact Development manual and Guide to Best Site Development Practices. 3.4 Resources West Coast Environmental Law Cutting Green Tape: An Action Plan for Removing Regulatory Barriers to Green Innovations. WCEL: Regional District of Nanaimo: Local Government Green Building Programs: City of Vancouver Green Building Website: City of New Westminster Smart Growth Development Checklist: City of Coquitlam: City of Richmond. Environmental Purchasing Guide: GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 3

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19 4.0 WATER USE AND CONSERVATION 4. Introduction As the GVRD has expanded and grown in population, increasing demand for water has put pressure on its water resources, while resulting in higher energy use for pumping potable and wastewater, and greater volumes of water to be treated. Increasing volumes of municipal wastewater effluents are one of the largest pollutant sources by volume to Canadian waters and contribute to ecosystem, socio-economic and human health impacts. Through the adoption of water conservation policies, amendments to plumbing fixture performance rates, implementation of metering programs, and creation of incentive programs for users to upgrade systems, local municipalities and the Region as a whole can be proactive in addressing any future water shortages by acting immediately. This chapter addresses various design and technological solutions to conserve water, specifically looking at innovative wastewater technologies and water use reduction strategies. Water efficient landscaping strategies are an important component of reducing demand for potable water and are addressed in the GVRD s supplementary document ECOLOGICAL SITE DEVELOPMENT: Regional Strategies for Design, Construction and Maintenance. The Region s average per-capita consumption of treated potable water has declined over the past decade, while total water demand has increased by an estimated 5 per cent over the last 3 years (GVRDa 2005). According to the GVRD Municipal Water Demand by Sector report (2005), water consumed by residences in the GVRD in 200 was at a daily rate of 320 litres per person. This is lower than the provincial average of 425 litres/day for the same period, but much higher than the national rate of 343 litres/day (GVRDb 2005). 4.2 Design Solutions Water use reduction is a current environmental priority for many local municipalities. There are a number of design and technological solutions that can be easily implemented, and have potentially low impact on capital costs and will result in operating costs savings. The following design solutions are broken into two categories: innovative wastewater technologies and water use reduction technologies. These solutions will help design teams achieve LEED credits WE c2.0 - Innovative Wastewater Reduction and WE c3. and c3.2 Water Use Reduction. Individual responsibilities and timing of documenting these design solutions for a LEED application are summarized in section 4.3. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 5

20 4.2. Innovative Wastewater Technologies A. Rainwater Reuse Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Immediate Rainwater reuse consists of harvesting, storing and distributing rainwater for use throughout the development. This water can be directly used for irrigation or non-potable uses within the building once acceptable levels of filtration have been performed. Implementation Considerations: Rainwater can be captured on the roof and transported for storage in a tank. The tank will usually have an overflow to deal with excess capacity. In the case of lower than required capacity a system will allow for potable water by-pass system. The water stored will then be filtered and pumped to non-potable water fixtures, including water closets, irrigation systems or other water fixtures where human consumption does not occur. Cost Considerations: The cost involved in implementing a rainwater harvesting system includes the following: the installation and purchase of the storage tank; filtration devices to ensure a minimum quality of water; additional piping to the demand sources where rainwater will be used; and the potential for locating the tank in an aesthetically pleasing location. The cost of storage is usually the most expensive part of implementing this strategy. There are also methods for reducing the upfront costs, these include: Potentially, on larger sites, the designers could utilize the water volume as a heat sink and integrate it into the building s HVAC system. Locating the tank in an elevated location, this will negate the provision for pumps to supply water. The Capital Regional District s 2004 Strategic Plan for Water Management provides a detailed breakdown of costs for various rainwater systems. Refer to Appendix D for Cost Summary of Potential Rainwater Systems. 6 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

21 B. Greywater Reuse Greywater reuse consists of re-routing the wastewater from washroom basins, showers, and drinking fountains for reuse in non-potable applications such as urinals and toilets, building mechanical systems (e.g., cooling towers), or site irrigation. Implementation Considerations: Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Moderate to Difficult Payback: Moderate Consider the following greywater reuse implementation issues: A separate set of pipes for the supply and extraction of the water will be required. One set of supply pipes will be dedicated for potable uses, while the other set of pipes will carry the treated greywater to the non-potable demand points. Two sets of piping are required at the extraction point, so that the blackwater does not mix with the greywater that is anticipated to be recycled. Greywater reuse is more common in new developments as pipe runs and locations can be designed right from the start, whereas renovation projects can prove to be more challenging because the entire system needs to be redesigned. The feasibility of these systems should be made on a case by case basis. Greywater reuse is usually more feasible in locations where the demand for non-potable water is relatively high. These include places such as: restaurants, laundries, commercial buildings, and projects where the availability of municipal water and wastewater infrastructure is limited, such as urban infill and rural development. Building users should be educated on the appropriate disposal of foreign matter, maintaining the quality of the recycling system. The BC Municipal Sewage Regulation (MSR) and the BC Building Code Part 8 specifies standards that the providers of reclaimed water must meet in order to protect human health and the environment. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 7

22 Cost Considerations: The cost for greywater systems can vary depending on a number of variables. Potential parameters include: the amount of water required; the level of treatment required; and the amount of extra piping necessary. Cost Increase: High Ease of Implementation: Difficult Payback: Long C. On-site Sewage Treatment Wastewater technologies use a variety of processes to treat sewage. Artificial wetlands or mechanical systems utilize these processes, either by imitating natural systems or by using physical, chemical and biological technologies similar to publicly-owned treatment systems. Implementation Considerations: The Municipal Sewage Regulation standards and building codes still apply for the re-use of water. No need for double piping on the extraction side of the cycle (an advantage over greywater recycling). This is because all of the water leaving the building is captured and either sent directly to the sewer, or sent to the recycling plant. On-site sewage treatment is usually more feasible in locations where there is a high demand for non-potable water and a high supply of blackwater. These include building types such as: High density residential developments; Hotels; and Municipal buildings where a supply for the recycled water could be sought, (i.e., street cleaning, park irrigation, etc). Cost Considerations: Innovative wastewater technologies have a high capital cost associated with them and can be challenging to implement, at both the design and construction phases. For this type of technology, it is recommended to seek additional project funding to support any increased capital costs. 8 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

23 4.2.2 Water Use Reduction Plumbing codes require prescriptive fixture units, which means that engineering pipe sizing cannot be altered based on actual flow until it reaches the municipal infrastructure. In other words, savings cannot be sought on reducing pipe sizes; rather, savings are based on the reduction of water, and as municipal water charges increase, the savings will increase. The following sections outline solutions for conserving potable water. A. Low- or Dual-Flush Toilets Ultra-low- flush toilets use 6.0 litres per flush, which is in accordance with the new BC Regulation for Low Flow Toilets in BC. Dual flow toilets have a halfflush feature that uses only 3 litres rather than the full 6 litres. When used in combination with low flow fixtures, municipalities can expect to achieve 20% to 30% reduction in potable water. Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Immediate Implementation Considerations: The provincial Water Conservation Plumbing Regulation requires that all newly installed toilets, for new construction and renovation projects, use 6 litres or less of water per flush. The requirements for urinals remain at 5.7 litres or less of water per flush whereas the baseline for LEED is 3.8 litres. Check performance of low flush fixtures as some perform better than others. Discuss performance issues with facilities staff from other municipalities. See resource section for references to market research reports. The table below summarizes the types of toilets available in BC for minimizing water consumption. leed Canada-NC.0 Fixture Performance Rates Fixture Type Litres per Flush Conventional water closet 6.0 Dual flush 6.0/ 3.0 Low-Flow water closet 4.0 Ultra Low-Flow water closet 3.0 Composting toilet 0 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 9

24 Cost Considerations: Additional costs associated with washroom fixtures are more related to aesthetics rather than low water consumption. There is, therefore, no cost premium associated with low flush toilets. Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Immediate B. Low flow faucets and showerhead When low flow faucets and showerheads are used in combination with low or ultra low-flush toilets, municipalities can expect to achieve a 20% and potentially a 30% reduction of potable water consumption depending on baseline conditions. Implementation Considerations: Low-flow lavatory faucets consume anywhere between.8 and 3.6 litres per minute, compared with conventional faucets of 5-8 litres per minute. Nearly all water-using appliances and fixtures can be purchased with water conservation options. Look for appliances that are Energy Star-rated. Water-saving faucet aerators can be installed without a change in the feel of the water flow pressure. leed Canada-NC.0 Fixture Performance Rates Fixture Type Flow Rate (LPM) Low-flow lavatory 6.8 Low-flow kitchen sink 6.8 Low-flow shower 6.8 Cost Considerations: There is no significant capital cost increase for ultra-low consumption fixtures and these fixtures can often be accommodated within typical construction budgets. Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Immediate C. Waterless Urinals As the name indicates, these fixtures do not use water. They use advanced hydraulic design, and a lighter-than-urine fluid that sits at the top of the liquid, providing the trap that keeps odours out of the restroom, as long the urinals are well-maintained. 20 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

25 Implementation Considerations: For waterless urinals to function properly one must ensure a reliable pitch in the drain line; Maintenance staff must be willing to learn new procedures; and If maintenance and operations staff are concerned with performance and maintenance problems associated with waterless urinals, it is recommended to install a demonstration urinal in another similar facility to see how it performs, what the maintenance issues are, and gather occupant feedback. Cost Considerations: Waterless urinals are currently slightly more expensive than comparable conventional fixtures. However, institutional and commercial building budgets will usually support the use of higher quality plumbing fixtures. In addition, the elimination of the water line for the fixture can result in a cost-neutral design. This technology is presented in greater detail in Appendix E: GVRD s Technology Fact Sheets. D. Automatic sensor controls on faucets A variety of self-closing, slow-closing and electronic sensor faucets are available on the market and are used readily to conserve water in institutional and commercial buildings. Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Immediate Implementation Considerations: They are particularly effective in high use public areas where it is more likely that faucets may be left running. Cost Considerations: It is important to consider any maintenance concerns because this can affect cost as well as water conservation. For example, with battery-operated sensors, it will be necessary to consider the labour and cost of changing batteries. Tradeoffs between increased water conservation and maintenance costs must be observed. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 2

26 Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Long E. Metering of water use Decisions about the implementation of a metering program for charging for water use must be made at the municipal level. However, metering systems can also be used to provide information to building owners and occupiers about their water use. Metering water usage can be a powerful tool for promoting better water usage, and identifying abnormal water usage patterns. Municipalities in the region have applied a wide range of water-conservation measures. For example, the Cities of Richmond, Delta, Surrey, White Rock and West Vancouver have or plan to implement a universal metering program. Implementation Considerations: Implement a water meter on the building s water mains as well as on all water meters within the building (i.e., cooling towers, domestic hot and cold water, swimming pools, etc). Integrate meters into the building management system. This will enable facility staff to log water consumption of all major water uses. Cost Considerations: Most municipal governments that are introducing metered water supplies are passing on costs directly to the user of the systems, through increasing the cost of water rates. Additional costs include connecting the water meter to a building management system which enables building owners and facility s staff to log consumed water. 4.3 LEED Responsibilities and Timing The following professionals play a role in implementing the above design solutions and documenting them for the LEED application: Client: must provide design team with accurate numbers for full and parttime occupants, along with a gender break down and indication of transient occupant loads in order for the team to calculate the project s Full Time Equivalency (FTE) for the occupant load. This information can be readily gathered during the programming phase for a new civic facility. These numbers will be used for multiple LEED credit calculations including: Sustainable Sites Credits 4, and Water Efficiency Credits 2 and GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

27 Contractor: ensures the design philosophy is transferred from the design into the final construction of the building. Landscape Architect: is responsible for selecting plants that are suitable to the local environment and also designing and documenting a low flow watering system. If the project is pursuing a rainwater collection system for landscape irrigation, they must coordinate the irrigation requirement for the proposed landscape with the mechanical engineer who will responsible for the cistern design. Mechanical Engineer: will perform water use reduction calculations and include fixture performance requirements into project specifications. It is important for the mechanical engineer to establish a water use baseline for interior loads early on in the design process as it enables the design team to gauge whether they are track for water conservation and LEED goals. The mechanical engineer must coordinate fixtures with the project architect and interior designer. They are responsible for signing off on the LEED documentation. To design an on-site water treatment system, the mechanical engineer will work closely with the client and a wastewater specialist. Finally, they should work closely with the landscape consultant in determining the irrigation or rainwater harvesting requirements. LEED Requirements and Submittals Credit WE c: Water efficient landscaping WE c2: Innovative wastewater technologies WE c3: Water use reduction Level of Input for LEED Documentation Moderate: Extensive: Moderate: Drawings, calculations and narrative Drawings, specifications, calculations and narrative Cut sheets and calculations Responsibility for Documentation Landscape architect and mechanical engineer Mechanical engineer Mechanical engineer GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 23

28 4.4 Summary Solution Capital Cost Increase Ease of Implementation Payback Rainwater reuse Moderate Moderate Immediate Greywater reuse Moderate Moderate to Difficult Moderate On-site sewage treatment High Difficult Long Ultra-low flush toilets of dual flush toilets None Easy Immediate Low flow faucets and showerhead None Easy Immediate Waterless urinals None Easy Immediate Automatic sensor controls on faucets None Easy Immediate Metering of water use Moderate Moderate Long 4.5 Case Studies City of Vancouver Mount Pleasant Civic Centre LEED-BC Gold Design Team: Busby Perkins+Will, Stantec, Schenke Bawol Engineers, CY Lo & Associates, and Durante Kreuk Ltd. Status: Under Construction Photo: Busby Perkins+Will Architects Mount Pleasant Civic Centre will be a new 2,000m² mixed-use facility comprising a community centre, community branch library, childcare facility, and housing complex. It is currently under construction and being developed by the City of Vancouver in the heart of the Mount Pleasant community in Vancouver, BC. In 987, Vancouver City Council adopted the Community Development Plan for Mount Pleasant, outlining policies for redevelopment and revitalization of the community. As part of this community development plan, the City saw an opportunity to take a leadership role in developing the new multi-use facility for the community. The City thereby mandated that the project should reflect sustainable building practices and attain LEED Silver certification as means of demonstrating environmental leadership in the community. Since the inception of the project, the LEED project goal has evolved and the project now anticipates achieving LEED-BC Gold certification. 24 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

29 Water features for Mount Pleasant Civic Centre include: Ultra low-flow aerators for kitchen sinks, lavatories, and shower heads Civic Centre shower water flow regulated by push button timers Low-flow toilets Tenant Education, Awareness, and Monitoring Program On-site rainwater collection cistern (to reduce potable water use for irrigation) Implementation of a strict appliance procurement policy to ensure that dishwashers and washing machines selected for residential suites use the minimum amount of water possible. The combination of water features is projected to lead to a savings of 4,080m 3 of water annually, for a 2-year simple payback period. City of Vancouver National Street Works Yard Project LEED-BC Gold Design Team: Omicron Consulting Group Status: Completed 2005 The 2-acre City of Vancouver National Street Works Yard serves as an Engineering Operations Facility. The project includes an administration centre, a garage and radio shop, parking operations, warehouses, a car wash and a fuelling station. The project was a City of Vancouver s pilot initiative to promote sustainable design practices. Photo: Omicron The City s leadership and level of commitment to sustainable principles is reflected in the design expertise employed and the application of sound environmental building practices, which culminated in two of the facility s buildings achieving LEED Gold Certification. Water features for the City of Vancouver National Street Works Yard Project include: Rainwater is collected, treated and used to flush toilets in the building Waterless urinals, low flow faucets and dual flush water closets combine to reduce water consumption Drought resistant landscaping eliminates the need for permanent irrigation systems These features resulted a 75% reduction in potable water use, which is a savings of over 2,000,000 litres of water annually. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 25

30 4.6 Resources Canadian Water and Wastewater Association: Capital Regional District, Water Recycling Information: GVRD BuildSmart Water Conservation Website: Maximum Performance (MaP), Testing of Popular Toilet Models, July Waste Management Act Municipal Sewage Regulation. (BC Reg. 29/99). Section 0: Use of Reclaimed Water. Schedule 2 Permitted Uses and Standards for Reclaimed Water. (Effective from July 5, 999). Code of Practice for the Use of Reclaimed Water. (Issued May 200) A companion document to the Municipal Sewage Regulation. BC Building Code: Part 8 Plumbing Systems provides guidelines for installation of plumbing systems including non-potable water systems (Section 7.7). Water Conservation Plumbing Regulation of 998: available from the Building Policy Section, BC Ministry of Municipal Affairs. It mandates water efficiency and profiles water conservation measures for British Columbia. 4.7 References Greater Vancouver Regional District (A). Water Consumption Statistics Edition. Burnaby, BC: Greater Vancouver Regional District, Operations and Maintenance Dept., Greater Vancouver Regional District (B). Policy and Planning Dept. GVRD and Municipal Water Demand by Sector. Burnaby, BC: Greater Vancouver Regional District, GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

31 5.0 ENERGY 5. Introduction Conventional buildings rely heavily on fossil fuels to heat, cool, light and run facility systems, they contribute significantly to local air pollution and in turn, global climate change. Moving towards more energy efficient building practices is consistent with the objectives set out in the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) s Liveable Regions Strategic Plan, and can help municipalities save money, minimize local air pollution, create jobs and contribute to the local economy. More so, by reducing operational energy, not only will a reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions be realized, but local governments can also seize the opportunity to act as leaders in energy efficient design and green solutions for all other sectors. 5.2 Design Solutions Optimizing building energy use will significantly decrease life cycle costs through reduced operating costs. If appropriate optimization strategies are implemented, such as considering tradeoffs between envelope performance and mechanical system size, the capital cost can be the same or less than for conventional buildings. The LEED system significantly rewards good energy performance. Ten points are available for energy performance, often making the difference between certification levels achieved. Energy modeling should be done in the early phases of the project and updated regularly to ensure that targets set out at the beginning of the project are met. As well, it allows entire project teams to analyze and consider energy savings of various design solutions. Useful energy modeling software includes EE4, DOE 2 or other full-year, hourly simulation programs. See Section 5.6 for additional resources. Figures and 2 show energy use breakdown for a typical office building and a typical mixed use residential development. They demonstrate to the project team where opportunities lie in order to reduce energy (i.e., lighting). DHW 23% HVAC Fan 5% HVAC Aux % Lighting 2% Heating 38% Fig. - Building Energy Distribution for Typical Mixed Use Residential Project Hot Water Fans 2% 9% Pumps & Aux. 4% Cooling 6% Heating 32% Plug 0% Cooling 2% Lights 2% Plug Loads 26% Fig. 2 - Annual Energy Consumption by End Use The following design solutions are broken into two categories: energy conservation and energy generation. Individual responsibilities and timing of documenting these design solutions for a LEED application are summarized in section 5.3. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 27

32 5.2. Energy Conservation Solutions Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Immediate to moderate A. Building Envelope Good green design starts with the more passive elements of a building, these include giving attention to the following: Building orientation and massing Glazing and framing selection External shading devices Insulation levels Implementation Considerations: Project teams should coordinate efforts from the outset to make choices that take advantage of significant energy reduction opportunities while not detracting from other aspects of sustainable buildings such as indoor environmental quality. For example, a reduction in glazing can have energy savings while having negative impacts on the ability to effectively daylight a space, thus affecting occupant satisfaction and productivity. Costs for productivity losses can greatly outweigh any capital savings realised in construction. Municipal project managers should work with the design team to determine what the budget can afford in terms of external shading devices and glazing quality and quantity. This examination should take into account the downsizing of mechanical equipment that occurs with improved performance. Cost Considerations: Cost implications can be observed for higher performance glazing; however, costs vary greatly depending on actual market supply and demand rates. Cost premiums for external façade elements and premium performance fenestration elements can often be absorbed through the reduction of other elements within the building, such as, reduced plant space requirements, reduced duct sizes through smaller quantities of air required, etc. A full building simulation can highlight the tradeoffs between different glazing systems, overall energy performance and mechanical equipment requirements, as well as the payback for such systems. 28 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

33 B. Heating The two figures above both depicting energy consumption suggest that energy associated with heating dominates the annual energy demand of typical residential and commercial buildings. They show that the heating system efficiency can have a more significant impact on a building s energy performance than any other system; as such the project team will likely benefit from dedicating considerable effort to the design and integration of the heating system. Cost Increase: None to moderate Ease of Implementation: Easy to Moderate Payback: Immediate Implementation Considerations: In considering an optimal heating design system, a series of steps should be considered, including: Optimize the building envelope. Consider the heat delivery method. Heat delivery methods that rely on water are more effective than those that rely on air or electric resistance. Consider high efficiency heat generation options. They can include: condensing boilers geothermal systems (depending on soil and load conditions) district system (if available) Select a system that has reduced maintenance costs and improved occupant satisfaction. This should be a highly prioritized consideration for the design team. Radiant systems that include both cooling and heating are one such example. There are many good conventional systems that can deliver good thermal comfort and operational efficiency. Cost Considerations: Cost issues depend directly on the nature of the project, the design team will be required to investigate each applicable technology and perform analysis (simulation and cost) as required. It is worth ensuring that the design team looks into all available incentive programs to ensure that this payback period is as short as possible. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 29

34 Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Moderate C. Cooling While peak cooling loads in a space can be of a similar order of magnitude to peak heating loads, the energy consumption associated with cooling systems is typically dramatically lower in the Lower Mainland s relatively mild summer climate. Consequently, dramatic reduction or elimination of cooling systems through effective building design is a smart energy-saving and capital cost-saving strategy. Implementation Considerations: Each year, the building sector consumes at least 40% of the raw materials and energy produced in the world (Athena Institute 2006). Project team should consider the following when wanting to reduce cooling loads: Look at orientation, shading options, and envelope performance to see if it is possible with the internal requirements of a space to use entirely natural ventilation for cooling. Investigate a mixed-mode strategy. This involves naturally ventilating through an operable façade when conditions are appropriate, and mechanically ventilating with the façade closed in extreme conditions. Focus on equipment efficiency, such as the chiller s coefficient of performance (COP), and effective staging of chiller sets. Evaluate alternate air delivery and zone cooling systems. These types of systems can drastically reduce air distribution quantities down to minimum outdoor air rates as the majority of cooling is performed within the space. Types of systems include: Chilled ceilings Passive chilled beams (active beams not preferred due to increased fan power requirements) Wall mounted chilled elements The above systems can offer opportunities to use free cooling (when outdoor air temperatures are similar to the supply air temperatures) for much longer periods of the year. This will lead to reduced cooling energy consumption. Consider the choice of refrigerant. Recently, there has been a market drive through the implementation of LEED, to move to more environmentally sustainable refrigerants that have little or no effect on global warming and the ozone layer. 30 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

35 Examine high efficiency process cooling such as for ice skating rinks. This can result in not only less costly operations but also with LEED points under the energy performance credits. It is important to look at not only the equipment efficiency of these systems but also the heat recovery potential of the systems. Cost Considerations: Costs for cooling systems will depend directly on the nature of the project. The design team will be required to investigate each applicable technology and analyze them as required. D. Lighting Lighting is often the second-largest energy user in a building. There are numerous opportunities to reduce a building s lighting load. Implementation Considerations: Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Immediate The following are a number of aspects to be considered when designing (or retro-fitting) a project s lighting system: Daylighting strategies can not only bring increased occupant satisfaction and productivity but also significant energy savings. Daylight sensors should be considered where the lights are either switched off or dimmed when there is adequate natural light within the space. See Appendix E: GVRD s Technology Fact Seet for more information on Daylighting. Strategies for reducing lighting energy use come not only with the fixture and luminaire selection but also with good overall design of the lighting strategies. Considering lower overall lighting levels with enhanced task lighting can lower energy usage in office areas. High volume spaces such as sports facilities can benefit from recent advancements in fluorescent lighting that make it possible to move away from traditional lamp types. Currently, LED technology is used for applications such as exit lights, but the use of LEDs for space lighting applications should be viable very soon. The very low power requirements of this lamp type should make it an appealing choice to municipal applications where not only low energy use but also long lamp life can result in a low life cycle cost. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 3

36 Wherever daylight penetration is optimized, attention should be given to effective glare control. Failure to acknowledge this element can result in a space that is inhabitable for a large proportion of the year. LEED credit (EQ c8.) that rewards daylighting performance requires glare control, recognizing the need to control the daylight in a space. Examples of glare control strategies include: external louvres (both fixed and operable preferred) internal blinds/screens (-2% visible light transmittance, preferably dark in colour) Lighting Fixture Performance Comparison Chart Incandescent 5% of energy converted into the visible light spectrum Fluorescent 4-5 times more efficient than incandescent globes LED Produce 60% fewer lumens per watt than fluorescents, but have 0 times the life expectancy Cost Considerations: Improvements in lighting technology are occurring all the time, both in terms of lighting quality and power requirements, thus reducing cost premiums for high efficiency lighting and reducing energy bills. Re-lamping costs can be high if attention is not paid to ensuring long lamp life for fixtures. Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Immediate E. Domestic Hot Water For community centres, ice rinks, fire stations and a few other municipal building types, domestic hot water consumption can be relatively high compared to office-type buildings. Particularly for these facilities, domestic hot water systems should be designed to reduce energy consumption. Implementation Considerations: The first place to start designing for water reduction is with consumption figures. Looking at low water consuming fixtures will help not only with the energy side of LEED but also with the water efficiency credits. 32 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

37 Once demand is reduced as much as is practical, strategies to reduce the energy associated with generating hot water include: Pre-heated water using condensing boiler return water; Heat recovered from some mechanical equipment can be used to pre-heat water; and Solar hot water tubes or panels. Heat recovery and solar hot water tubes (or panels) are excellent methods for dramatically reducing summer boiler use for buildings and systems. Additionally, the hot water generated can be used for other uses such as swimming pools. There is a detailed description of the use of solar domestic hot water in Appendix E: GVRD s Technology Fact Sheets. Cost Considerations: Single dwelling residential domestic hot water systems cost $800-$,400 per person, installed. Systems for multi-unit domestic hot water (DHW) and similar commercialscale year-round applications cost $ per annual gigajoule offset. It is unlikely that a solar hot water system will cater for all of a project s hot water requirements; therefore the payback of the systems can be somewhat reduced depending on the size of the unit. However, short term paybacks are fairly easily achievable. F. Ventilation The energy impact of a building s ventilation system is two-fold. First, energy is consumed, warming or cooling the air to the temperature at which it is appropriate to deliver it to the space (identified earlier in heating and cooling). Next, energy is consumed by any fans that must push the air into occupied spaces. Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Immediate Implementation Considerations: High efficiency motors on all fans is essential. This item also applies for pumps. Variable frequency drives are highly recommended as it allows the fans to be throttled down to suit the quantity of air being delivered. This item also applies for pumps. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 33

38 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) should be investigated, DCV regulates the fan speed based on the levels of carbon dioxide within the space. More information can be found in Appendix E: GVRD s Technology Fact Sheets. Cost Considerations: The above recommendations currently incur a slight cost penalty; however, trends associated with these elements mean that prices will fall as they become mainstream elements utilized within buildings. This being said however, annual energy figures are reduced sufficiently that small payback periods of less than five years are realized Energy Generation Solutions Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Difficult Payback: Immediate to moderate A. District Systems Many local municipalities including the City of North Vancouver and the City of Vancouver have considered or installed high efficiency district heating systems in certain higher density development areas. By doing this, they have been able to save significant quantities of energy and greenhouse gases and provide consumers with a better than market heating system for a relatively low incremental cost. District systems are ones where a central heating and/or cooling plant provides services to a number of buildings. Efficiencies are created as it is commonly noted in building dynamics that peak loads do not always occur at the same time, therefore system sizes can be reduced and more effectively controlled. Implementation Considerations: Municipalities are in a position to govern utilities and have their councils set rates so long as they own the system an option that can be a revenue stream or an opportunity for the municipality and to ensure that areas are able to achieve higher environmental performance. Several options for district systems are available. Their suitability varies widely depending on the specific project conditions including (among others): development density; soil conditions; development size; and funding opportunities. 34 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

39 The potential make-up systems of the central plants are endless, but a few common options currently in use in today s marketplace include: high efficiency gas-fired boilers; biomass systems including co-generation or boilers; and gas-fired micro-turbines or geothermal systems. An in-depth feasibility study is recommended for each case, this will ensure that the correct mix of options is considered for the project and the correct design resolution is attained. The National Climate Change Secretariat estimates that total annual energy use per capita for municipal operations is approximately 2,000MJ per capita. Buildings are estimated to account for approximately 750MJ of this total, almost 40%. (Pembina Institute 2003). Cost Considerations: It is often more economical to implement higher efficiency systems for a community scale development. B. On-site Energy Generation On-site, renewable energy can be generated in very small scale applications as demonstration projects including micro turbines and photo-voltaics (PV). Larger scale building applications can include greater use of wind, PV, or other renewable electrical generation equipment. LEED Canada will also now consider solar hot water tubes under the LEED EA Credit 2 Renewable Energy. Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Difficult Payback: Immediate to long Implementation Considerations: With such a wide range of technologies available, the application considerations vary widely. There are, however, certain issues that remain constant: The availability of whatever fuel is needed for the system, be it sunshine, wind or readily available, affordable biomass, will determine if the technology is appropriate for the application. Localized conditions must be checked for the availability of reliable wind or sun. Transportation infrastructure should be investigated to see how likely it is to transport biomass to site if it is not available from an on-site source. Overall, on-site generation can be both economically and environmentally beneficial but there are many technical and non-technical factors that vary from site to site, so project teams must spend time investigating the feasibility of options for their specific application. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 35

40 An estimated 75 cents from every dollar spent on conventional energy supply leaves the community to pay generators, refineries, and large utility companies. However, a dollar in energy savings can represent much more if spent within the community where it can circulate several times over. Cost savings on energy can also alleviate some of the pressures of increased demand on infrastructure and the reduction in transfer payments from federal or provincial funding sources. (Pembina Institute 2003) Cost Considerations: Financing considerations are paramount for determining the feasibility of this kind of system. Financing can be separated from the project s capital cost if the system is large enough and a separate investor can be found. Costs will depend primarily on local utility costs and capital cost of system. These costs should be explored upfront in the project as many grants are available from governments, utilities and private sources, and applications should be submitted early on in the design process for these external funding sources. For example, the Federation of Canadian Municipalities is a large supporter of alternative energy infrastructure: see the Resources section. 5.3 LEED Responsibilities and Timing Using an integrated design process ensures that energy conservation is truly realized. The following professionals play a role in implementing the above design solutions, exploring tradeoffs between systems, and documenting them for the LEED application: Architect: is responsible for maintaining the client s design intent especially with respect to the form, durability, and performance of the building, as well as with respect to building integrated technologies. For example, the architect will coordinate how photovoltaic systems are integrated with the building form. Throughout the design the Architect will develop wall sections and details documenting how the systems will be assembled. The Architect also needs to pay special attention to preventing thermal bridging, which allows significant heat loss from and gain into the building. They will work closely with the Mechanical Engineer in balancing passive design strategies (i.e., natural ventilation and daylighting) with the mechanical system design to optimize the overall building performance. Building Envelope/Building Science Consultant: may be hired by the Architect or Owner to assist in the envelope design. During the conceptual phase, they will provide technical input to help design an effective building envelope. During construction, they may provide quality assurance reviews. Client: must provide decisions based on design team advice as to what is acceptable in terms of cost premiums and payback periods. 36 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

41 Commissioning Authority: is typically hired by the Owner to review the design at several stages throughout design and to verify installation and functional performance of energy related systems. They should be hired early on in the design process (i.e., by end of Schematic Design). Contractor: will ensure the design philosophy is transferred from the design into the final construction of the building Electrical Engineer: if there is no Interior Designer on the project, the Electrical Consultant may be responsible for maintaining the client s design intent with respect to interior lighting. They will also be responsible for coordinating control systems with the Mechanical Engineer. Interior Designer: may be a member of the Architectural firm or an independent consultant. The Interior Designer is responsible for maintaining their design intent with respect to lighting. Mechanical Engineer: will perform sensitivity analysis on specific items in order to provide design team with a clear understanding as to the impacts of each alternate strategy. They will work closely with the architectural team to optimize the building performance. It is typically the Mechanical Engineer who will sign off on the LEED documentation required for most of the LEED Energy and Atmosphere Prerequisites and Credits. Simulation Specialist: may be a member of the Mechanical firm or an independent consultant. Their role is to prepare a preliminary energy model during schematic design or even earlier to assist the entire design team in making decisions regarding the building envelope, heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting systems. The simulation is updated throughout the design and a final update is done once energy related shop drawings are received from the contractors. LEED Requirements and Submittals Credit EA p2: Minimum Energy Performance EA c.-.0: Optimize Energy Performance Level of Input for LEED Documentation Extensive: Letter template signed Energy model Narrative of proposed measures Equipment cut-sheets Construction details Responsibility for Documentation Mechanical Engineer with input from Architect and Electrical Engineer GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 37

42 Credit EA c2.-2.3: Renewable Energy EA p3: CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment and Elimination of Halons EA c3: Ozone Protection Level of Input for LEED Documentation Moderate: Easy: Letter template signed Narrative of systems Calculations Letter template signed Equipment cut-sheets showing refrigerants used Responsibility for Documentation Mechanical Engineer with input from the Electrical Engineer Mechanical Engineer IEQ c8.-8.2: Daylight & Views Moderate: Letter template signed Narrative Calculations Drawings or computer simulations Architect 5.4 Summary Solution Capital Cost Increase Ease of Implementation Payback Building envelope None - moderate Moderate Immediate - moderate Heating None - moderate Easy - moderate Immediate Cooling None - moderate Moderate Moderate Lighting None - moderate Easy Immediate Domestic Hot Water None Easy Immediate Ventilation None - moderate Moderate Immediate District Systems Moderate Difficult Immediate - moderate On-Site Generation Moderate Difficult Immediate - long 38 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

43 5.5 Case Studies Vancouver International Airport Solar Hot Water Heating System Design Team: Stantec Completed: 2003 The Vancouver Airport Authority has a long-term goal to improve electricity efficiency by 5% by 2007 relative to 200 levels and improve fuel efficiency by 5% by 2009 relative to 2004 levels. The resource efficiency program promotes the importance of resource-efficient operations and identifies ways to reduce consumption of natural gas, diesel, gasoline, water and electricity at the airport. The Airport Authority improved its natural gas efficiency through the installation of a solar-powered hot water heating system in the Domestic Terminal in The solar-powered hot water heating system, along with the implementation of night-time set-backs, CO 2 sensors, and improved scheduling and system tune-ups, has led to a decrease of nearly 30% in natural gas use in the Domestic Terminal since 200. Photo: Stantec City of North Vancouver Lonsdale Energy Corporation District Energy Design Team: Stantec Status: Ongoing The Lower Lonsdale area of the City of North Vancouver is an existing urban area with a high density of mixed residential and commercial buildings. The Lonsdale Energy Corporation (LEC) provides Lower Lonsdale with dependable, clean and competitively priced energy, while significantly reducing the demand for electricity. The LEC district energy service is provided through a series of mini-plants that produce hot water. The resulting hot water energy is then distributed through underground pipes in city streets to buildings connected to the system. Once used in the buildings, the water is returned to a mini-plant, reheated and circulated back to the connected buildings. Photo: James Dow Each mini-plant contains high-efficiency natural gas boilers with efficiencies of up to 98%. The interconnected mini-plant concept provides greater financial and operational flexibility for LEC during system build-out. Marginal costs of system growth are more closely matched with marginal revenues. In addition, system changes or improvements can be more easily incorporated into future growth with the distributed plant versus a central plant generation model. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 39

44 Each mini plant houses from 4 to 6 high-efficiency condensing boilers, requiring a floor area equivalent to several parking spaces. Developers are asked to provide, in certain select building sites, space for a small energy plant. To date, two mini-plants have been constructed and commissioned and are interconnected with the in-street energy distribution system. A third plant is under construction. Municipality of West Vancouver Gleneagles Community Centre Design Team: Patkau Architects, Earth Tech Canada Inc., Fast & Epp, Webster Engineering, Vaughan Landscape Planning & Design, Country West Construction Ltd. Completed: 2003 Photo: Patkau Architects The Gleneagles Community Centre is a 23,000sf mixed use facility containing a gymnasium, community living, fitness centre, art centre, childcare, and administrative spaces. The program is organized on three levels. By virtue of the slope the lower levels are accessible from the exterior on opposite sides of the building. The section energizes the building. The gymnasium and multi-purpose rooms rise through the three levels; walls that separate these volumes from adjacent spaces are glazed to facilitate visual connection within the building. Simultaneous views of multiple activities animate the interior; the life of the building and the energy of the place are palpable to the community within and without. The multi-purpose room acts in a similar way but at a smaller scale; it provides a visual link between the child-care area and the activities below. Simultaneous views of multiple activities animate the interior; the life of the building and the energy of the place are palpable to the community within and without. The structural system consists of cast-in-place concrete floor slabs, insulated double-wythe tilt-up concrete end walls and a heavy timber roof. This structure is used as part of the interior climate control system of the building, and acts as a huge thermal storage mass; a giant static heat pump, absorbing, storing and releasing energy to create an extremely stable and robust indoor climate with constant temperatures inside occupied spaces, regardless of exterior climate. Radiant heating and cooling in both floors and walls maintains a set temperature; the concrete surfaces act alternately as emitters or absorbers. The thermal energy for this system is provided by water-to-water heat pumps via a groundsource heat exchanger under the adjacent parking area. Since air is not used for 40 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

45 climate control, opening windows and doors does not affect the performance of the heating and cooling system. The building s high efficiency mechanical systems and building envelope design led to a mechanical plant that is 40% of the size of the size of a conventional HVAC plant. 5.6 Resources Commercial Building Incentive Program (CBIP) Natural Resources Canada offers financial assistance to Commercial and Institutional organizations through the Commercial Building Incentive Program. Up to $60,000 is available for eligible organizations based on building energy savings. Green Municipal Funds (FCM): Funding options are available to capital environmental infrastructure projects in the form of loans, grants or a combination of the two. A new energy sector funding opportunity is available for municipal governments and municipal energy utilities. This opportunity is a long-term, sustainable source of low interest rate loans and grants for municipal governments and their partners to support environmental projects in six categories: Energy, Waste, Water, Sustainable Transportation, Brownfield Remediation, and Integrated Community Planning. BC Hydro: BC Hydro has a number of resources for business in order to facilitate energy efficiency. Incentives are offered through the High Performance Building program; information on energy efficient products and performance are also offered along with the opportunity to purchase Green Power. Terasen: Terasen s Efficient Boiler Program can help project teams with both design incentives and capital cost incentives that will help with the installation of more efficient boilers. Local Governments for Sustainability: Pembina Institute: GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 4

46 5.7 References National Climate Change Secretariat: Municipalities Issue Table of Canada s National Climate Change Process Foundation Paper. National Climate Change Secretariat: Ottawa. November, p.6-7: Pembina Institute: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute: GVRD BuildSmart: 42 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

47 6.0 MATERIALS AND RESOURCES 6. Introduction The GVRD has prioritized dealing with solid waste as one of their top environmental concerns. Materials selection is a fundamental effort in the design of green buildings, and has impacts ranging from appropriate resource extraction and reducing pressure on valuable land, through to participation in local economies. The assessment of materials qualities for LEED projects implies a large range of decision factors. Materials selection will depend first on meeting the needs and desires of user groups, which involves the balancing of cost and utility. Another consideration is the priority of material and resource use for the building. Trade-offs: Because of the wide range of considerations, there are usually trade-offs in making decisions about materials and resources. For example: PVC flooring is inexpensive, but it comes with a range of toxicities. A natural alternative, linoleum, may require slightly more maintenance but for the same, or a longer lifetime. Choosing a locally-manufactured material, for example, may cost a little more than a product manufactured overseas, but in doing so, the local economy is boosted and greenhouse gas emissions associated with travel are reduced. Materials choices are based on some or all the following, each of which have life cycle and environmental impacts: aesthetics cost source aspects and processes of manufacture recyclability current resource efficiency durability (suitability to purpose) future reuse and disassembly GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 43

48 Embodied energy, as defined by the ATHENA Institute, includes all energy, direct and indirect, used to transform or transport raw materials into products and buildings, including inherent energy contained in raw or feedstock materials that are also used as common energy sources. (Athena 2006) Of the material collected at GVRD curbs each week, approximately 50 per cent is recycled, 7 per cent is incinerated, and the rest is sent to landfills. (GVRD 2006) Embodied Energy: An assessment of embodied energy is emerging as an important focus in materials selection: it gives a full picture of energy consumption. Nevertheless, comparing materials solely on the basis of embodied energy is inappropriate since there are other factors to consider, including durability and recyclability. 6.2 Design Solutions More and more, manufacturers are aware of the demand for information about green building products, and understand that they have a vested interest to provide the information required by the LEED system. Information on the percentage of recycled content, place of manufacture and extraction are all details that are usually easily obtained from the manufacturer. The following design solutions can help municipalities reduce operational and construction waste stream, and make smarter choices when selecting materials for new civic facilities. LEED timing and responsibilities are summarized for these design solutions in section Waste Management Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Not Applicable A. Operational Waste Management For more than 5 years, recycling has long been a key component of the region s efforts to reduce solid waste. Recycling extends the life of landfills, reduces our consumption of natural resources and creates employment opportunities. Further, recycling keeps already-processed materials in a product stream. In most cases, the use of recycled materials engages the use of materials with less embodied energy than exists in virgin sources. Implementation Considerations: Municipal green buildings are not distinctly different from other green buildings in the implementation of operational waste management. A municipal green building such as a civic centre may generate less operational waste than a nonmunicipal commercial green building, which deals more with paper waste. Providing receptacles for operational waste management is a less urgent task, and less difficult to implement than some other Materials and Resources credits, but should still be considered as part of the specification. In implementing a operational waste management program, the following should be considered: 44 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

49 Ensure that adequate program space is allocated for recycling storage; Provide receptacles and services for metals, plastics, glass, paper and cardboard, in areas convenient to building occupants; and Educate building users and encourage the use of reusable and refillable items will help reduce operational waste. Securing a company that will provide recycling and waste removal services is key to an effective operational waste management program. Numerous recycling companies exist within the GVRD. Cost Considerations: The costs of recycling are comparable to those for garbage disposal (approximately $30 per tonne). Recycling generates revenue for the region and taxpayers, helping keep taxes and utility costs down. Identifying the priority and amount of wastes for the building s function can help identify possible revenues. B. Construction Waste Management By reducing building construction waste, pressure on landfill is reduced. Any Municipal building may achieve the LEED MR c Construction Waste Management credits as they are not particular to a building type. Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Immediate Implementation Considerations: Generally in the GVRD, construction waste management is easily achieved, with experienced contractors becoming more familiar at each step. An important existing resource for this process is the GVRD s LEED for Contractors Guide. Covering contractor involvement, documentation, and providing examples of submittals, templates, it is an invaluable resource for contractors. It is also useful to give the contractor a copy of the LEED Letter template, which will help guide them in proper documentation of the processes. Consider the following tips: A Construction Waste Management Plan should be in place prior to construction (but can be completed during the construction documentation phase). GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 45

50 At the beginning of the construction phase, it is useful to have a start-up meeting with the contractor in order to make sure everyone is onboard and understands what is required of them and their subtrades. Construction waste management is one of the LEED credits that must be closely controlled from the beginning of the construction process. On tight urban sites there may be challenges with the placement of separating bins. Weigh bills must be collected on an ongoing basis. Construction waste can be measured by weight or volume as long as it is consistently measured. Cost Considerations: Waste streams can be identified depending on the building type and construction. It is possible to generate revenues from construction waste; but generally construction waste management is cost-neutral since any revenues from reusing formwork or recycling concrete as aggregate, for example, are absorbed into fees Material Specification Cost Increase: None to moderate Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Not Applicable A. Salvaged Materials Salvaged, also known as reclaimed or reused materials are commonly found now in the GVRD marketplace, often at much lower cost than comparable new products. Examples range throughout building materials, from construction to interior finishes, and include hardwood flooring and recovered timber beams, through to wiring, glulam beams, windows and toilets. Sometimes large dimension old growth timbers from older buildings are recovered, which are often extremely valuable in today s market. Often salvaged materials are reclaimed from local buildings, as well as from the building site itself, reducing life cycle and pollution costs due to transportation. In using salvaged materials, similarly to using recycled materials from operational waste streams, products are kept in continued use and diverted from the waste stream, lowering the total embodied energy of the building. 46 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

51 Implementation Considerations: The greatest barrier to the use of salvage materials may lie in the perception of their aesthetics and/or performance; yet the quality of salvaged materials are often just as high, sometimes substantially higher than new products in the market. Salvaged materials and products should be assessed for performance and must meet the BC Building Code by the contractor. In the case of structural load-bearing components, salvaged materials and products should be assessed by an engineer. Sourcing of salvaged materials should occur early in the design process, in order to allow for sourcing delays. Cost Considerations: The lower costs of salvaged materials needs to be weighed against: construction management fees; the cost of assessment; the cost of storing the material (on-site or externally) if sourced early on in the project; labour costs; and potential additional storage costs. B. Recycled Content Materials As discussed above, recycling material into new products reduces pressure on natural resources, and lowers the embodied energy of the new product or created assembly. Post-consumer recycled material is that taken from the consumer waste stream, while post-industrial recycled material is usually a waste output from one manufacture processes and that is reused in the manufacture of another material. Materials containing post-consumer recycled content include, for example, cellulose insulation, gypsum, and rubber floors. Examples of materials containing post-industrial recycled content include steel, concrete with flyash, insulation, and gypsum. Good recycled content backed up by maximum recyclability of the material at the end of life is the best strategy. Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Immediate GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 47

52 Implementation Considerations: By this time, most manufacturers are aware of the LEED rating system and, if relevant, have LEED-compliant data readily available. However, sorting through manufacturer s claims can often require much communication and clarification. There are accessible third-party certification programs, such as the Scientific Certification Systems that help in verifying claims made regarding percentages of recycled content. The amount of recycled content in building materials is specified by the design team. Consider the following in specifying materials with recycled content: Frequently, the choice between different materials in the same class comes down to weighing a difference in a few percent of recycled content. The priority or weight of other environmental factors can play a part in determining the best overall environmental choice. The life-cycle aspect should be taken into account when considering material choices: some materials, such as anodized aluminium for example, are energy-intensive to recycle and manufacture. The GVRD has a number of Guides and standards available for input on recycled content choices: see the list of resources in Section 6.6. Cost Considerations: Materials with post-industrial and/or post-consumer recycled content are frequently sourced at negligible or low premium. Many companies offer building material product lines with high recycled content, specifically for LEED or greenconscious purposes. Cost: Neutral Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Not applicable C. Rapidly Renewable Materials Rapidly renewable resources include wheatgrass, wool, sorghum, cotton, ash, poplar, and others. Use of these materials is important not only for their benign organic material content, but for the fact that they replenish themselves, typically within a 0 year cycle. This means that the resource is regenerated in a relatively shorter amount of time compared to traditional resources. 48 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

53 Implementation Considerations: The use of these materials in buildings is increasing, but as with new materials on the market, supply is greatly sensitive to demand. The perception is generally that many rapidly renewable products have a shorter life-span. More time in the building industry is required for the experience of these materials to be complete. Linoleum, or lino is a flooring product made from natural resources including linseed oil, cork dust, wood flour, tree resins, ground limestone and pigments. For example, Dow s wheatboard was discontinued due to light demand that was below their profitability requirements. It was a LEED-compliant alternative to Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF), and had the synergistic benefit of being manufactured without urea-formaldehyde binder, thereby meeting IEQ lowemitting materials credits. In order for new products to remain on the market, supply must be stimulated through demand, which is ultimately created by architects and specifiers. Consider the following: Consider the trade offs between the rapidly renewable characteristics of product and its emissions levels. Bamboo flooring, for example, uses ureaformaldehyde-based glues. Replace conventional material with rapidly renewable materials; wheatboard elements in place of MDF for millwork, for example, should be specified in the construction documents. Ask product manufacturers for installation examples to demonstrate performance history. Cost Considerations: The cost premium of rapidly renewable materials is often negligible and their use can be realistically specified. D. Certified Wood LEED requires Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified wood to be specified for 50% of wood-based materials and products used in a project. FSC-certification ensures that a rigorous, voluntary, independently-verified chain-of-custody tracking has been undertaken in the production of wood, from woodlot to end-user. This standard ensures that wood products are not from endangered species, and that forests are managed under accepted sustainable practices. Cost Increase: None Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Not Applicable GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 49

54 Other standards exist, including the Canadian Standards Association s (CSA) Sustainable Forest Management Standard (CSA SFM Z809), and the Sustainable Forest Initiative (SFI); however, FSC-certification is the only one currently recognised by LEED. Implementation Considerations: A challenge with specifying and using FSC-certified wood is that each point along the supply chain must be chain-of-custody certified. In the Lower Mainland, for example, there are only two millwork shops that hold this certification. This certification information must be collected as part of the LEED process in order to prove compliance with the credit. Although the chain-of-custody certification provides assurances regarding the source and manufacturing practices, it also presents a challenge to municipal clients who are required to seek out multiple quotes for services. Other considerations include: Availability of FSC wood-based products can be scarce in British Columbia and other provinces, as well as in the United States. Sourcing of certified wood should occur early in the design process, in order to allow for sourcing delays. It may take additional time to research sources. Certified wood should be specified in the construction documents. Cost Considerations: The cost of certified wood is dependent on supply and type of product, but can range from negligible to 5 or 0% premium. Cost Increase: Neutral Ease of Implementation: Difficult Payback: Not Applicable E. Durable Buildings Design Solutions Buildings that have durable components will reduce costs and materials due to reduced frequency of replacement. Stucco cladding in the GVRD, for example, needs to be replaced approximately every 8 years, increasing life cycle costs and material use over other cladding options. 5 Building durability is a new credit, currently found only in the LEED Canada-NC.0 rating system: only one project has achieved this credit as of August Busby Perkins+Will, February Life Cycle Assessment of Mount Pleasant Civic Centre Mixed-Use Complex. 50 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

55 Implementation Considerations: The life and replacement cost of components and assemblies must be determined and filled out in the tables outlined in CSA S (R200) Guideline on Durability in Buildings. Reliable products with established lifetimes must be sourced. Completion of Tables A, A2, and A3 as required by the CSA standard can take considerable time to document, and will require coordination between the architect, product manufacturers, and possibly a building envelope consultant. Teams should consider involving a building envelope specialist to help document this credit. Since Municipalities have a vested interest in the operations and maintenance costs of their buildings, this credit is likely to take a relatively high priority on the list of Materials and Resources credits. Cost Considerations: Drawing up a Durable Building Plan and completing the tables required by CSA 478(R200)-Guideline on Durability in Buildings can take time depending on the scale and building envelope construction. Overall, this cost to a project is negilible. 6.3 LEED Responsibilities and Timing Architect: is generally responsible for signing off on the LEED documentation for the Materials and Resources Credits. The architect will need to allocate sufficient space in the plans to accommodate the facility s recycling requirements. This can be easily completed early on in the design process. The architect also needs to include requirements for a construction waste management plan in the project specifications. Building Envelope Consultant (and/or the Architect): is responsible for drawing up a durable building plan. They will also need to work closely with the interior designer to include material properties in the specifications (i.e., recycled content values). Client: must work with the design team to determine recycling capacity requirements and appropriate location of recycling receptacles, and may need to store sourced materials earlier than desired. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 5

56 Contractor: is responsible for collecting information on material cost and properties (i.e., recycled content, etc.) and pass it along to the LEED Champion on a regular basis (i.e., once per month). They are responsible to draw up a Construction Waste Management Plan, and oversee its implementation. This should be completed prior to the start of construction. The Contractor is also required to collect weigh bills and is recommended to forward these once per month to the project s LEED Champion. They can also help source salvaged materials. LEED Champion: is responsible for collecting product information (i.e., invoices, weigh bills, etc.) from the contractor to confirm material cost calculations on a regular basis (i.e., once per month). Structural Engineer: may be required for re-grading of materials if necessary. LEED Requirements and Submittals Credit MR p: Storage and Collection of Recyclables MR c2: Construction Waste Management Level of Input for LEED Documentation Easy: Moderate: Signed LEED letter template Plans showing recycling bins and collection areas Waste management specifications and plan Collection of weigh bills and waste diversion calculations Responsibility for Documentation Architect Project Architect and Contractor MR c3: Resource Reuse Moderate: Calculations Supporting information from salvage company verifying the cost of the material MR c4: Recycled Content Moderate: Calculations Supporting information from manufacturer to verify calculations Architect, Structural Engineer, Contractor Architect, Interior Designer, and Contractor 52 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

57 Credit Level of Input for LEED Documentation Responsibility for Documentation MR c4: Recycled Content cont. Moderate: Supporting cost information from contractor and/or subtrades Architect, Interior Designer, and Contractor MR c6: Rapidly Renewable Materials Moderate: Calculations Supporting information from manufacturer to verify claims Supporting cost information from contractor and/or subtrades Architect, Interior Designer, and Contractor MR c7: Certified Wood Moderate: Calculations Supporting information that documents chain-ofcustody number Supporting cost information from contractor and/or subtrades MR c8: Durable Buildings Extensive: Building durability plan Completion of Tables A, A2, A3 Architect, Contractor Architect, Building Envelope Consultant, Contractor 6.4 Summary Solution Capital Cost Increase Ease of Implementation Payback Storage and Collection of Recyclables None Easy Not Applicable Building Reuse Savings Moderate Not Applicable Construction Waste Management None Moderate Immediate Resource Reuse None to moderate Moderate Not Applicable Recycled Content None Easy Not Applicable GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 53

58 Solution Capital Cost Increase Ease of Implementation Payback Local / Regional Materials None Easy Not Applicable Rapidly Renewable Materials None Moderate Not Applicable Certified Wood Moderate Moderate Not Applicable Durable Building None Difficult Not Applicable 6.5 Case StudY Case Study: City of Vancouver Asphalt Plant and Materials Handling Facility Design Team: Busby Perkins+Will, Fast + Epp Partners, Keen Engineering, Reid Crowther and Partners, Ken King and Associates Completed: 999 Photo: Busby Perkins+Will Architects The City of Vancouver s Asphalt Plant and Materials Handling Facility was relocated in 999 to the north shore of the Fraser River. Although the project is small, it is an exciting prototype, demonstrating the economical use of recycled and salvaged materials in construction. The new Materials Testing Facility began with a tight budget. The project team proposed that the project could be built within the budget by utilizing salvaged and recycled materials. Instead of demolishing warehouses on the site and building a new facility, the project utilized reclaimed warehouse building materials. The project team set out to design and build this testing facility, with a goal that 90% of the new building be recycled and salvaged materials. In order to achieve the 90% salvaged content, much of the design was not determined until the project team knew what kinds of materials they would have to work with. The team allowed the available items to dictate the shape of the building. The project team came up with a list of desired materials, and set out to see what was available. In addition to the salvaged materials from the on-site warehouse the team went to local salvage companies and recycling depots. Many salvaged and recycled resources were located, including: 54 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

59 five 60-by-0 foot wood trusses, 00 glulam beams, 30,000 square feet of tongue and groove lumber, doors, windows and plywood sheathing, panel boards, furniture, and laboratory equipment. Overall, 75% of the materials used in the project were reclaimed materials. 6.6 Resources Salvaged materials: BuildSmart s salvaged material resources: Salvaged materials set of case studies Demolition and Salvage: A Guide for Project Managers and Contractors GVRD Old to New Design Guide Construction Waste Management Resources: GVRD Buildsmart Resources: Project Construction Waste Management Master Specification Building Deconstruction Master Specification Job Site Recycling Guide Job Site Recycling Directories: Demolition and Salvage Contractors Hauling Services Local Recycling Depots Salvaged Building Materials Supplier Job Site Recycling Case Studies 3R s Code of Practice for the Building Industry Greenbuilding website and resources: buildings/resources_guide/8.0_epr_construction.html City of Vancouver Solid Waste Management: new_buildings/resources_guide/8.0_epr_construction.html Operational Waste Management: 3Rs: GVRD code of practice, 997: Practice.pdf GVRD Garbage and Recycling links: GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 55

60 GVRD Garbage and Recycling tip sheet: BuildSmart Solid Waste Ministry of the Environment Municipal Solid Waste: The Recycling Council of BC: Recycling: GVRD s Best Practices includes: GVRD 3Rs Code of Practice for Businesses GVRD Old Corrugated Cardboard (OCC) Disposal Ban Disposal Ban on Old Newspapers and Office Papers Best Practices Guide: Material Choices for Sustainable Design - Sustainable Building: A Materials Perspective GVRD s Best Practices in Material Choices Guide Durable Building: GVRD Building retrofits: Canadian Standards Association Standard S (200). Buildings BC Materials guides, including durability: com/new_buildings/resources_guide/6.0_epr_materials.htmll Certified Wood: Canadian Eco-Lumber Co-op: Certified Wood: Scientific Certification Systems: References: ATHENA Sustainable Materials Institute: GVRD Recycling & Garbage.: 56 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

61 7.0 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 7. Introduction Indoor air and environmental quality concerns transcend all building types. Indoor air quality is adversely affected by lack of ventilation, off-gassing of chemicals from building materials, and the growth of moulds and bacteria on damp building materials. The simplest and most effective means of achieving optimal indoor air quality is to greatly reduce or eliminate off-gassing from interior materials, and to ensure adequate fresh air ventilation through a space. Designing and constructing municipal buildings that provide acceptable or enhanced indoor air quality is a process which depends on diligent product specification, ventilation design (whether mechanical or natural ventilation), and construction management procedures. On average, Canadians spend 90% of their time indoors; thus the quality of the indoor environment has a significant influence on occupant health and productivity. Over the past twenty years, there has been growing concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) and the effects of poor IAQ on occupant health and well being. (CaGBC 2004) 7.2 Design solutions For all types of municipal buildings, designing healthy interiors should be a priority no matter the program type. This priority should be expanded at the outset of the project during a goal setting charrette and can be carried throughout by implementing many or all of the design solutions listed below. The following design solutions provide a range of easy to more difficult measures that can be implemented for a wide range of municipal buildings: Construction IAQ Management Low Emitting Materials Thermal Comfort Daylight & Views LEED timing and responsibilities are summarized for these design solutions in section 7.3. A. Construction IAQ Management Successful achievement of the two available LEED credits relating to Construction IAQ Management (EQ 3. & 3.2) is greatly dependent on careful planning and scheduling before construction. Successful execution of a comprehensive Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management Plan is also vital. General and mechanical Cost Increase: Neutral Ease of Implementation: Easy Payback: Immediate GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 57

62 contractors are responsible for providing most of the required LEED documentation so it is imperative that these team members design and follow an effective IAQ plan. All contractors, crews and subtrades must understand and be aware of IAQ procedures, and addressing construction-related IAQ issues early in project planning will help to ensure dedication to IAQ at all required levels. Implementation Considerations: There are a number of implementation concerns that must be considered when implementing an effective IAQ Management Plan. These issues are outlined below: Strategy Scheduling Implementation Considerations Control the sequence of construction activities in order to minimize the absorption of VOCs by other building materials. For example, apply paints, sealants, and other volatile materials and allow them to dry thoroughly before installing ceiling tiles and carpet. HVAC Protection Prevent construction dust from entering the ductwork by isolating the return (negative pressure) side of the HVAC system from the surrounding environment during construction / demolition activity. Install temporary filters to keep the system clean if it is operated during construction (filters should be replaced prior to completion/occupancy). Source Control Use low-emitting paints, finishes, sealants, adhesives, and carpeting (also see MR credits). Some adhesives and sealants are low-emitting on curing after installation, but have higher emissions prior to installation. For materials supplied by contractors such as cleaning products, specify nontoxic products (low VOCs) to minimize building contamination. Pathway Interruption When pollutants must be generated, prevent or reduce contamination by installing physical barriers between work areas and non-work areas, or for example by ventilating using 00% outside air during application or installation of VOC emitting materials. Housekeeping Clean frequently to eliminate construction dust and debris. Do not allow water to accumulate or work areas to become wet or damp in order to discourage the growth of mould and bacteria. Synergies with Materials and Resources: design for spaces to avoid water pooling; specify appropriate flooring materials. 58 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

63 Housekeeping Cont. Address spills immediately. Hazardous materials should be treated with extra care. Flush-out Conduct the building flush-out with new filtration media and 00% outside air after construction ends and prior to occupancy. Ensure the specified total air volume is supplied (4,300 m 3 outdoor per m 2 of floor area). Carefully examine the project schedule to ensure flush-out procedures will fit within the schedule. Cost Considerations: Low-VOC and cleaning materials can be obtained at negligible cost. So long as management is consistent and implemented early in the construction process, costs due to implementing the IAQ Management Plan are minimal. B. Low-Emitting Materials Specification of low-emitting materials is critical to maintaining a healthy indoor environment and air quality for building occupants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) typically off-gas from interior finishes and products such as adhesives, sealants, paintings, coatings, carpet and composite wood products. Common and well-documented illnesses resulting from exposure to VOCs include sick building syndrome, building related illnesses, and multiple chemical sensitivities. Exposure to these chemical compounds and potential for these illnesses can be minimized by specifying interior products that have low VOC limits (GVRD 2003). Cost Increase: Neutral Ease of Implementation: Easy to moderate Payback: Immediate In addition to alleviating the health concerns associated with low-emitting materials, these products can contribute to the overall energy efficiency of a building. With low VOC finishes, the outdoor air volume required to achieve a given indoor air quality can be reduced with significant energy and cooling plant cost savings. Implementation Considerations: When working on a LEED project is important to follow a number of steps to ensure that the right products are specified and used during construction by the contractor and sub-trades. Failure to specify or apply the correct product can jeopardize more than one LEED point. For example, if high emitting adhesives are used, the project may fail the indoor air quality testing procedures conducted at the end of construction prior to occupancy. Additional considerations are outlined below: GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 59

64 Product Adhesives and Sealants Implementation Considerations Ensure that the products meet the VOC levels outlined in the most current version of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule #68, October 2003 Amended January 7, Consider all adhesives and sealants used within the building envelope; lowemitting products are often overlooked for glazing and plumbing sealants. Paints and Coatings Attention to function is important: for example, choosing the apropriate paint for a space containing a swimming pool is more critical due to the corrosive nature of a chlorinated environment. Review the manufacturer s Material Safety Data Sheet for VOC limits which must be expressed in grams per litre for LEED requirements. Most major brands offer low-emitting alternatives as part of product line. Ensure that the products meet the VOC levels outlined in the most current version of: Green Seal Standard GS- Green Seal Standard GC-03 SCAQMD Rule #3, October 2003 Amended July 9, 2004 Carpet Specify carpet tile rather than broadloom carpet, primarily for ease of ongoing maintenance. Carpet tile is straightforward to replace, providing building owners with a high degree of flexibility if damage occurs in an isolated area. Consider the VOC values associated with adhesives required to secure carpet tiles. Consider the percentage of recycled content, place of manufacture and rapidly renewable material content. Composite Wood Sourcing composite wood products without any added urea-formaldehyde is more of a challenge than the requirements of other IEQ product categories. Common alternatives to urea-formaldehyde binders include: Phenol formaldehyde (also known as phenolic); MDI (polymeric diisocyanate binder, which can be sued in straw fibreboard, some MDF); and Parafin wax (can be used in cellulosic fibreboard). 60 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

65 General implementation tips: Ensure project teams reference the latest version (most recently amended) of the standard, since VOC limits may change as standards become more or less stringent over time; Keep a running list of adhesives, sealants, paintings, coatings, carpet and composite wood products specified in the project and their relevant VOC limits. This tracking mechanism (see table below) will help streamline the LEED documentation process at the end of the project; Ensure there is clear communication at the beginning of the project between the architect and interior designer regarding finishes and VOC limits; Educate the contractor and sub-trades on the importance of using the right product; and Seek feedback from operations and maintenance staff on experience using various interior finishes and low-emitting materials. Include these individuals early on in the design process. Sample Low-Emitting Materials Tracking List: Product VOCs VOC Limits Reference Standard MSDS Sheet Credit c4. Adhesives and Sealants: Safecoat 3 in Adhesive (Cork Wall and Floor Adhesive) 97 g/l 00 g/l SCAQMD Rule #68 yes Credit c4.2 Paints and Coatings: Benjamin Moore EcoSpec % Acrylic Latex Interior Eggshell 44 g/l 50 g/l Green Seal GS- and GC-03 SCAQMD Rule #3 yes Cost Considerations: Low-emitting adhesives, sealants, paints, coatings are readily available in the marketplace at no additional capital cost. As alternative binders to formaldehyde for composite wood products become available, the cost premium for urea-formaldehyde wood products will be reduced. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 6

66 Cost Increase: Neutral Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Immediate C. Thermal Comfort Good thermal comfort is something that most building owners will assume will be provided as part of a quality building, but it is also something that many post-occupancy evaluations are showing cannot be taken for granted. Thermal comfort is not only related to air temperature. This is because an individual s perception of temperature is based on a combination of factors, and as a result, thermal comfort is derived from a number of environmental parameters, including the following: Air temperature; Mean Radiant Temperature; Air Velocity within the space; Relative Humidity; The level of activity of the occupants; and The type of clothing worn by the occupants. Uncomfortable occupants are less likely to be happy and thus less productive in their working environment, ultimately affecting an organization s financial bottom line. LEED and good practice recognizes the ASHRAE thermal comfort Standard , Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, as being the way to define acceptable comfort conditions. Figure 3 shows acceptable comfort conditions. Thermal comfort conditions are no longer defined at a single point. While it used to be that a single air temperature and humidity ratio were held to be the comfort point for all, it is now recognized that seasonal variation, levels of clothing and radiant impacts all come into play. While this seems that it would make it more difficult to design a building with good comfort, in fact, it can make it easier. In order to make the space comfortable, the key aspects to remember are to: give people access to control points including operable windows where appropriate; vary the temperature seasonally to respond to how people are dressed; prevent drafts; and pay attention to how thermal mass (such as large areas of concrete) is used in the building. 62 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

67 Figure 3: Acceptable range of operative temperature and humidity for spaces that meet the criteria specified in ASHRAE Standard , Section Source: ASHRAE Standard , Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 63

68 Implementation Considerations: It is important for the whole design team to work together to consider how thermal comfort is impacted by the design choices made in the building. There are many items which can influence thermal comfort within the internal space. These include: Architectural shading; Structural concrete; Lighting systems; and As well as mechanical choices such as types of air-conditioning systems. It is interesting to note that a well-designed naturally ventilated space can result in significantly more comfortable conditions than a mechanically conditioned space (Brager, DeDear 2002). However, natural ventilation is an option that can save a lot of energy but should be used only with careful analysis to ensure that the resultant space conditions will be comfortable. Cost Considerations: Cost issues can vary depending on the course of action taken to maximize occupancy thermal comfort. Items such as increasing glazing performance can raise the initial cost of the glass; however, savings may be realized through the reduction of the plant sizing and mechanical systems due to less solar load being introduced into the space. Cost implications must be made on a case by case basis, although it is not unreasonable for this item to be cost neutral. Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Immediate D. Light Quality and Views There are a significant number of studies which have demonstrated the benefits to occupant health and well-being with access to natural light. Natural light not only has an impact on health, but also improves the amenity of the space, and reduces the lighting energy and heat associated with the reduced lighting load with a good level of natural light. LEED credit IEQ c8.2 can be earned by providing a direct line of sight to vision glazing for building occupants in 90% of all regularly occupied spaces. Boardroom and group work spaces are considered in the calculations for regularly occupied spaces. 64 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

69 Implementation Considerations: Daylight in a space can be influenced by a number of different factors, including the following: Building orientation; Glazing selection in particular the visual light transmission; The extent of the amount of glazing; External solar control strategies; and Maximized perimeter spaces through the use of atria and courtyards. A good benchmark to follow is to provide at least a 2% daylighting factor to 75% of regularly occupied spaces. This will also achieve the requirements for one LEED credit (IEQ c8.). Computer simulation technologies are frequently used by design teams to determine the daylighting potential of a building design. By coordinating electrical lighting systems and shading strategies with available daylight, the potential to maximize energy savings is improved. Consider providing tenants with information that demonstrates the ideal daylighting goals and outline the techniques and practices required to achieve them. Provide calculated expected savings in energy and cost by following these best practices. See Appendix E: GVRD s Technology Fact Sheets for more detailed information on daylighting strategies. Cost Considerations Increasing natural light within a space can often lead to increased levels of solar load within the space and potentially increase the amount of mechanical cooling required to offset this additional heat within the space. Care must be taken to take both of these elements into account, striking a balance between cost and indoor amenity. 7.3 LEED Responsibilities and Timing Architect: is responsible for sourcing out appropriate products and that they are correctly specified. During construction, the architect or interior designer should review alternative products if proposed by the contractor. The architect also selects building envelope materials consistent with a thermally comfortable space. The architectural team should complete the GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 65

70 daylight and view calculations early on in the design development phase to confirm the project s ability to achieve the credit. Depending on the project size and program complexities, it can take a couple of days to a week to complete these calculations, and may require teams to perform a daylight simulation model to verify the daylight factor. Contractor: is responsible for drawing up an IAQ Management Plan based on LEED requirements and information from Mechanical consultants. This Plan should be in place prior to installation of any ductwork on site, and addresses air quality concerns through construction to installation of drywall. Further, the contractor should disseminate the plan and may need to educate the sub-trades on procedures. The contractor also needs to ensure that non-compliant products are not brought and used on-site. This will require some monitoring of the sub-trades; the contractor will also be responsible for collecting MSDS sheets from the sub-trades. Generally, the contractor should ensure that the design philosophy is transferred from the design into the final construction of the building. Design Team: works together to provide highly naturally lit, energy conservative spaces. Interior Designer: is responsible for specifying low-emitting products where ever possible. LEED Champion: is responsible for collecting, on a regular basis (e.g., once a month), product literature, MSDS sheets from the contractor, architect and interior designer. Mechanical Engineer: is responsible for providing the contractor with relevant information on HVACR system specifications, and to select systems that promote enhanced thermal comfort and document elements for LEED credits. Specification writer: is responsible for ensuring that VOC requirements are embedded in specifications. LEED Requirements and Submittals Credit IEQ c3.: Construction IAQ Management Level of Input for LEED Documentation Moderate: Construction IAQ Plan Photographs Responsibility for Documentation General / Mechanical Contractors IEQ c3.2: Construction IAQ Management - Testing Before Occupancy Moderate: Depends on Option Chosen Mechanical Contractor / Engineer 66 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

71 Credit IEQ c4.: Adhesives and Sealants IEQ c4.2: Paints and Coatings Extensive: Careful specification Listing of products Collection of product literature including MSDS sheets IEQ c4.3: Carpet Moderate: Careful specification Listing of products Collection of product literature including MSDS sheets IEQ c4.4: Composite Wood Products Extensive: Typically requires detailed research of alternative products Careful specification Listing of products Collection of product literature including MSDS sheets IEQ c7.: Thermal Comfort - Compliance Moderate: Signed Letter Template Calculations of operative temperatures radiantly conditions spaces IEQ c7.2: Thermal Comfort - Monitoring Moderate: Signed Letter Template Confirmation of Controls IEQ c8.: Daylight and Views - Daylight 75% IEQ c8.: Daylight and Views - Daylight 90% Level of Input for LEED Documentation Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: Careful specification Listing of products Collection of product literature including MSDS sheets Narrative Calculations Drawings or computer simulation Narrative Calculations Drawings or computer simulation Responsibility for Documentation Interior Designer, Project Architect, and Contractor Interior Designer, Project Architect, and Contractor Interior Designer, Project Architect, and Contractor Interior Designer, Project Architect, and Contractor Mechanical Engineer Mechanical Engineer Architect Architect GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 67

72 7.4 Summary Solution Capital Cost Increase Ease of Implementation Payback Construction IAQ None Easy Immediate Thermal Comfort None Moderate Immediate Adhesives and Sealants None Easy Not Applicable Paints and Coatings None Easy Not Applicable Carpet None Easy Not Applicable Composite Wood Products Moderate Moderate Not Applicable Light Quality and Views None-moderate Moderate Immediate 7.5 Case StudY Case Study: Semiahmoo Library & RCMP Facility Design Team: Musson Cattell Mackey Partnership, Darrell J. Epp Architect Ltd., Weiler Smith Bowers Consulting Engineers, VEL Engineering, Flagel Lewandowski Ltd, Perry and Associates, Graham Harmsworth Lai & Associates Ltd., Intercad Services Ltd., Bunt and Associates. Completed: 2003 The high standard of indoor air quality and thermal comfort achieved on this project is particularly noteworthy. The building s design, especially the glazed atrium along the front (east) façade and the high ceiling on the second storey, works with the displacement ventilation system to provide very effective ventilation throughout the structure. Security requirements precluded windows that opened, yet the overall distribution of fresh air and the comfort level are excellent and the system is exceedingly quiet, an important factor for both the RCMP and the library functions. As an additional measure to ensure consistently good air quality, the client chose to invest in a Carbon Dioxide monitoring system for this facility. Photo: Bob Matheson In the specification of materials for construction of the building, preference was given to low-emitting materials throughout, including adhesives, sealants, paints, and carpets. Behind the scenes, solid wood blocking (instead of plywood) was used to anchor all units that required wall mounting, a measure suggested by the contractors on site. 68 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

73 7.6 Resources GVRD Sustainable Building Design: Principles, Practices & Systems Guide. GVRD. GVRD LEED Implementation Guide for Municipal Green Buildings. GVRD. GVRD Air Quality: Green Seal Program: Master Paint Institute: South Coast Air Quality Management District: GreenGuard Environmental Institute: Scientific Certification Systems: Resource Venture Construction IAQ Management for LEED 2. in Seattle : ReFERENCE CaGBC LEED Green Building Rating System: de Dear, R.J., and G.S. Brager, Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Buildings: Revisions to ASHRAE Standard 55. Energy and Buildings 34, p GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 69

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75 8.0 Transportation Choices 8. Introduction As the most significant contributor to GHG emissions in the region, building design must consider transportation as a key site consideration in order to positively impact environmental priorities. Available transportation infrastructure determines the transportation choices of residents and businesses, affecting the level and type of transportation energy consumed and the number and length of vehicle trips. 8.2 Design Solutions LEED has several credits available under Sustainable Sites related to transportation choices. In considering the alternatives to single occupancy vehicles (SOVs), a fairly major reduction in energy and use of fossil fuels can be realized. Most credits available require relatively little investment in terms of capital cost, in addition to a relatively simple documentation process. Transportation of all types accounts for more than 25% of the world s commercial energy use, and motor vehicles account for nearly 80% of that. (World Resource Institute 998 and BEST 2006) Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Varies Payback: Immediate Since urban density is directly related to energy consumption (when density increases, efficiencies increase), site selection is one of the easiest ways to accommodate transportation choices and encourage energy efficiency. Implementation Considerations: Designing a comprehensive workplace trip reduction program can prove valuable in reducing energy consumption as a result of transportation, in addition to earning several LEED credits. For example, a workplace might: choose to locate within close proximity to several types of transit services; provide designated parking stalls to car/vanpools; provide alternatively-fuelled fleet cars for staff to use during the day; encourage cycling by providing bike racks and shower facilities. City authorities may agree to install racks upon request if they do not already exist within the vicinity. In some cases, municipal requirements for bicycle storage exceed the LEED requirement; provide a guaranteed ride home for employees that work late; and introduce variable work hours and allow telecommuting. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 7

76 Cost Considerations: There is no significant capital cost associated with providing bicycle storage, changing rooms or developing car/van pool programs. Projects can actually incur a cost savings if they reduce their parking requirements for the project. Providing facilities and incentives for alternatively-fuelled vehicles can be more cost-intensive and possibly less feasible for a larger number of projects. However, municipalities may wish to consider this credit given the potential for local governments to act as leaders for sustainable alternatives. 8.3 LEED Responsibilities and Timing The following professionals play a role in implementing alternative transportation solutions and documenting them for the LEED application: Client: must provide Full Time Equivalency occupant numbers for the design team to complete the LEED calculations required to determine the number of showers, bicycles racks, van/carpool spaces and spaces dedicated for alternative fuel vehicles. Architect: is responsible for incorporating bicycle storage, showers, and van/carpool requirements into the design. Typically the architect will sign off on the documentation required for these credits. Electrical/mechanical: is responsible for maintaining their design intent with respect to alternative fuel refuelling stations. 72 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

77 LEED Requirements and Submittals Credit SS c4.: Public Transportation Access SS c4.2: Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms SS c4.3: Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Level of input for LEED Documentation Easy: Easy: Easy: Letter Template Signed Drawing showing local bus or mass transit routes and distance to the project Letter Template Signed Drawings indicating location of bicycle storage and changing facilities Letter Template Signed Lease documentation Calculations Drawings and Parking Plan Responsibility for documentation Architect, Client Architect Architect, Client SS c4.4: Parking Capacity Easy: Letter Template Signed Narrative Drawings and Parking Plan Architect, Client 8.4 Summary Solution Capital Cost Increase Ease of Implementation Payback Transportation Choices Cost savings - moderate cost increase Easy - difficult Immediate GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 73

78 8.5 Case StudY Case Study: Vancouver Island Technology Park Transportation Study Design Team: Bunting Coady Architects, Idealink Architecture, Boulevard Transportation Group Completed: 2002 Photo: Sandy Beaman In 2002, Boulevard Transportation Group conducted a Sustainable Transportation Plan for the newly created Vancouver Island Tech Park in Saanich. The Park s mission was to create a national showcase for sustainable high tech development in a campus-like setting and to model environmentally friendly building and land management principles such as green building design and sustainable transportation systems. The masterplan was intended to be a living document, a malleable tool that could accommodate changes and alterations so as to reflect evolving site conditions. Study objectives involved the implementation of an efficient and convenient sustainable transportation system at the Vancouver Island Technology Park; demonstrating and displaying sustainable transportation technologies; and minimizing the number of vehicles traveling to the site, thus reducing parking needs and greenhouse gas emission levels; and minimizing the risk, frequency and severity of traffic accidents through incorporating safety conscious planning. Meeting these goals consisted of three stages including: Stage I - A Preliminary Evaluation Plan which evaluates existing transportation trends, patterns, infrastructure, initiatives, tools and practices; and analyses, interprets and provides recommendations for implementation of Stage II Stage II A Sustainable Transportation Masterplan for the VITP and surrounding area Stage III Implementation of a sustainable transportation system using innovative sustainable transportation technologies. During the early stages of development of the Park, the District of Saanich granted it the opportunity to reduce parking requirements in exchange for trip reduction initiatives and measures designed to manage transportation demand, the goal being to reduce congestion and emissions, traffic impacts and asphalt. Extensive best practices research were collected, as well as new research into 74 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

79 how emerging advanced technology applications could be applied to trip-reduction strategies. At present, Park management s commitment to environmental design is illustrated in the inclusion of sustainable transportation features such as grass and gravel paved parking lots, bike facilities, showers and lockers, electric vehicle recharging stations, and transit facilities. Throughout the course of this study, it became apparent that a sustainable transportation system at the VITP site could serve as a regional catalyst for bringing all sorts of groups, agencies, institutions, interests, businesses and governments together under a common set of goals and objectives. The project has, and will continue, to benefit from the efforts of all the partners in this project to put in place the systems and infrastructure necessary that will not only facilitate the effective implementation of VITP s plan, but also will allow for a regional multi-mode transportation network. 8.6 Resources Better Environmentally Sound Transportation (BEST): BEST provides a collection of information on local transportation alternatives and commuting options. Support for commuting programs such as car/vanpools, cycling information, case studies for business, the Cooperative Auto Network, pedestrian safety and more can be accessed through BEST. Ministry of Transportation Cycling Infrastructure Partnership Program The CIPP is a cost-shared program where the Government of British Columbia will partner with local governments in the construction of new transportation cycling infrastructure. Up to $250,000 of funding per project is available. 8.7 ReFERENCES World Resources Institute World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 998.) GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 75

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81 9.0 INNOVATION AND DESIGN 9. Introduction Often sustainable design stops once a building is completed. Municipalities, however, are well-positioned to extend this design philosophy into the operations of their facilities by implementing policies and best practices that apply to the operations and maintenance of the buildings. It is beneficial if these operational policies are developed as part of a broader sustainability or green building policies. LEED also provides the opportunity to go beyond what has been presented in the previous sections of this document and to demonstrate leadership by exceeding any of the proposed standards or by implementing strategies not identified in the LEED system. For the average commercial building in the U.S., more than half as much money is spent per year on cleaning as on energy. In energy-efficient green buildings, significantly more money may be spent on cleaning than on energy. Cleaning compounds and compounds used for stripping and refinishing floors can be a building s largest source of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. (Environmental Building News 2005) Two major opportunities are readily available to municipalities that fulfil this requirement, and include developing: Green Operating Programs (i.e., purchasing and housekeeping policies and products). Green Education Plan (i.e., education of both building occupants and visitors). 9.2 Design Solutions Two operational policies that have direct application for municipalities include a green housekeeping and education plan. These two programs are discussed in greater depth below. A. Green Operations Program Once a high performance and/or LEED project is completed, proper maintenance and operation of a building are critical for maintaining good indoor air quality and the health of building occupants over the life of the building. Addressing health concerns associated with cleaning and maintaining buildings can be accomplished through the development of policies for green maintenance procedures. Several municipalities within the GVRD have already adopted policies to address this issue, including the City of Richmond and Vancouver. Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Moderate Payback: Immediate GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 77

82 The LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) program outlines a number of best practices for maintaining a healthy work environment during the operation of a building. Implementation Considerations: Steps for developing a Green Housekeeping and Operations Program:. Identify materials used in day-to-day operations and determine their potential impact on the human effect and the environment; 2. Identify alternatives to commonly used products; 3. Develop an organization policy that specifies the use of environmentally preferable cleaning products. Green Seal, Environmental Choice Program, and Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention are good references for developing such organization policies; 4. Inventory office consumable products and consider environmentally preferable products for office consumables (i.e., printing paper, toner, janitorial paper products); 5. Examine landscape and pest management products and seek out alternatives; 6. Identify a strong champion within the municipality who will spearhead this program; 7. Seek feedback from maintenance, operations and procurement staff prior to full scale implementation; 8. Pilot products before full scale implementation; and 9. Educate building occupants on alternative and program. Cost Considerations : The cost for environmentally preferable cleaning products has decreased along with the increase in their demand, but there remains a slight premium for the products. These products are readily available in the market place. Cost Increase: Moderate Ease of Implementation: Varies Payback: Immediate B. Green Education Plan When occupants move into the building, they are typically not informed about building systems, technologies, or design strategies. Yet these strategies all work together to conserve energy and water, enhance the indoor environmental quality, and also offer significant operations and maintenance savings on an 78 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

83 annual basis meanwhile, often dependent on building occupants and/or maintenance staff to be fully realised. Developing and implementing an education plan can be the catalyst for informing building occupants and visitors of these features. Educating building occupants and visitors can fulfil three important goals: Ensuring that building occupants and visitors understand the impact their behaviour can have on the building performance; Contributing to the dissemination of knowledge about green buildings and its benefits; and Positioning the municipality as a leader and a model for the community. Implementation Considerations: The following measures can be implemented as part of educating the building occupants: Develop a signage program throughout the building or brochure communicating design features and their benefits; Host regular tours of the building; and/or Create a virtual real-time display communicating for example the building s total or daily energy and water use. Cost Considerations: There are a few minor soft costs associated with developing an education plan: Time spent preparing the materials either by a marketing or graphics team; and Time for an individual to conduct building tours. C. Other Innovative Solutions The LEED Green Building Rating System recognizes projects that implement innovative design measures that:. greatly exceed any of the LEED performance standards; 2. implement strategies that are not identified by the LEED system (i.e., green housekeeping or education program); and/or 3. include a LEED Accredited Professional on the design team. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 79

84 The LEED Canada Reference Guide outlines the detailed summary of what is required for an innovation point. Implementation Considerations: Implementation issues will vary for different innovative solutions, however the following tips apply: Raise innovative solutions early on in the design process in order to have enough time to explore their economic feasibility, and any other social or environmental implications; Explore external funding for measures; and Engage academic researchers to explore ideas for innovative building research opportunities that could be included in the project. Cost Considerations: Cost issues will vary from project to project, depending entirely on the scope of the innovation. 9.3 LEED Responsibilities and Timing Early on in the design process, it is necessary to identify who is responsible for documenting the innovative measure. The client: is typically responsible for coordinating this initiative internally with janitorial, maintenance and operations staff or with external contractors. The client and architect together: typically look after creating an education plan. Proof that this plan is under development must be submitted as part of the LEED project application. Marketing or graphic teams will also play an important role in crafting the graphic images for the education plan. 80 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

85 LEED Requirements and Submittals Credit Level of Input for LEED Documentation Responsibility for Documentation ID c.-.4: Innovative Design Measures Minimal to Extensive: Depends on Innovation strategies Develop rationale for innovative measure and provide supporting evidence Consultant will vary depending on design measure ID c.2: LEED Accredited Professional 9.4 Summary Solution Green Operations (Housekeeping Plan) Minimal: Signed Letter Template Copy of LEED Accreditation Certificate Capital Cost Increase Moderate Ease of Implementation Moderate Team member with LEED AP designation Payback Immediate Green Education Plan Moderate Moderate Immediate 9.5 Case Studies Case Study: City of Richmond Green Procurement Policy and Plan The City of Richmond is an early adopter of Green Operations policies and formalized its Green Procurement Policy with a Green Purchasing Guide which provides specific purchasing guidance for the following areas: general building maintenance; janitorial products; vehicles and maintenances; furniture and office systems; office equipment and related services; office supplies; lighting and lighting systems; construction, renovation, demolition; parks, recreation amenities and landscaping; and, special programs. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 8

86 Case Study: City of Seattle - Seattle Justice Centre and Education Program Design Team: NBBJ Architects, Hoffman Construction Co., Skilling Ward Magnusson Barkshire, CDI Engineers, Abacus, Gustafson Partners Ltd., SvR Design Company Completed: 2002 Photo: Erik Stuhaug The Seattle Justice Center was the first building completed within the City of Seattle s Sustainable Building Program. A resolution passed in 2000 required all City buildings over 464 s.m. to conform to a LEED silver rating. Currently there are 6 LEED projects that fall within the policy. The Seattle Justice Center was also one of the first LEED registered buildings in Seattle, and consequently stands as a beacon for learning about sustainable building within Seattle. An education program for the sustainable building program, and for the Seattle Justice Center in particular includes the publishing of case studies and the provision of regular tours. The Seattle Justice Center has now been published in three different formats. The Sustainable building program official format is a partnership with the Cascadia Region Green Building Council. Additionally two other case study formats have been developed. The DOE High Performance Buildings case study, which includes publication on the Environmental Building News web-site, is now on-line. Better Bricks a regional initiative by the North West Energy Efficiency Alliance have also published their own case study on the building on their web-site. Tours are scheduled monthly, often occurring more frequently as demand requires. The City s Green Building Team has trained 5 docents to perform the tours on a rotating schedule. Other tour leaders have included the design team. Tours have performed for a wide range of visitors ranging from local professionals to visiting state and international delegations. 82 GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

87 Case Study: City of White Rock - Operations Centre - LEED-NC Gold Design Team: Busby Perkins+Will, Fast + Epp, Flagel Lewandowski, Keen Engineering, KDS Construction, Wendy Grandin, Pacific Environmental Consulting Services Completed: 2003 In July 2003, the City of White Rock was awarded LEED Gold certification of its new Operations Building, making it only the second building in Canada to achieve this standing and the first for new construction. The design locates the new facility over an abandoned sanitary treatment plant, using existing storage tanks as the building s foundations. The building developed into two separate pavilions: a two-storey component on the north end, housing departmental elements which are only periodically used (field crew facilities, change rooms, meeting and lunch rooms), and a one-storey building on the south end, housing the office component of the department. Water conservation was a major design criteria for the City s new Operations building. A number of strategies were implemented in an effort to reduce the potable water use on the site. In terms of the demand for water within the building, several strategies were implemented: Photo: Busby Perkins+Will Architects Photo: Stantec Highly efficient, water conserving plumbing fixtures were used; Dual flush toilets and waterless urinals were installed throughout the complex; and Stormwater is used to service all toilets for sewage conveyance. The total amount of potable water used inside the building is 65,27 gal/year, 36.5% less than the reference case. In addition, one of the decommissioned sewage treatment tanks was excavated and upgraded to become a holding tank for stormwater that was diverted from streets up the hill north of the building site. This water reduced the demand on potable water for the following: Sewage conveyance; Washing the City s fleet of vehicles; and Irrigation of landscape. GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 83

88 No potable water is used for outdoor applications. Water for the hosebibb (6,275gal/year), washing of operations vehicles (50,00 gal/year), and street cleaning vehicles (260,000 gal/year) is supplied 00% by captured stormwater. Overall, the project reduced its potable water consumption by 87.2% or by 444,448 gallons per year. As a result of these conservation measures, the project greatly exceeded the LEED thresholds for water use reduction, achieving all 5 Water Efficiency credits and an innovation credit. 9.6 Resources: City of Richmond Green Purchasing Guide: Environment Choice Program: Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention: Green Seal Organization: LEED for Existing Building, US Green Building Council: Design for Cleanability. Environmental Building News. September Environmental Protection Agency Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines Sustainable Purchase Network: SPN2006/SPN_FactSheet.pdf Environmental Building News Design for Cleanability. Vol. 4, No GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings

89 0.0 APPENDICES a. LEED -Canada.0 Score Card b. Frequently Achieved LEED Credits for Municipal Projects c. City of Vancouver s Green Building Strategy: Summary of LEED Credits d. Capital Regional District Cost Summary of Potential Rainwater Systems e. Technology Fact Sheets: I. Demand control ventilation ii. iii. iv. Geo-exchange heating and cooling systems Waterless urinals Domestic solar hot water v. Daylighting GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 85

90 0 0 0 Total Project Score LEED Canada v.0 Certified Silver Gold 39-5 Platinum 52+ Possible Points S ustainable Sites Possible Points Materials & Resource s Possible Points 4 Y? N Y? N Y Prereq E rosion & Sedimentation Control 0 Y Prereq Storage & Collection of Recyclables 0 Credit Site Selection Credit. Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Walls, Floors and Roof Credit 2 Development Density Credit.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 95% of Existing Walls, Floors and Roof Credit 3 Redevelopment of Contaminated Sites Credit.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 50% of Interior Non-Structural Elements Credit 4. Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access Credit 2. Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% Credit 4.2 Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation, Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Credit 3. Resource Reuse, Specify 5% Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify 0% Credit 5. Reduced Site Disturbance, Protect or Restore Open Space Credit 4. Recycled Content, Specify 7.5% (pc + /2 pi) Credit 5.2 Reduced Site Disturbance, Development Footprint Credit 4.2 Recycled Content, Specify 5% (pc + /2 pi) Credit 6. Stormwater Management, Rate and Quantity Credit 5. Regional Materials, 0% Extracted and Manufactured Regionally Credit 6.2 Stormwater Management, Treatment Credit 5.2 Regional Materials, 20% Extracted and Manufactured Regionally Credit 7. Heat Islands Effect, Non-Roof Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials, Specify 5% Credit 7.2 Heat Islands effect, Roof Credit 7 Certified Wood Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction Credit 8 Durable Building Water Efficiency Possible Points 5 Y? N Indoor Environmental Quality Possible Points 5 Y? N Y Prereq Minimum IAQ Performance 0 Credit. Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by 50% Y Prereq 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control 0 Credit.2 Water Efficient Landscaping, No Potable Use or No Irrigation Credit Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Monitoring Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies Credit 2 Ventilation Effectiveness Credit 3. Water Use Reduction, 20% Reduction Credit 3. Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Testing Before Occupancy Credit 4. Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants Energy & Atmosphere Possible Points 7 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints and Coating Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet Y? N Credit 4.3 Y Prereq Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning 0 Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood and Laminates Adhesives Y Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance 0 Credit 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control Y Prereq 3 CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment and elimination of Halons 0 Credit 6. Controllability of Systems, Perimeter Credit. Optimize Energy Performance, New: 24% MNECB, 5% ASHRAE Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems, Non-Perimeter Credit.2 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 29% MNECB, 20% ASHRAE Credit 7. Thermal Comfort, Comply with ASHRAE Credit.3 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 33% MNECB, 25% ASHRAE Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort, Permanent Monitoring System Credit.4 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 38% MNECB, 30% ASHRAE Credit 8. Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces Credit.5 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 42% MNECB, 35% ASHRAE Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views, Daylight for 90% of Spaces Credit.6 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 47% MNECB, 40% ASHRAE Credit.7 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 5% MNECB, 45% ASHRAE Innovation & Design Process Possible Points 5 Credit.8 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 55% MNECB, 50% ASHRAE Y? N Credit.9 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 60% MNECB, 55% ASHRAE Credit. Innovation in Design: Credit.0 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 64% MNECB, 60% ASHRAE Credit.2 Innovation in Design: Credit 2. Renewable Energy, 5% Credit.3 Innovation in Design: Credit 2.2 Renewable Energy, 0% Credit.4 Innovation in Design: Credit 2.3 Renewable Energy, 20% Credit 2 LEED Accredited Professional Credit 3 Best Practice Commissioning Credit 4 Ozone Protection Credit 5 Measurement & Verification Credit 6 Green Power

91 0.0 APPENDICES a. LEED -Canada.0 Score Card b. Frequently Achieved LEED Credits for Municipal Projects c. City of Vancouver s Green Building Strategy: Summary of LEED Credits d. Capital Regional District Cost Summary of Potential Rainwater Systems e. Technology Fact Sheets: I. Demand control ventilation ii. iii. iv. Geo-exchange heating and cooling systems Waterless urinals Domestic solar hot water v. Daylighting GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 87

92 Frequently Achieved LEED-Canada Credits for Municipal Projects Total Project Score LEED Canada v.0 Certified Silver Gold 39-5 Platinum 52+ Possible Points Sustainable Sites Possible Points Materials & Resources Possible Points 4 Y? N N Y? N N Y Prereq E rosion & Sedimentation Control 0 Y Prereq Storage & Collection of Recyclables 0 Credit Site Selection Credit. Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Walls, Floors and Roof Credit 2 Development Density Credit.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 95% of Existing Walls, Floors and Roof Credit 3 Redevelopment of Contaminated Sites Credit.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 50% of Interior Non-Structural Elements Credit 4. Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access Credit 2. Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% Credit 4.2 Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation, Hybrid and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Credit 3. Resource Reuse, Specify 5% Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify 0% Credit 5. Reduced Site Disturbance, Protect or Restore Open Space Credit 4. Recycled Content, Specify 7.5% (pc + /2 pi) Credit 5.2 Reduced Site Disturbance, Development Footprint Credit 4.2 Recycled Content, Specify 5% (pc + /2 pi) Credit 6. Stormwater Management, Rate and Quantity Credit 5. Regional Materials, 0% Extracted and Manufactured Regionally Credit 6.2 Stormwater Management, Treatment Credit 5.2 Regional Materials, 20% Extracted and Manufactured Regionally Credit 7. Heat Islands Effect, Non-Roof Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials, Specify 5% Credit 7.2 Heat Islands effect, Roof Credit 7 Certified Wood Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction Credit 8 Durable Building Water Efficiency Possible Points Indoor Environmental Quality Possible Points 5 Y? N N Y? N N Credit. Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by 50% Y Prereq Minimum IAQ Performance 0 Credit.2 Water Efficient Landscaping, No Potable Use or No Irrigation Y Prereq 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control 0 Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies Credit Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Monitoring Credit 3. Water Use Reduction, 20% Reduction Credit 2 Ventilation Effectiveness Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction Credit 3. Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Testing Before Occupancy Energy & Atmosphere Possible Points 7 Credit 4. Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants Y? N N Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints and Coating Y Prereq Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning 0 Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet Y Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance 0 Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood and Laminates Adhesives Y Prereq 3 CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment and elimination of Halons 0 Credit 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control Credit. Optimize Energy Performance, New: 24% MNECB, 5% ASHRAE Credit 6. Controllability of Systems, Perimeter Credit.2 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 29% MNECB, 20% ASHRAE Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems, Non-Perimeter Credit.3 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 33% MNECB, 25% ASHRAE Credit 7. Thermal Comfort, Comply with ASHRAE Credit.4 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 38% MNECB, 30% ASHRAE Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort, Permanent Monitoring System Credit.5 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 42% MNECB, 35% ASHRAE Credit 8. Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces Credit.6 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 47% MNECB, 40% ASHRAE Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views, Daylight for 90% of Spaces Credit.7 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 5% MNECB, 45% ASHRAE Credit.8 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 55% MNECB, 50% ASHRAE Innovation & Design Process Possible Points 5 Credit.9 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 60% MNECB, 55% ASHRAE Y? N N Credit.0 Optimize Energy Performance, New: 64% MNECB, 60% ASHRAE Credit. Innovation in Design: Credit 2. Renewable Energy, 5% Credit.2 Innovation in Design: Credit 2.2 Renewable Energy, 0% Credit.3 Innovation in Design: Credit 2.3 Renewable Energy, 20% Credit.4 Innovation in Design: Credit 3 B est Practice Commissioning Credit 2 LEED Accredited Professional Credit 4 Ozone Protection Credit 5 M easurement & Verification Key Credit 6 Green Power 00% All projects meet prerequisite requirements 39% Most Frequently achieved credits by municipal projects 2% Frequently achieved credits by municipal governments 24% Rarely achieved credits by municipal projects 4% Never achieved by muncipal projects to date

93 0.0 APPENDICES a. LEED -Canada.0 Score Card b. Frequently Achieved LEED Credits for Municipal Projects c. City of Vancouver s Green Building Strategy: Summary of LEED Credits d. Capital Regional District Cost Summary of Potential Rainwater Systems e. Technology Fact Sheets: I. Demand control ventilation ii. iii. iv. Geo-exchange heating and cooling systems Waterless urinals Domestic solar hot water v. Daylighting GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 89

94 CITY OF VANCOUVER POLICY REPORT ENVIRONMENT Report Date: October 7, 2005 Author: Trish French/Dale Mikkelsen Phone No.: / RTS No.: 0444 CC File No.: Meeting Date: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: Standing Committee on Planning and Environment Director of Central Area Planning, in consultation with the Manager of Sustainability Office and Chief Building Official Vancouver Green Building Strategy APPENDIX C PAGE OF 4 POSSIBLE BY-LAW CHANGES AND LEED EQUIVALENT VALUES A. Already Regulated or De-Facto pts. Sustainable Sites. Site Selection 2. Urban Development 3. Brownfield Redevelopment 4. Alternative Transportation, Public Transit Access 5. Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Facilities 6. Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity 7. Light Pollution Reduction except for special situations Indoor Environmental Quality. Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in public spaces 2. Daylight and Views for 75% 3. Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 4. Views for 90% of spaces

95 APPENDIX C PAGE 2 OF 2 B. Proposed GBS By-law Changes 6 pts. (Preliminary List: subject to consultation and confirmation) Sustainable Sites pts. Stormwater Management Rate and Quantity pt. - Sewer and Watercourse By-law amendment to require stormwater retention Water Efficiency 2 pts. Water Efficient Landscaping pt. - Water shortage response plan can be upgraded to reduce by 50% Water Use Reduction 20% - pt. - Plumbing Codes (2) & (3) lav s, sinks, showerheads, and water closets in non- residential buildings Energy and Atmosphere 3 pts. Optimise Energy Performance 0% - pt. - Energy Utilization Provision of the Building By-law amendment ASHRAE plus (subject to cost/benefit analysis) - Energy design guidelines developed Ozone Depletion pt. - Energy Utilization Provision of the Building By-law: full implementation of current ASHRAE 90. Additional Commissioning pt. - Energy Utilization Provision of the Building By-law: full implementation of current ASHRAE 90. Materials and Resources 3 pts. Construction Waste Management 50% - pt. - VBBL and Solid Waste By-law amendment (underway) Construction Waste Management 75% - pt. - VBBL and Solid Waste By-law amendment (underway) Building Durability pt. - CSA standards for envelope/rain screen; amendment in VBBL Indoor Environmental Quality 3 pts. Construction IAQ post-occupancy pt. - Pre-design under ASHRAE 90. and ref. to ASHRAE 62 enforcement issue

96 APPENDIX C PAGE 3 OF 3 Thermal Comfort 2 pts. - Energy Utilization Provision of the Building By-law: full implementation of current ASHRAE Innovation and Design 4 pts. Education Program for Owners and Operators pt. - Energy Utilization Provision of the Building By-law: full implementation of current ASHRAE 90. Allocation of space for building compost collection pt -Zoning and Development By-law, Waste Management By-law Collection of Organics pt. - pilot program in SEFC - broader application subject to City organic waste collection Alternative Vehicles/Car-Share Program pt. - Parking By-Law (underway) C. Often Attained: Low/No Cost (no proposed work) 6 Pts. Materials and Resources. Resource Reuse 5% 2. Local/Regional Materials 20% Indoor Environmental Quality. Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives and Solvents 2. Low-Emitting Materials, Paints 3. Low-Emitting Materials, Carpets 4. LEED Accredited Professional Summary of LEED Equivalent Points A. Already Regulated or De-Facto Pts. B. Phase GBS By-law Changes 6 Pts. - Sustainable Sites - Pts. - Water Efficiency- 2 Pts. - Energy & Atmosphere - 3 Pts. - Materials & Resources- 3 Pts. - Indoor Environmental Quality- 3 Pts. - Innovation & Design- 4 Pts. C. Often Attained (Low or no cost; non- regulated ) 6 Pts.

97 APPENDIX C PAGE 4 OF 4 TOTAL 33 Pts. LEED Certified: LEED Silver: Points Points

98 0.0 APPENDICES a. LEED -Canada.0 Score Card b. Frequently Achieved LEED Credits for Municipal Projects c. City of Vancouver s Green Building Strategy: Summary of LEED Credits d. Capital Regional District Cost Summary of Potential Rainwater Systems e. Technology Fact Sheets: I. Demand control ventilation ii. iii. iv. Geo-exchange heating and cooling systems Waterless urinals Domestic solar hot water v. Daylighting GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 9

99

100 0.0 APPENDICES a. LEED -Canada.0 Score Card b. Frequently Achieved LEED Credits for Municipal Projects c. City of Vancouver s Green Building Strategy: Summary of LEED Credits d. Capital Regional District Cost Summary of Potential Rainwater Systems e. Technology Fact Sheets: I. Demand control ventilation ii. iii. iv. Geo-exchange heating and cooling systems Waterless urinals Domestic solar hot water v. Daylighting GVRD Design Guide for Municipal LEED Buildings 93

101 Demand Control Ventilation Capital cost: Increased Lifecycle cost: <5 year payback Ease of Implementation: Easy Available data suggests that DVC reduces ventilation, heating and cooling loads by 0% to 30% Description CO 2 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) is a real-time, occupancybased ventilation approach that can offer significant energy savings over traditional fixed ventilation approaches, particularly where occupancy is intermittent, or variable from design conditions. Properly applied, it allows for the maintenance of target per-person ventilation rates at all times. Even in spaces where occupancy is static, CO 2 DCV can be used to ensure that every zone within a space is adequately ventilated for its actual occupancy. Air intake dampers can be controlled automatically, avoiding accidental and costly over- or under-ventilation..2 Applicability Building Types - DCV strategies can be employed in almost all types of buildings. They are most beneficial in spaces where occupancy can vary significantly from maximum design conditions, such meeting spaces, auditoriums and conference halls. New vs. Retrofits - DCV is relatively simple to install in a retrofit scenario, provided that the quantity of outdoor air can be varied based on sensor input..3 Benefits Benefits of DCV include: Excessive over-ventilation - this is avoided while still maintaining good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ); Energy Savings - studies have shown that annual energy savings in the order of $0/m² can be realized; Reduced peak electricity demand - when occupancy levels fall below design levels during peak periods, customers who are charged for demand (kw) earn monthly utility bill savings; Automatic reset - a DCV system will automatically reset damper positions without manual assistance from building maintenance staff, ensuring the building is being run at its optimum efficiency at all times; Outdoor Air - the CO 2 system will consider infiltration air and operable windows as a source of outdoor air, therefore additional savings may be sought; and Highly adaptable control strategy this will auto-adjust for any future changes to the use of the space. CO2 Panel Sensor Source: DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION

102 .4 Limitations The limitations of demand control ventilation systems are as follows: In recent years there has emerged a stigma within the construction industry that CO 2 sensors and control systems do not work. This perception has stemmed from incorrect installations and improper designs; These systems must be re-commissioned at regular intervals to verify performance and measurement are accurate; and There is a concern regarding the accuracy of the outdoor sensors in cold climates. In these cases it is recommended that a fixed CO 2 level be assigned, based on the program requirements of each space..5 Design/Installation Considerations The following are some general guidelines for designing a DCV system: Control Strategy - the objective is to modulate ventilation in order to maintain ventilation rates based on actual occupancy. Typical control mechanisms include a proportional or proportional-integral controller. CO 2 is measured in parts per million (e.g., 00 parts of CO 2 to a million parts of air) and is typically measured as a difference between inside and outside CO 2 levels. Duct vs. Wall Mounted - it is generally recommended that the sensors be mounted within the space rather than in the return air duct, as this technology doesn t treat individual spaces separately, but averages all spaces being conditioned. Duct sensors may be appropriate if the multiple spaces have similar occupancy patterns and uses. Location of Wall-Mount Sensors - criteria for the placement of CO 2 sensors are similar to that of temperature sensors. Installation near doors, air intakes, exhausts, open windows, or locations where people may breathe on the sensor should be avoided. One sensor is required per zone and should be located at least 0.5 metres from busy areas..6 Capital & Life Cycle Cost Considerations The payback for CO 2 DCV will be greatest in higher occupant density spaces that are subject to variable occupancy profiles and that would otherwise have a fixed ventilation strategy. Typically the sensors cost approximately $,000 dollars fully installed, usually with one sensor per zone. Other additional expenses include infrastructure to connect the sensors into the building controls. On average, DCV has approximately a two to three year payback period. Another design consideration is the cost premium associated with more control boxes. To gain the greatest benefits, more control points would be required than conventional design..7 Applicability to LEED DCV applies directly to: EQc CO 2 Monitoring. The LEED requirements include installing a system that provides feedback on space ventilation performance, in a form that affords operational adjustments. CO 2 sensors will not only monitor indoor levels but also monitor the difference between indoor and outdoor levels. Energy may be conserved by varying the amount of fresh air relative to the occupancy levels. DCV therefore also indirectly affects: EAp2 Minimum Energy Performance EAc Optimize Energy Performance DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION 2

103 .8 Local Applications There are several examples of DCV within the British Columbia region including the following: Vancouver Post Office Vancouver Vancouver International Terminal Richmond Revenue Canada Building - Surrey Stantec Boardrooms - Vancouver.9 Other Resources Additional information can be found within the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineers) handbooks and publications: In addition to ASHRAE, the Health Canada website also contains useful information on understanding Indoor Air Quality problems and solutions in schools, but the issues apply across the board in all types of developments: pubs/air/tools_school-outils_ecoles/tools_school-outils_ ecoles_e.pdf DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION 3

104 Geoexchange Capital cost: Increase Lifecycle cost: 5-0 year payback Ease of Implementation: Medium Well-designed geoexchange systems can reliably reduce heating energy consumption by 65% to 75% and cooling energy consumption by 5% to 40% when compared to conventional North American building designs. Vertical Geothermal field Source: Iowa Energy Centre Description A geoexchange heating and cooling system uses the consistent temperature of the earth (or body of water) to provide heating, cooling, and hot water for both residential and commercial buildings. Water is circulated through polyethelene pipes in closed loops, below the earth s surface. These loops can be buried vertically or horizontally in the ground, or submersed in a pond. These loops are connected to water source heat pumps..2 Applicability Building Type - Geoexchange systems can be adapted to nearly any type of building in nearly any setting. However, the design of the system must appropriately account for the heating/cooling load profile specific to the building and to the physical features of the site. Geoexchange technology is therefore better suited for some types of buildings and settings but not others, and so costs can vary significantly. In regions such as the Lower Mainland, it is particularly important because widely varying regional climates cause significant variation in building load profiles and widely varying ground conditions affect the performance, cost (installation and annual), and construction considerations relating to the ground heat exchange coupling. New vs Retrofits - Geoexchange is generally reserved for new developments, as retrofit developments are often subject to site constraints. This is site-dependent..3 Benefits There are many advantages to geoexchange heating and cooling systems over conventional HVAC systems: Single unit - heating, cooling, and hot water are provided in one unit; Low maintenance - geoexchange systems have fewer moving parts than conventional systems; Safe - geoexchange systems have no open flames; Clean - geoexchange water source heat pump access panels are well constructed and tightly sealed and no combustion air is required; Dependable - geoexchange systems use proven solid state electronic controls, largely due to less moving parts within the units; GEOEXCHANGE 5

105 Durable - a geoexchange water source heat pump will last up to 30 years when properly installed: Less stress - the geoexchange compressor operates under less stress than a conventional system which has to work harder to compensate for variable outside temperatures; No gas piping - geoexchange systems do not use natural gas; No gas combustion - over time, gas combustion causes rust and corrosion of furnace components; Lower cost of operation - geoexchange systems are more efficient than fossil fuel or electric heating and cooling systems; No exhaust venting - geoexchange systems have no combustion air or venting requirements; and Waste heat - Any heat not utilized for heating and cooling purposes can potentially be used to preheat domestic hot water requirements..4 Limitations In today s marketplace, there are numerous barriers to full consumer and commercial adoption. All of these potential barriers can be minimized through a careful design process. These barriers include: Higher initial cost compared with conventional systems; Deficiencies in some past installations, creating negative sentiment; Lack of training, certification and support for installers, designers and customers (although this is becoming less of a concern); Lack of tracked information to support claims of value; Poor customer follow-through on servicing and/or repair; Design difficulties with some underground loops; Energy balance considerations concerns that if too much heat is removed from the ground, year after year this will lead to long-term cooling of the surrounding soils. The reduced temperatures will decrease the capacity of the system. However, appropriate attention to design will eliminate this; and Increased use of electricity while these systems eliminate the need for fossil fuel connections, the systems do require a greater amount of electricity to run the circulation pumps..5 Design/Installation Considerations The following factors must be considered in order to evaluate the technical feasibility and economic viability of a geoexchange system application. Site setting - Geoexchange systems can be designed for most sites. Careful evaluation of site-specific conditions, including geology, hydrogeology, geography, and topography, will determine the feasibility and the most cost-effective configuration of the ground coupling system. Building energy requirements - The long-term thermal storage and inertia of the earth s mass will affect the geoexchange systems performance. Therefore, calculations must go beyond peak heating and cooling loads, and take into account the annual heating and cooling energy requirements of the building. GEOEXCHANGE 6

106 Geoexchange system configuration - Designing a geoexchange heat pump system is more complex than designing a conventional HVAC system. The overall geoexchange system performance depends on dynamic, long-term thermal interaction between the ground heat exchanger and the building load side of the system. The system operating efficiency depends predominantly on the temperature difference between the geoexchanger and the building load. Smaller temperature differences allow more efficient system performance. Availability and cost of fossil fuel alternatives - To justify the typically higher capital cost of geoexchange and to realize its long-term economic viability, any geoexchange design should be able to compete with and outperform all other available conventional HVAC system design options relying on fossil fuels or electricity. This includes full life cycle cost analysis..6 Capital & Life Cycle Cost Considerations The capital cost of a geoexchange system is typically higher than the cost of a conventional HVAC system mainly due to the added cost of the ground heat exchanger. Many factors have to be carefully evaluated to develop a cost-effective geoexchange system configuration. In general, geoexchange can be successfully applied to any type of building provided a thorough economic and technical assessment indicates long-term energy and costeffectiveness..7 Applicability to LEED Geothermal fields directly impact the quantity of energy consumed by the development. LEED credits are as follows: EAp2 Minimum Energy Performance prerequisite EAc Optimize Energy.8 Local Applications There are currently approximately 30,000 residential Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) in Canada. An estimated,000 residential GSHPs are installed in Canada per year. Local examples of GSHPs include the Oakridge Shopping Centre, the Vancouver International Airport terminal, as well as residential communities such as Sunrivers in Kamloops. Other examples within the Greater Vancouver region include: Burnaby Mountain High School Mole Hill Housing Project Gleneagles Community Centre GVRD Seymour/ Capilano filtration plant.9 Other Resources GeoExchange BC: This website contains information centering on the British Columbia market and includes content such as: Report, publications and resources; BC installations and case studies; Financial assistance; Industry news; and A directory of service providers. GEOEXCHANGE 7

107 Waterless Urinals Capital cost: Neutral Lifecycle cost: <5 year payback Ease of Implementation: Easy According to the GVRD Municipal Water Demand by Sector report (2005), water consumed by residences in the GVRD in 200 was at a daily rate of 320 litres per person. This is lower than the provincial average of 425 litres/day for the same period, but much higher than the national rate of 343 litres/day. Waterless Urinal Source: GVRD Description Waterless urinals are a relatively new product to North America, and have become an appealing means of conserving water in buildings. Technologies have developed over recent years and these fixtures can be very successful if applied and maintained correctly. Waterless urinals have a similar look to conventional urinals; however, they do not require water to flush the waste. The waterless versions are designed with an extremely smooth bowl surface to direct waste easily into the trap. The trap contains a cartridge filled with a liquid sealant. The difference in specific gravity between the trap solution and urine creates a liquid seal. The lighter sealant enables the liquid to float to the top of the waste, creating a seal and preventing odours from backing up. Waterless urinals are installed with a conventional drain line and are wallhung. Installation is faster and simpler than water flushing urinals since there is no requirement to connect a waterline or flush valve. Materials differ between manufacturers; some use vitreous china while others use moulded plastics. Moulded plastic fixtures are lighter and less costly, whereas fixtures made from vitreous china are more durable..2 Applicability Occupancy - waterless urinals are appropriate for any kind of facility where a conventional urinal might be used. Waterless urinals function as do conventional urinals in terms of use, and as such they can be applied quite widely. It may be prudent to include signage indicating the type of technology, as users may wonder at the lack of water or flushing apparatus. It is also wise for designers to ensure that more durable products are used where there is greater vandalism potential. Project size - any project size is appropriate for this type of product. Larger projects with higher occupancy will see greater savings through greater reduction in water usage. New vs. retrofits - this technology is appropriate for use with both new and retrofit projects. The greatest financial benefit is realized with new projects since water lines can be omitted, but the technology can and has been used successfully for retrofits. WATERLESS URINALS 9

108 .3 Benefits Benefits include: Conservation - there is potential to save significant quantities of potable water. Waterless urinals can save approximately 5,000 litres of water per urinal per year (SGOG 2004) in commercial and industrial applications; Low cost - installation costs are kept low since no water piping is connected to the unit; Low maintenance - eliminates maintenance to flush controls, sensors to adjust flow, battery replacement and eliminates leaks to water piping; and Improved sanitary conditions - flushing tends to create turbulence generating an invisible mist of airborne germs..4 Limitations Common limitations include: Many manufacturers are getting CSA approval for their products, so it is still necessary for designers to confirm with newer manufacturers that they have obtained the necessary approvals for installation in Canada; The source of most of the problems with waterless urinals can be traced back to improper installation or maintenance; The need to obtain a variance from the municipality; and New maintenance procedures will need to be developed for this product..5 Design/Installation Considerations Installing waterless urinals is relatively simple compared to installing a conventional flushing fixture. There are no waterlines to connect, and no flushing valves to install; the only connection required is to a standard drain line. It is still important that the manufacturer s directions be followed for installation. Problems have been reported with leaks between the fixture and the drain line due to improper pitch of the drain line..6 Capital & Life Cycle Cost Considerations The capital cost for these urinals is approximately equal to conventional technologies when considering the cost of the entire system. A cost savings on installation offsets a slight cost increase for the fixtures. Slightly increased maintenance costs are also offset by water cost savings. It is important to note that as water costs increase, a differential will appear, making the life cycle cost less for the waterless version..7 Manufacturer Information There are several companies that manufacture waterless urinal fixtures. Many companies offer a mixture of both vitreous china and molded plastic models (see below). Each manufacturer has a slightly different product, but the technology remains the same across all sources. While there have been positive WATERLESS URINALS 0

109 and negative reviews of products supplied by all the manufacturers, the common theme persists: proper installation and maintenance will result in more satisfactory results. Cleaning products, trap cartridges, and maintenance tools are all available from select manufacturers as well. The following manufacturer information is provided for example purposes only. The GVRD does not specifically endorse any one product. BuildSmart s Product Directory provides further information on supplier and manufacturer resources..0 Other Resources Vickers, Amy Handbook of Water Use and Conservation. Waterplow Press, MA. Smart Growth on the Ground (SGOG), Water Consumption in Maple Ridge. Technical Bulletin No. 2. Sustainable Communities Program, UBC: GVRD, Water Consumption Statistics Edition. Burnaby, BC: GVRD, Operations and Maintenance Department. Sloan Valve Company - Waterfree Urinals (CSA approved): Waterless (CSA approved): Falcon Waterfree (CSA approved): com.8 Applicability to LEED Waterless urinals apply to 2 LEED credits directly, as follows: WEc2 Innovative Wastewater technologies WEc3 Water Use Reduction.9 Local Applications Local applications of waterless urinal technology include: The City of White Rock Operations Building The Vancouver Island Technology Park City of Vancouver National Street Works Yard WATERLESS URINALS

110 Solar Domestic Hot Water Capital cost: Increased Lifecycle cost: <5 year payback Ease of Implementation: Easy Domestic water heating contributes approximately 6 million tonnes of CO 2 each year toward Canada s greenhouse gas emissions. Solar Domestic Hot Water System Source: Borough Council of King s Lynn & West Norfolk Description A solar domestic hot water system (SDHW) is one which absorbs the sun s energy and transfers it to a storage cylinder. Solar hot water panels do not produce electricity, they heat the water directly. A SDHW system is typically installed along with another source of heating such as electric, gas or oil. This will ensure that hot water is provided all year round. The installation of a solar system involves more than just plumbing; it also involves other trades including roofers and electricians, and also requires people with solar technical skills. Architects and Structural Engineers, may design the systems. A typical system will include a set of solar collectors, pumps, a heat exchanger and storage medium to store the hot water for when it is required. Increased structural requirements may be needed to support the solar collectors on the roof..2 Applicability Building Type - Solar hot water heating can be applied in areas including pool heating, space heating, domestic hot water, and any combination thereof. There are two main types of systems that may be implemented: ) Direct system - the fluid that passes through the solar panels is actually the water that eventually comes out of the hot tap. In this type of system, there are concerns with the water freezing in the panels during the winter. To counter this, the panels will need to be drained. Lime-scale build-up is a potential problem. 2) Indirect system - the water in the panels passes through a heat exchanger (coil) in the cylinder and then back to the panels in a continuous loop. Anti-freeze agents can be added to the closed-loop to prevent freezing and additives can be added to prevent lime-scale build-up without affecting the water quality. An indirect system is most appropriate for the microclimates within the lower mainland. SOLAR DOMESTIC HOT WATER 3

111 Solar hot water can be used for other demand sources in addition to domestic hot water. Another use includes the use of solar hot water for space heating, systems such as hydronic radiators, fan-coil systems and forced-air systems. New vs. retrofits - Existing building retrofits are complicated and usually not economically feasible at small scales. Investigation into the technologies is always recommended..3 Benefits The major benefits of SDHW are: Cost reduction - on-site generation reduces associated hot water heating fuel costs, reducing utility bills by approximately 40-50%; No fossil fuels - SDHW systems involve the use of renewable energy sources, and therefore does not involve the burning of fossil fuels, and its associated problems including greenhouse gas emissions; and Economies of scale - SDHW systems provide an economy of scale (the larger the project, the cheaper the initial costs become)..4 Limitations Common limitations include: Systems can often offer poor performance during local winter conditions, however the increased benefits seen across the entire year outweigh these limitations; Small scale retrofits are usually not economically feasible; and System needs to be correctly sized. If it is oversized there needs to be a place to which the additional heat can be rejected (i.e., swimming pool or recharge a geoexchange system)..5 Capital & Life Cycle Cost Considerations There are many different solar water heating products on the market. Interested parties are always encouraged to research current available technologies: it is often worth paying a premium for quality, performance, and system longevity. Residential domestic hot water (DHW) systems are usually sized according to the number of residents and can cost $800-$,400 per person, installed. Systems for multi-unit DHW and similar commercial-scale year-round applications cost $ per annual gigajoule offset. System life spans are around 5 20 years. Some people are finding it challenging to budget for long-term energy savings in return for the up-front capital expense. Financing solutions are being developed: lowrate loans are currently offered by some solar companies and financial institutions in B.C..6 Applicability to LEED Introducing solar hot water to your project will affect three credits with respect to LEED, as follows: EAp2 Minimum Energy Performance EAc Optimize Energy Perfomance EAc2 Renewable Energy SOLAR DOMESTIC HOT WATER 4

112 .7 Local Applications The British Columbia Sustainable Energy Association ( contains information on renewable technologies, including installations in the lower mainland region, such as: Hyde Creek solar domestic hot water for a community centre in Coquitlam Vancouver Airport 00 glazed collectors installed for hot water at Vancouver International Airport s domestic terminal building Ocean Village solar pool heating system for a resort in Tofino. Solar-Ready new co-housing community in Robert s Creek is pre-plumbed for solar British Columbia Sustainable Energy Association: Renewable Energy Deployment Initiative: International Solar Energy Society policy proposals: Other Resources The following rebate schemes are available: Currently in British Columbia, there is no PST on solar products and services. The Renewable Energy Development Initiative (REDI) is a federal scheme the offers 25% of the installed costs for commercial developments. Additional resources include: Canadian Renewable Energy Network: Canadian Solar Industry Association: SOLAR DOMESTIC HOT WATER 5

113 Daylighting Capital cost: Increased Lifecycle cost: <5 year payback Ease of Implementation: Easy A well-designed daylit building is estimated to reduce lighting energy use by 50% to 80% Sustainable Building Technical Manual 996 Teresen Gas Building Interior Light Shelves. Description Daylighting design involves the introduction of outdoor, natural light into indoor spaces at levels that are appropriate for the function of the space. The purpose is not only to utilize and increase natural lighting levels, but also to minimize energy use and maximize human comfort. A growing body of evidence is showing that the provision of daylight and outdoor views has a beneficial effect on building occupants. Daylighting is an effective energy conservation measure in two ways: ) When linked with an artificial lighting control system that dims or switches off lights when there is sufficient natural light within the building; and 2) By reducing artificial lighting loads, the correspondingly reduced cooling loads result in decreased energy use..2 Applicability Building Type - daylighting strategies are often not considered in a retail scenario because sunlight can affect the integrity of or damage products. Blackout or brownout features can also be included within naturally-lit project designs, if this is a requirement of the space. New vs. Retrofits - daylighting strategies can be applied to newly constructed and designed buildings, as well as retrofit projects. The difference between the two is the nature of the daylighting strategy to be implemented..3 Benefits The major benefits of daylighting are: Lighting quality - improved interior lighting; Increased productivity and reduced absenteeism - studies are indicating increased productivity and reduced absenteeism of building users due to improved daylighting; Improved comfort and health; Occupancy labor cost savings; Cooling load reduction; Energy cost reductions - due in part to smaller plant capacity; and Reduced peak electricity demand. DAYLIGHTING 7