The nitrogen cycle is an example of a. carbohydrate cycle c. hydrologic cycle b. atmospheric cycle d. sedimentary cycle

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1 Environmental Science Semester Exam Study Guide Chapter 4: Ecology Ecology is the study of how a. organisms interact with each other and their nonliving environment b. societies pass laws to protect the environment c. atoms make up the environment d. humans affect the environment The nitrogen cycle is an example of a. carbohydrate cycle c. hydrologic cycle b. atmospheric cycle d. sedimentary cycle The phosphorus cycle is an example of a(n) a. carbohydrate cycle c. hydrologic cycle b. atmospheric cycle d. sedimentary cycle Where would a geologist collect rock and soil samples? a. atmosphere c. lithosphere b. hydrosphere d. biosphere The pyramid which best explains why there are typically only four to five links in a food chain is the pyramid of a. numbers c. energy b. matter d. biomass All physical forms of water (solid, liquid, and gas) make up the a. hydrosphere c. lithosphere b. biosphere d. atmosphere All of the following are consumers except a. autotrophs c. carnivores b. omnivores d. herbivores In going from one trophic level to the next higher level, a. the amount of usable energy increases b. the amount of usable energy decreases c. the number of organisms increases d. none of the above Vultures, hyenas, and flies are all examples of a. scavengers c. detritivores b. autotrophs d. herbivores Omnivores feed on a. plants only c. both plants and animals b. animals only d. dead organisms only In the field, you observe a lion chase, kill, and eat a gazelle. A vulture pecks away at the left over meat scraps. Beetles attack the remaining fragments. Finally, bacteria complete the breakdown and recycling of organic material. If you were to apply a general classification to the feeders, what would be the correct sequence? a. carnivore à scavenger à detritus feeder à decomposer b. carnivore à scavenger à decomposer à detritus feeder c. decomposer à scavenger à detritus feeder à carnivore d. carnivore à detritus feeder à scavenger à decomposer

2 Be able to answer analysis questions about food webs. Ch. 5 and A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called a. commensalism c. predation b. mutualism d. parasitism Large ecological regions with characteristic types of natural, undisturbed ecological communities are called a. communities c. biomes b. populations d. ecosystems Carrying capacity refers to a. reproductive rate b. interaction of birth and death c. the maximum size of population the environment will support d. the proportion of males to females A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area at the same time is called a a. genus c. species b. community d. population Which of the following types of succession would most likely occur after a forest fire? a. primary succession c. secondary succession b. old field succession d. lake succession A symbiosis in which both species benefit is a. commensalism c. predation b. mutualism d. parasitism What occurs in a population as it grow? a. The birthrate becomes higher than the death rate. b. The birthrate stays the same and the death rate increases. c. The birthrate becomes lower than the death rate. d. The birthrate and the death rate remain the same.

3 19. Competitive exclusion occurs when a. a species is eliminated from a community because of competition b. new species enter an ecosystem c. species reproduce d. a species occupies a fundamental niche 20. A tick and a dog are an example of. A bee pollinating flowers is an example of a. commensalism; mutualism c. parasitism; commensalism b. mutualism; parasitism d. parasitism; mutualism Ch. 8 Aquatic Ecology The open sea contains % of the surface area of the oceans and % of its plant and animal life. a. 80; 25 c. 90; 10 b. 95; 5 d. 90; 25 Most photosynthesis in the open sea occurs in the a. coastal zone c. abyssal zone b. euphotic zone d. bathyal zone Out on a fishing boat, a swordfish is caught. You would most likely classify this species as a member of the a. phytoplankton c. benthos b. zooplankton d. nekton Lakes that have few minerals and low productivity are referred to as a. mesotrophic c. autotrophic b. oligotrophic d. eutrophic In lakes, large numbers of decomposers are found in the a. littoral zone c. profundal zone b. limnetic zone d. benthic zone Oceans cover about % of the earth s surface. a. 50% c. 60% b. 70% d. 80% The deepest part of the ocean is the a. bathyal zone c. abyssal zone b. estuary zone d. euphotic zone The ocean zone that covers the continental shelf is the a. estuary c. littoral zone b. coastal zone d. benthic zone Organisms of the intertidal zone a. must avoid drowning at high tide b. are constantly being swept away c. are exposed to constant salinity levels d. are exposed to both air and underwater condition

4 In lakes, the nutrient- rich water near the shore is part of the a. littoral zone c. profundal zone b. limenetic zone d. benthic zone An ecologist studying an ocean ecosystem found that corals provided homes for many other different animal species. The corals began dying, which drastically affected the ecosystem. In this ecosystem, the corals were a(n) a. predatory species c. competitive species b. keystone species d. primary species The twilight (dimly lit) zone of the sea is the a. abyssal zone c. bathyal zone b. euphotic zone d. coastal zone Mangrove swamps serve all of the following functions except a. salt mining b. erosion protection for coastline c. prevention of typhoon and hurricane damage d. entrapment of sediment washed off the land Marine biologists have estimated that about % of the world s coral reefs have been destroyed by human activities. a. 5 c. 15 b. 10 d. 20 Lake overturns bring a. oxygen to the surface and nutrients to the lake bottom b. oxygen to the lake bottom and nutrients to the surface c. oxygen and nutrients to the surface d. oxygen and nutrients to the lake bottom A flowing freshwater life zone is called a. lotic c. limnetic b. lentic d. littoral A standing freshwater life zone is called a. lotic c. limnetic b. lentic d. littoral Water and Air Pollution When human activities greatly accelerate the input of nutrients into a lake, typically causing an overgrowth of aquatic plants, it is called. a. Non- point source c. Hypoxia b. Cultural eutrophication d. Point- source A situation in which dead zones occur in the ocean because of depleted dissolved oxygen is called. a. Water pollution c. Ocean hypoxia b. Cultural eutrophication d. Thermal pollution

5 is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired use. a. Water pollution c. Hypoxia b. Cultural eutrophication d. Thermal pollution Pollutants that are discharged at a specific location are called a. Non- point source c. Hypoxia b. Cultural eutrophication d. Point- source What are the two biggest sources of outdoor air pollution? a. Industry and power plants b. Burning fuels in homes for heat and use of VOCs c. Power plants and transportation d. Transportation and industry Gases that warm the earth and to keep it at a temperature suitable for living things but in excess may contribute to global warming a. Ozone c. Primary pollutants b. Greenhouse gases d. Secondary pollutants The term greenhouse effect a. describes efforts by the White House to support environmental legislation b. describes the trapping of heat energy in the troposphere by certain gaseous molecules c. describes the trapping of heat energy in the stratosphere by nitrogen d. describes occupational diseases of florists Weather and Biomes Generally, the limiting factor that controls the vegetative character of a biome is a. precipitation c. soil type b. light d. nutrients Climate is influenced by a. the tilt of the Earth s axis c. the amount of incoming solar radiation b. Earth s rotation d. all of these answers The most important factor in determining which biome is found in a particular area is a. topography c. magnetic fields b. soil type d. climate Permafrost is characteristic of a. arctic tundra c. tropical savanna b. savanna d. coniferous forest If you were a National Geographic reporter assigned to cover large herds of grazing, hoofed animals, where would you most likely journey? a. tropical forest c. arctic tundra b. savanna d. deciduous forest Which of the following are examples of deciduous plants? a. pines and cedars c. maples and oaks b. algae and seaweed d. bacteria

6 Thick, spongy mats of low- growing plants are typical of the a. tropical forests c. arctic tundra b. coniferous forest d. tall- grass prairies Cone- bearing trees are characteristic of the a. temperate deciduous forest c. savanna b. taiga d. tropical rain forest Features of weather include all of the following except a. temperature c. barometric pressure b. wind direction d. ozone concentration Trees of the tropical rainforest are most likely to have leaves that are a. needlelike and evergreen c. broadleaf and fall seasonally b. needlelike and fall seasonally d. broadleaf evergreen A mature has the greatest species diversity of all terrestrial biomes. a. taiga c. tropical rain forest b. tundra d. temperate deciduous forest During an El Nino- Sothern Oscillation (ENSO), a. upwellings of warm, nutrient- poor water are suppressed b. upwellings of cold, nutrient- rich water are suppressed c. prevailing easterly winds weaken d. surface water along the South and North American coasts becomes cooler

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