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1 Review Video Is the size of a population that can be supported indefinitely by the resources of a given ecosystem Beyond this carrying capacity, no additional individuals of a population can be supported (not for long anyways!) The population always looks to return to a balance where the population can be sustained Ecologists (people who study ecosystems) can estimate carrying capacity through constant monitoring of data For example: By issuing fishing licenses and asking people to report their catches from NS waters the government hopes to estimate a carrying capacity If fish populations exceed carrying capacity then governments can enact changes in their limits to sustain an ecosystem An ecological niche is defined as an area where a given organism uses: Abiotic factors (Oxygen, water, soil, nutrients) Biotic factors (living things) which include all types of interactions with other organisms This could be through predation (predator vs prey), symbiosis (2-way relationship which is helpful) and competition (interspecific and intraspecific) An organism provides a specific service for the niche it inhabits Lynx Vs Hare Example A pitcher plant s niche occurs in a bog where there are few nutrients in the soil. To adapt to this niche it has developed the ability to digest insects. Humans are unlike any other organism because we have constructed our own niche It was through the power of our brain that has allowed us to move from a narrow niche into a much more broad niche It is a carnivorous plant. It plays a role as a producer in this niche 1

2 Since we have been able to create our own niche we have been able to affect our carrying capacity Until about 400 years ago (~1600) human population had been growing steadily Million Million Billion 650 years to double population 250 years to double population Scientists, according to most recent numbers, think the carrying capacity of humans is 12 Billion, a number we will reach by 2100 At this point it is expected we will not be able to sustain our population Billion Billion 150 years to double population 50 years to double population This is a process in which nutrient levels in aquatic ecosystems increase, leading to an increase in the populations of primary producers Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, sulfur and water all have cycles which show these nutrients moving through the ecosystems in a sustainable way In our course we will focus on the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle Carbon is one of the most common elements on the planet. It is carbon that we eat and we excrete it during breathing. We take it in and put it out into our ecosystem. As we will learn in our chemistry unit, the following equation tells us how animals and other CONSUMERS use carbon C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O (Sugar) (Oxygen) Carbon Dioxide water 2

3 Producers do the exact opposite of this process. They turn Carbon Dioxide into sugar! These two processes work together to give us a cycle which we call the carbon cycle CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Rabbit Breathes. When it exhales it puts Carbon Dioxide into the air Plant uses Carbon Dioxide to make Sugar Rabbit Eats Plant. In doing so it eats the carbon in the sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 Plants, Animals all die. The carbon in them go into the Soil Fox eats rabbit. The rabbit s sugar it consumed from the plant is now part of the Fox Plants give off Oxygen and take in Carbon Dioxide Animals Take in Oxygen and give off Carbon Dioxide Animals Eat Sugar from plants and other animals Plants Make sugar for themselves but is also eaten by consumers All living things die. This puts carbon into the ground Bacteria use oxygen to break down dead material, gives off CO 2 Similar trends that you would see on land Cold water will hold gases better than warmer water So, the deeper you get in water, the lower the Temp. The lower the temp, the higher the amount of gas in the water Water is an Excellent holder of gas Think of Pop. Very fizzy when warm, not as fizzy when cold 3

4 Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere, composing 70-80% of the air we breathe It is necessary for life but most living things cannot use it in its raw form Nitrogen in the atmosphere exists as a gas which our lungs cannot use. This gas is mostly hard to react naturally and in order to change the gas nitrogen into something we can use we must use other means All life requires nitrogen (All trophic Levels) Most living objects cannot use raw N. We must fix Nitrogen in a step called nitrogen fixation. This can be done in three different ways: Lightning Bacteria Industrial Intense energy from lightning turns the N2 from the atmosphere and causes it to react with the Oxygen also in the atmosphere The nitrogen and Oxygen combine to form a nitrogen oxides, which rain dissolves and formed compound called a nitrate (NO 3- ). This nitrate can be used by plants to make proteins 4

5 Atmospheric nitrogen fixation contributes to 5-8% of the total nitrogen fixed Some plants, such as legumes (Bean Plants etc), use bacteria on their roots to turn Nitrogen into nitrates that can be used by the plant. Some farmers used to plant legumes in their fields for the purpose of nitrifying the soil This is the majority of Nitrogen Fixation N 2 N 2 We use nitrogen from the air and hydrogen to make industrial fertilizers in the form of ammonia (NH3). These fertilizers put usable nitrogen into the soil for the plants NO 3-1 NO 3-1 NO 3-1 Urine The first step is: Nitrogen Fixation. Removal of Nitrogen from the atmosphere and turning into Nitrates / Ammonia through bacteria, lightning, or industry (fertilizers) Those nitrates / Ammonia can now be used by plants. Plants use them to create proteins which are needed to make various things in the plant 5

6 Primary Consumers (second Trophic Level) consume plants and take in the proteins that the plant has made (Similar to how sugar is eaten in the carbon cycle) The Primary consumer excretes Nitrates / Ammonia in Urine in a molecule called urea The primary consumer can also die, putting the nitrates back into the soil A secondary Consumer (3 rd or 4 th Trophic Level) consumes a primary consumer (2nd trophic level) and consumes the nitrates in its body. There are denitrifying bacteria which use Nitrogen instead of Oxygen for energy. These bacteria will convert the nitrates / ammonia back into raw nitrogen gas It excretes Nitrates in Urine as well, and can die which will release nitrates back into the soil 6

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