Studies on Drinking Water Quality of Ground Water of Auraiya District (Uttarpradesh)

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1 Journal of Applied Chemical Research, 14, (2010) ISSN : Studies on Drinking Water Quality of Ground Water of Auraiya District (Uttarpradesh) V. K. Gupta 1, V. K. Jain 1, G. K. Gupta 2, V. S. Shrivastava 3 *, G. H. Sonawane 3 1 Department of Chemistry, Ambah P.G. College, Ambah (Morena) M.P., India. 2 Gail (India) Ltd, Pata (Auraiya) U.P, India. 3 *Department of P.G. Studies & Research in Chemistry, G.T.P.College, Nandurbar, M.S., India. *drvinod_shrivastava@yahoo.com (Received 12 Mar. 2010; Final version received 17 Apr. 2010) Introduction Abstract To assess the physicochemical characteristics for ground water quality, samples of deep bore well water from Auraiya District (Uttarpradesh) India, were collected during the period of January 2007 to December Samples were analyzed for various parameters. The experimental values of these parameters were compared with Indian standards (IS:1500) as well as with values of World Health Organization (WHO). Also some statistical evaluations of detected physicochemical parameters were carried out. The present study clearly shows that the quality of water from bore wells are not suitable for drinking and it needs treatment before use. If such drinking water was used it may cause acid-peptic and gastroenteritis diseases during rainy season. Keywords: Physicochemical analysis, Metals, Groundwater, Correlation coefficient, Auraiya. Water is very essential for survival of flora and fauna. Water accounts for about 70% of the weight of a human body. About 80% of the earth s surface is covered by water. Out of the total quantity of water present on the earth, about 97% is locked up in the oceans and seas, which is too saline to drink or direct use for agriculture and industrial purpose and about 2.4% is trapped in giant glaciers and polar ice. Thus not even 1% of the water is available for drinking, agriculture, domestic and industrial consumption [1]. Due to increasing industrialization and population growth, demand of good quality water is increasing day by day. However, all sources of water have been either polluted or contaminated by sewage, industrial and agricultural wastes. Out of other sources of water, the ground water is still considered safe for drinking purpose due to natural geological filtration process. However, physicochemical studies of bore well water in various districts in India show high contamination [2-6]. Thus quality and quantity of clean water supply is of vital significance for the welfare of human beings. It is also necessary that the

2 28 / ISSN : V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, (2010) quality of water must be monitored at regular intervals to obtain accurate, timely information to observe the water quality of any water resources. Physicochemical study of ground water in Pata village of Auriaya district has already been done [7]. Therefore in present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of ground water in two other villages of Auriaya district. Correlation among ground water quality parameters in specific environmental conditions has been shown to be useful. When such correlation exists, the determination of few important parameters would be sufficient to give some idea about the overall quality of ground water. The statistics in environmental science provide more attractive studies through its deviation from real situation. Hence, this correlation study of physicochemical parameters of groundwater is highly advantageous. Experimental Materials and Methods Ground water samples were collected from deep bore wells from two villages i.e. Phaphund and Sahayal of Auraiya district (Uttarpradesh) India, spreading over a period of two years from January 2007 to December 2008 and analyzed. Water samples were collected in the first week of every month. Samples were collected in clean polythene bottles. The analytical parameter for 24 hours (12 hourly sample cut system i.e. two samples per day) were maintained. Physicochemical parameters like ph, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), chloride, sulphate, fluoride, iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, biological oxygen demand (BOD) etc. were determined using standard methods suggested by APHA,1995 and BIS,1990 [8,9]. All chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade and double distilled water was used for preparation of reagents. Correlation coefficient (r) between various physico-chemical parameters of ground water samples was determined as per standard statistical methods. The standard deviation, average and correlation coefficient were calculated using Microsoft Excel Results and Discussion The results of physicochemical analysis of ground water of Sahayal and Phaphund villages are given in Table 1 and 2 respectively. All the water samples were colorless and odorless. The observed ph values ranging from 7.4 to 8.5 showed that water samples are slightly alkaline. Samples from Phaphund (Table 2) show higher ph than Sahayal (Table 1). Range of turbidity is from 2 to 15 NTU. Higher turbidity was observed in rainy season (July and August). The

3 V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, (2010) 29 ISSN : / average turbidity (6.417 and 5.0 NTU) is higher than the specification prescribed by IS: &WHO (>5 NTU) for both villages [10]. Total dissolved solids (TDS) are ranging from 668 to Maximum permissible limits of WHO is Average TDS value are higher than permissible limits for both villages (1082 and 1181). A higher TDS level may cause corrosion of pipes and plumbing system, and therefore a water softener system with a reverse osmosis should be used. Total alkalinity of the water samples ranged from 114 to 362 (average ) for Sahayal while for Phaphund from 214 to 654 (average ). This shows that water of Sahayal is less alkaline than Phaphund. Alkalinity level for both villages are found to be greater than the specification given in WHO (>120 ). Concentration of sulphate in the water sample ranged from 17.1 to 63.9 and from 21.2 to 83.5 for Phaphund and Sahayal respectively. It is within the highest permitted limit prescribed by WHO (>200 ). Sodium and magnesium sulphate effecting catharsis in persons consuming drinking water with sodium concentration in excess of 107 showed elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure [11]. Magnesium is supposed to be non toxic up to 30, but its high concentration may be cathartic and diuretic also the high concentration of magnesium with sulphate acts as laxative to human being [12]. Hence, their concentration above 200 in potable water is objectionable [13]. Removal of sulphate may conducted by a reverse osmosis system or a negative ion exchange. Hardness of water is the measure of concentration of salts of metallic cations especially of calcium and magnesium ions. Iron, aluminum, manganese, strontium and zinc also cause hardness but to a relatively minor extent. The anions like carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphate, chloride, nitrate and silicates are responsible for hardness. The total hardness variation was from 60 to 406 with average of 196 (Phaphund) and from 76 to 190 with average of (Sahayal). The permissible limit of WHO is less than 500. Hardness has no known adverse effect on health; however some evidence has been given to indicate its impact in heart disease. Water with hardness above 200 may cause scale deposition in the distribution system and results in excessive soap consumption and subsequent scurry formation hence it cannot be used for industrial purposes. Chloride is one of the important parameters in respect to quality of water. High chloride concentration imparts salty taste, and causes cardiovascular problems. Concentration of chloride in both villages is within permission limit. Average concentration of fluoride in water samples in both villages is 0.87 and This falls between permissible limits (0.6 to 4.5 ). Excess fluoride in drinking water causes many orthopedic diseases [14].

4 30 / ISSN : V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, (2010) The correlation coefficient Determination of correlation is important to characterize the significant of the relationship between the two interdependent variables. If a graph between the two variables x and y, is plotted the straight line will indicate strong relationship while the scattering of the points will show weak relationship. Statistically this relationship is obtained by calculating an index called as correlation coefficient (r). The correlation coefficient (r) was determined [15] using the following formula: Correlation coefficient (r) = [ ) )] The limits of r are from +1 to -1 as follows: (a) r = +1: Perfect positive correlation, all the points on the graph on a straight line. Any increase in one variable is accompanied by the increase in other. (b) r = 0 : No correlation, all the points on the graph are scattered irregularly. (c) r = -1 : Perfect negative correlation, all the points on the graph on a straight line. Any increase in one variable is associated by decrease in the other.

5 V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, (2010) 31 ISSN : / Table 1. Physico-chemical characteristics of ground water samples from Sahayal Village. Month Colour Hazen unit PH value Turbidi ty NTU TDS Total Alkanity Hardness Cl - SO4 -- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg StDev IS:10500 >5 6.5 to 8.5 >5 > >300 >250 >250 >0.6 <0.3 <175 - >75 > Nil WHO > to 8.5 >5 >1000 <120 >500 >250 >200 >4.5 <0.3 <200 - >75 >150 - <2.0 >10 F - Fe Na + K + Ca ++ Mg ++ DO BOD MPN Colifor m

6 32 / ISSN : V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, (2010) Table 2. Physico-chemical characteristics of ground water samples from Phaphund Village. Month Colour Hazen unit PH value Turbidit y NTU TDS Total Alkanit Hardn ess Cl - SO4 -- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg StDev IS:10500 >5 6.5 to 8.5 >5 > >300 >250 >250 >0.6 <0.3 <175 - >75 > Nil WHO > to 8.5 >5 >1000 <120 >500 >250 >200 >4.5 <0.3 <200 - >75 >150 - <2.0 >10 F - Fe Na + K + Ca ++ Mg ++ DO BOD MPN Coliform

7 V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, (2010) 33 ISSN : / The squared values of r, (r 2 ) called coefficient of determination; also have a very clear meaning. It gives the measure of the portion of variation in one variables associated with variations in the other. For example the correlation of TDS-T-Alk gives value of r=0.8649, then r 2 =0.74. It means that 74 % variations in the value of T-Alk is associate with the variation in the value of TDS, and the remaining 26% can be attributed to some other unknown factors. The value of r 2 ranges from 0 to 1. The correlation coefficient (r) between the various physico-chemical parameters of analyzed ground water samples from Sahayal and Phaphund villages are being tabulated in Table 3 and 4 respectively. Any correlation will be statistically significant only if r value is very close to 1 to -1 [12]. High positive correlations were observed between TDS-Hardness (0.8649), Hardness- Mg ++ (0.9036) and Cl - -Mg ++ (0.8587) for Sahayal (Table 3). While high negative correlation were observed between ph-do ( ), TDS-F - ( ), Hardness F - ( ), and F - -Ca ++ ( ) for Sahayal (Table 3). High positive correlation were observed between ph-cl - (0.8839), TDS-Cl - (0.9043), T.Alk-Cl - (0.8926), hardness-ca ++ (0.9036) and SO4 -- -Na + (0.8033) for Phapund village (Table 4). While high negative correlation were observed between ph-do ( ), TDS-DO ( ), T.Alk-DO ( ), SO4 -- -DO ( ), T.Alk-DO ( ) for Phaphund village (Table 4). Conclusion This study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters do not fall within the permissible limit. Pairs of physico-chemical parameters with high positive correlation show dependency with each other. They reach to dangerous level during rainy season. Therefore, the quality of water is not safe for human use but is safe for irrigation purpose. The water treatment such as removal of coliform etc. is very necessary prior the use of water for drinking. Study shows that habitants of these villages are suffering from Acid-peptic and gastroenteritis diseases especially in rainy season. Reason of these diseases is drinking water supplied from bore wells.

8 34 / ISSN : V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, (2010) Table 3. Correlation coefficient (r) between physico-chemical parameters of ground water in Sahayal village. Parameters ph TDS T-Alk Hardness Cl - SO4 -- F - Fe Na + K + Mg ++ Ca ++ DO BOD ph 1 TDS T-Alk Hardness Cl SO F Fe Na K Mg Ca DO BOD

9 V.K.Gupta et al., J. Appl. Chem. Res., 14, (2010) 35 ISSN : / Table 4. Correlation coefficient (r) between physico-chemical parameters of ground water in Phaphund village. Parameters ph TDS T-Alk Hardness Cl - SO4 -- F - Fe Na + K + Mg ++ Ca ++ DO BOD ph 1 TDS T-Alk Hardness Cl SO F Fe Na K Mg Ca DO BOD

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