Removal of sodium thiosulfate from wash water by the use of ion exchange resins for application in a closed photographic system

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1 Rchester Institute f Technlgy RIT Schlar Wrks Theses Thesis/Dissertatin Cllectins Remval f sdium thisulfate frm wash water by the use f in exchange resins fr applicatin in a clsed phtgraphic system Gerge Stein William Streeter Fllw this and additinal wrks at: Recmmended Citatin Stein, Gerge and Streeter, William, "Remval f sdium thisulfate frm wash water by the use f in exchange resins fr applicatin in a clsed phtgraphic system" (1960). Thesis. Rchester Institute f Technlgy. Accessed frm This Thesis is brught t yu fr free and pen access by the Thesis/Dissertatin Cllectins at RIT Schlar Wrks. It has been accepted fr inclusin in Theses by an authrized administratr f RIT Schlar Wrks. Fr mre infrmatin, please cntact ritschlarwrks@rit.edu.

2 REMOVAL OF SODIUM THIOSULFATE FROM WASH WATER W THE USE OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS FOR APPLICATION IN A CLOSED PHOTOGRAPHIC SYSTEM by Gerge H. Stein William J. Streeter Senir Research Prject Materials and Prcesses PH 423 Rchester Institute f Technlgy May, 1960

3 If anything can g wrng with an experiment... it will

4 ABSTRACT In exchange resins were used fr remving sdium thisulfate frm wash water. Quantitative tests were run t determine the feasability f using the resins in a clsed rapid prcessing system. One liter f a mnbed resin and ne liter f an anin resin, each in a separate in exchange clumn, were fund t be sufficient t re mve the sdium thisulfate left in the wash water fr 8000 square inches f Kdabrmide F-2 paper under specified cnditins. BACKGROUND It wuld be desirable fr the amateur phtgrapher t have facilities fr immediate btainability f finish ed phtgraphic prints withut the necessity f special camera equipment. This culd be accmplished with a selfcntained, cntinuus rapid prcessing machine. Designing such a machine wuld invlve bth mechanical and chemical prblems. The chemical prblems wuld include the prcess ing f the phtgraphic material and its effective washing. Suitable rapid prcessing slutins are cmmercially avail able which culd be adapted t such a system. The majr chemical prtlem in such a system wuld be the washing f tlae material. OBJECTIVE The bjective f tnis wrk is t devise a methd f 1.

5 2. washing phtgraphic materials in a clsed system in which a quantity f wash water wuld be reused. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Analysis f Hyp Cntent in Wash Water A given quantity f phtgraphic paper, 1000 square inches, was expsed and prcessed in Kdak SD-10 develper fr 70 secnds, rinsed in 'd8% acetic acid and placed in F-7 fixer fr 1 minute. The temperature was maintained at 24C. The prints were washed in 'd liters f water at 24C with cnstant agitatin fr b minutes. They were then squeegeed and placed in anther tray cntaining 2 liters f water. The same prcedure was fllwed until the prints had been washed In 8 trays f water (16 liters). After each 5 minute wash a l"x 2" sample was taken frm a large brder area f a randmly selected print and identified. A quantitative test fr residual thisulfate in was run n the samples, as described by Crabtree, Eatn and Muehler.1 The 2 liter quantities f wash water were cmbined and quantitatively analyzed fr sdium thisulfate cntent. ' A test was run t determine the allwable sdium thi sulfate cncentratin in wash water fr cmmercially accept able prints. Slutins f varying lw cncentratin f sdium thisulfate were mixed and cmpletely washed samples f phtgraphic paper were placed in each fr 50 minutes.

6 The test fr residual thisulfate cntent was run.^>2 In Exchange System A 0.1 N slutin f sdium thisulfate was passed thrugh an in exchange clumn cntaining a mnbed made up f 500 ml f Amberlite IRA 410 anin exchanger and an equal vlume f Amberlite IR 120 catin exchanger. The effluent frm this clumn was then passed thrugh a clumn cntaining 1 liter f Amberlite IRA 400 anin exchanger- The directin f flw was frm tp t bttm in the mnbed and frm bttm t tp in the anin bed. A flw rate f 200 ml/minute was maintained. 100 ml f the effluent frm the system was taken at 500 ml intervals. These 100 ml samples were each analyzed fr sdium thisulfate cn centratin.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Sdium Thisulfate Cntent f prcessed Kdabrmide F-2 (1000 square inches) Time f Washing Ttal amunt f Wash Water Used Na2S20s Residual mg/in2 5 minutes 2 liters !I tt n h w n tt 0.10

7 Nrmality f the 16 liters f wash water was N. Sdium thisulfate cntent f the 16 liters was 20 grams. Capacity f In Exchange System Cntaining 1 liter f Mnbed Resin and 1 liter f Anin Resin. The vlume f 0.1 N sdium thisulfate influent is pltted against the nrmality f the effluent in Figure 1. Tests fr Allwable Sdium Thisulfate Cncentratin in Wash Water That is t be Used fr Ommercial Quality Wash ing f Prints. NagSgOg cncentratin Nrmality f NagSgOs - (Wash Water) in Prints mg/in^ Cmmercial quality prints shuld cntain a maximum f 0.15 mg/in2 f residual sdium thisulfate. Then, wash water with a sdium thisulfate cncentratin f 0.01 N can be used t effectively wash prints. This places the cut-ff pint n the graph (Figure l) at 6.5 liters f 0.1 N sdium thisulfate. Frm this the capacity f the system is calculated t be 160 grams f sdium thisulfate. Since the wash water frm washing 1000 square inches f Kdabrmide F-2 paper cntained 20 grams f sdium thi sulfate, the amunt f paper that can be washed t cm mercial quality with the specific quantities f resins used wuld be 8000 square inches.

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9 5. CONCLUSION The specific system used was fund t sufficiently remve sdium thisulfate frm wash water s as t make its use in a clsed system feasible. DISCUSSION Prcessing Slutins The riginal title f the prject was "Chemical In vestigatins f Cntinuus Rapid Prcessing f Film and Paper."' This was t be applied t a specific clsed sys tem. A search f the literature prvided satisfactry prcessing slutins fr such a system list f the references see the prject ntebk. Fr a cmplete The mst apprpriate frmulas were tested and Kdak SD-10 de velper and Kdak F-7 fixer were fund t give acceptable results. In Exchange Resins Many attempts had been made t remve sdium thisul- 8-9 fate frm wash waten?. The prblem encuntered using a 2 resin bed (an anin bed and a catin bed) was that thisulfuric acid was frmed which decmpsed t frm cllidal sulfur. The first experiments in this prject were a duplica tin f these results. The influent (0.1N sdium thisul fate) was passed first thrugh a catin exchanger (Amber lite IR120, H in) where a yellw sulfur precipitate was frmed. This effluent was then passed thrugh an anin exchanger (Amberlite IRA410,0H in). This effluent was

10 6. cludy and white. When the prcedure was rerun with the anin bed being used first the effluent frm the anin bed was fund t be clear and f very high ph due t the sd ium hydrxide frmed. Als the anin bed did nt remve all the thisulfate in since sulfur was frmed in the cat in bed. A mnbed was mixed cntaining equal amunts f anin (IRA410) and catin (IR120) exchange resins. The same in fluent was passed thrugh this bed. The effluent althugh clear cntained hydrsulfuric acid. When this was passed thrugh anther bed cntaining nly an anin bed (IRA400, OH in), the sulfur was remved and the effluent was neu tral. The desired directin f flw in an in exchange cl umn is frm bttm t tp. This prevents the resins frm packing in the clumn and keeps them in mtin with the surface expsed t cntinually mving slutin. Hwever, in a mnbed this is nt pssible because circulatin sep arates the anin and catin resins. This is very useful fr rejuvenating the resins but when using the mnbed, it is necessary t pass the slutin frm tp t bttm in the clumn. A sdium thisulfate slutin f much greater cncen tratin than that fund in wash water was used t deter mine the capacity f the in exchange resins. Since the capacity f the resins fr sdium thisulfate is relatively

11 7. large, a very dilute slutin such as Is fund in wash water wuld require a prhibitively lng titratin anal ysis. Since the reactin is quantitative the cncentrated slutin may be used t determine the capacity f the res ins fr a mre dilute slutin. In determining the capacity f the in exchange resins sdium thisulfate slutin f knwn nrmality was used in stead f used hyp-water slutin. Even thugh the latter wuld cnfrm mre t practice, it was felt that a mre quantitative result culd be btained if the bed was anal yzed fr sdium thisulfate alne. Naturally it wuld be desirus t knw hw the bed is effected by the ther cn stituents f hyp plus silver cmplexes but the limited scpe f the prject did nt include such a test.

12

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14 FIGURE TH ION EXCHANGE SYSTEM

15 8. REFERENCES 1. Crabtree, J.D., G.T. Eatn and L.E. Muehler, "A Review f Hyp Testing Methds", Eastman Kdak Research Lab ratry, n..927, Stein, Gerge H., and William J. Streeter, "Senir Re search Prject Ntebk", pp Mtin Picture Film Department, E.K. C., "Determinatin f Hyp Index, Sulfite, and Thisulfate Cntent f Fix ing Baths", Chemical Cntrl Prcedures fr Black and White Film Prcessing. May, pp. BW^TzU&B. 4. Cary, Emmet, and Alsn Wheeler, "Quantitative Tests Fr Residual Hyp", American Phtgraphy, vl. 36, p Dickersn, Maln H., "Ntes n the Design f Develpers fr Rapid Pht Prcessing", Phtgraphic Engineering, vl. 5, n. 2, pp Crabtree, J.D., and H.D. Russell, "Rapid Prcessing f Phtgraphic Materials", Jurnal f the Phtgraphic Sciety f America, vl. 10, Nv pp Crabtree, J.D., "Rapid Prcessing f Films and Papers", Jurnal f the Phtgraphic Sciety f America, vl. 15, n. 2, Feb.~T949. pp Gregr, H.P., "Applicatin f In Exchange Resins in Phtgraphic Prcessing", Phtgraphic Engineering, vl. 2, n. 3, pp Levins, Steven, "In Exchange and the Reclamatin f Phtgraphic Wash Water", Phtgraphic Engineering. vl. 1, July pp Shemaker, William S., Prfessr, Department f Pht graphy. "In Exchange", lecture. Rchester Institute f Technlgy, Rchester, New Yrk, Jan. 9, 1960.

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