Low2No Implementation of sustainable principles after design competition
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1 Low2No Implementation of sustainable principles after design competition
2 Integrated Team Members International Consortium Local Finnish Consortium 2
3 3
4 Main Themes Nearly zero energy building design EPBD 2020 compliance - Cost effectiveness Optimising the mass - mixed mode ventilation building Climate change scenaria - Future overheating 4
5 5 DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast)
6 Primary energy kwh/yr Weighted Enegy kwh/yr BAU ,800,000 kwh 2010 Baseline BAU 2012 L2N energy efficient, no renewables EPBD A HE +PV EPBD B GSHP EPBD C Biomass CHP 2,400,000 kwh 1,700,000 kwh 1,500,000 kwh 1,300,000 kwh 350, Baseline (16% reduction) Low2No (41% reduction) EPBD Definition 1 (47% reduction) EPBD Definition 2 (55% reduction) EPBD Definition 3 (88% reduction) Excludes Occupant Equipment load 6 _Net Weighted Energy
7 Tonnes CO 2 /yr Tonnes CO2/Yr Tonnes CO2/Yr Tonnes CO2/Yr 7 _CO 2 BAU 2010 BAU 2012 L2N energy efficient, no renewables EPBD A HE +PV EPBD C Biomass CHP EPBD B GSHP tonnes 180 tonnes 320 tonnes 390 tonnes 2010 Benchmarks CO2 Emissions 2012 Benchmarks CO2 Emissions Step 2 Low2No Energy Baseline CO2 Emissions Step 2a Step 2b Step 3 Low2No Total Carbon Emissions Step 3 = Step 2a + 2x2MW Wind Turbines Benchmarks CO Baseline Emissions 2012 Benchmarks CO2 Emissions Step 2 Low2No Energy Baseline Step 2a Step 2b Step 3 Low2No Total Carbon Emissions Step 3 = Step 2a + 2x2MW Wind Turbines 2012 Baseline (19% reduction) Low2No (44% reduction) EPBD Definition 1 (54% reduction) EPBD Definition 2 (80% reduction) EPBD Definition 3 (108% reduction) CO 2 Emitter CO 2 Savers Net Building CO2 Emissions Occupent Equipment CO2 Emissions Aborption Chiller CO2 Saved Embodied CO2 Emissions Solar Thermal CO2 Saved Lifestyle CO2 Emissions PV CO2 Saved GSHP CO2 Saved Biomass CHP CO2 Saved Wind Turbine CO2 Offset
8 EPBD Definitions Bundles and EPBD Definitions 2010 Baseline Development Demand Reduction Helsingin Energia Helsingin Energia Demand Reduction A Helsingin Energia Demand Reduction P V Solar Thermal B Helsingin Energia Demand Reduction P V Bore holes C Helsingin Energia Demand Reduction P V Biomass CHP Absorption Chiller 8
9 EPBD Definitions Bundles and EPBD Definitions 2010 Baseline Development Demand Reduction Helsingin Energia Helsingin Energia Demand Reduction A Helsingin Energia Demand Reduction P V B Helsingin Energia Demand Reduction P V Bore holes C Helsingin Energia Demand Reduction P V Biomass CHP Absorption Chiller 9
10 Target energy benchmarks The target energy benchmarks developed during the scoping and concept design stages are presented in the table below. These are given as primary energy values (they include the weighted energy factors for heating, cooling and electricity). Office Area Primary Energy Use (kwh/m2/yr) Concept Design BAU 2010 BAU 2012 Low2NO Sitra Target Space and vent heating Hot water heating Heating sub total Cooling Electrical Cooling Fans and pumps Lighting Equipment Electrical sub total PV Total Reduction from BAU2010 0% 19% 50% 52% Targets set by the client (Sitra) 10
11 Cost effectiveness - Life cycle analysis - Net present value DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU 11
12 Demand reduction and NPV results The demand reduction measures that have been modelled are : Wall U Values Fabric M&E Behavioural change Window U Values Air tightness External Shading Heat recovery + SFP Low energy lighting Daylighting Control Thin Client IT Elevators Domestic Hot water Evening and Weekend Turn down 12
13 Dynamic thermal modelling North West View South East View The full office space, shown here in blue, has been modelled in IES (Integrated Environmental Solutions Software) in order to calculate the heating and cooling demands of all the Business As Usual(BAU) and energy saving measures. The residential block, Hitas (green), has also been modelled in order to generate an accurate shading file. Spreadsheets have been used to develop these results and model different electrical energy saving measures. 13
14 14 Dynamic reduction measures Business as Usual (BAU)
15 Dynamic reduction measures Parametric study 15
16 Dynamic thermal modelling Whole energy results 16
17 Dynamic thermal modelling: Whole energy results (%) 17
18 Net Present Value (NPV) summary table Assumptions 1. Cost taken from Arup, Granlund, and various manufactures 2. NPV over system lifetime (30 years in most cases) 3. Discount factor set at 4% 18
19 Final energy benchmarks Having implemented the cost effective measures in all areas of energy use the final energy benchmarks for the L2N scheme proposed at scheme design stage are presented here on the right. Office Area Primary Energy Use (kwh/m2/yr) BAU 2010 BAU 2012 Concept Design Low2NO Sitra Target L2N Scheme Prosposed Space and vent heating Hot water heating Heating sub total Cooling Electrical Cooling Fans and pumps Lighting Equipment Electrical sub total PV Total Reduction from BAU2010 0% 19% 50% 52% 55% 19
20 PV Life cycle analysis NPV Analysis Three NPV analyses have been carried out to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of the PV for different assumed phasing and allocation of feed in tariffs. NPV Analysis 1 full facade and roof installation in 2012 NPV Analysis 2 full facade installation in 2012; full roof installation in 2020 NPV Analysis 3 full facade and roof installation in
21 PV Cost Study Polycrystalline/Monocrystalline installed costs in Finland, provided by Granlund The cost of PV has been volatile in the past 5 years due to surges in demand and the development of new manufacturing techniques. This Navigant graph is typical of most available PV cost trends and shows that a 50% reduction in average PV installed costs is possible in the next 10 years The Navigant graph is typical of most available PV cost trends and shows that a 50% reduction in average PV installed costs is possible in the next 10 years. PV Cost Range ( /kwp) Lower Middle Upper Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Hybrid Thin film % Midrange +30% 21
22 NPV NPV Analysis 1 Modelling assumptions: Option F Array Modelled Facade and roof arrays both installed in 2012 No feed in tariff CO2 savings traded ( 32-45/tonne, 60 tonnes/yr) 4% discount factor NPVc 1; 4% DF; No FiT; 0-200,000 Year Result- no payback, not cost effective -400, , ,000-1,000,000-1,200,000 Lower Middle Upper Range of NPV results from range of installed costs shown in earlier cost table. -1,400,000-1,600,
23 NPV NPV Analysis 2 Modelling assumptions: Option F Array Modelled Facade installed in 2012 and roof array installed in 2020 No feed in tariff for the facade array, 30c/kWh feed in tariff for roof array CO2 NPVc savings 2; 4% DF; traded 30c/kWh ( 32- FiT for 45/tonne, 2020 roof installation 60 tonnes/yr) only; 4% discount factor 100, ,000 Year Lower Middle Upper Range of NPV results from range of installed costs shown in earlier cost table. -200, , , , , ,000 Roof PV array discounted payback occurs within years. Overall system may or may not payback within panel lifetime depending on capital costs
24 NPV NPV Analysis 3 Modelling assumptions: Option F Array Modelled Facade and roof arrays both installed in c/kWh feed in tariff for the whole array CO2 savings NPVc 3; traded 4% DF; 30c/kWh ( 32- FiT 45/tonne, for whole 60 system; tonnes/yr) 4% discount factor 300, , ,000 Year Lower Middle Upper Range of NPV results from range of installed costs shown in earlier cost table , , , , ,000 Result- full system payback in years -600,
25 Mixed mode - Naturally Ventilated Office 25
26 Energy Mechanical Services Mixed System Mechanical ventilation in winter -Air tight construction -Low U-value fabric -High efficiency heat recovery Natural ventilation when possible -Openable windows -Exposed thermal mass interior -Night cooling Mechanical cooling in peak summer -Deployable and permanent shading -Exposed thermal mass interior -Night cooling Minimise energy for heating Eliminate energy for comfort cooling and ventilation + Increase occupant satisfaction Minimise energy for comfort cooling Heating Ventilation The most energy can be saved by maximising this period Cooling Time 26
27 The three geometries 27 The three geometries
28 Primary energy (kwh/yr) Weighted Energy Mass optimisation 2500 Annual Weighted energy consumption and associated potential savings Base Case Building with Natural Ventilation Building with Daylight savings Building with daylight and natural ventilation Low2No Cube Tower E 28
29 Primary energy (kwh/yr) Weighted Energy Mass optimisation 2500 Annual Weighted energy consumption and associated potential savings Base Case Building with Natural Ventilation Building with Daylight savings Building with daylight and natural ventilation Low2No Cube Tower E 29
30 Climate change overheating studies 30
31 Helsinki TRY Hotter summer s Warmer winters 31
32 Morphed 2010 TRY 32
33 Overheating study residential block Five steps have been modelled to demonstrate the relative impacts of each of the following measures: Basecase 30% Glazing, no openable windows Step 1 30% glazing - 15% openings for Natural Ventilation Step 2 20% glazing, 15% openings for Natural Ventilation Step 3 20% glazing, 30% openings for Natural Ventilation Step 4 More Thermal Mass Step 5 External Shading The Finnish 2012 D3 Regulations defines overheating in residential spaces as occurring at more that 150degree hours above 27 O C per year. 33
34 Degree Hours over 27degC Peak Internal Temperature (degc) Results (excluding basecase) Step Glazing (% of external wall) 30% 20% 20% 20% 20% Size of opening (% of window size) Thermal Mass Shading 15% 15% 30% 30% Lightweight Lightweight Lightweight Heavyweight None None None None 30% Heavyweight Louvered Shading Degree hours over 27 O C Peak Temperature hours Degree hours over 27OC Peak Temperature Step # 34
35 Overheating study Future weather data 4 more additional steps have been modelled Step 6 Step 5 with 2020 predicted weather file Step 7 Step 5 with 2050 predicted weather file Step 8 Step 5 with 2080 predicted weather file Step 9 Step 5 with 2080 predicted weather file and lower internal gains as specified by Finnish Building Code on overheating D The Finnish 2012 D3 Regulations defines overheating in residential spaces as occurring at more that 150degree hours above 27 O C per year. 35
36 Degree Hours Over 27degC Peak Internal Temperature (degc) Results (excluding basecase) Step Glazing (% of external wall) 30% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Size of opening (% of window size) 15% 15% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Thermal Mass Lightweight Lightweight Lightweight Heavyweight Heavyweight Heavyweight Heavyweight Heavyweight Heavyweight Shading None None None None Louvered Shading Louvered Shading Louvered Shading Louvered Shading Louvered Shading Weather File Internal Gains L2N L2N L2N L2N L2N L2N L2N L2N D3 Degree hours over 27 deg C Peak Temperature Degree hours over 27degC Peak Temperature 150 hours
37 37 Arup 13 Fitzroy Street W1T 4BQ, London, UK
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