Contents. 1 Characteristics of US Water Supply Systems 1

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1 Contents List of Figures xiii List of Tables xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv 1 Characteristics of US Water Supply Systems 1 Introduction...1 Water Scarcity Issues...2 Water Security Issues...4 Effects of Climate Change....5 Organization of Water Supplies in the United States...5 Common Elements in Water Systems...6 Basic Design and Operational Philosophies...9 References Public Health and Regulatory Issues in Water Supply 13 Introduction...13 The Distribution System as a Barrier to Waterborne Disease...15 Safe Drinking Water Act...18 Recommendations From the NRC Report...22 Current Activities...25 References Modeling and Monitoring Water Quality: An Overview 27 Introduction...27 Modeling Applications...28 Types of Distribution System Models...29 Model Applications...31 Model Calibration...32 Regulatory Implications...34 Monitoring Strategies...34 Commercial Hydraulic Water Quality Modeling Software...34 Additional Modeling Tools...35 Optimization Tools References...41 vii Modeling 2e.indb 7 9/21/2011 2:23:06 PM

2 4 Modeling and Monitoring Chemical and Microbiological Contaminants 45 Introduction...45 Distribution System Water Quality...46 Monitoring Principles Establishing Monitoring Objectives...50 Monitoring Case Studies...54 Summary...57 References Hydraulic Modeling Principles 61 Introduction...61 Hydraulic Principles...61 Analysis Methods Reducing Network Complexity...65 Minor Losses Heads at Junctions as Unknowns...71 Corrective Flow Rates Around Loops of Network Considered Unknowns...71 Solution Techniques...72 Network Characterization Hydraulic Transients Application of Models...75 Modeling Temporal Variations Fire-Flow Provisions...81 Flushing Water Mains References Water Quality Modeling Principles 85 Introduction...85 Water Quality Models Inputs and Application...86 Water Quality Fundamentals...87 EPANET...89 QUALNET Solution Methods Event-Driven Method Commercial Hydraulic Water Quality Modeling Software References viii Modeling 2e.indb 8 9/21/2011 2:23:06 PM

3 7 Modeling Individual Constituents in Drinking Water: Total Trihalomethanes and Disinfectant Decay 107 Introduction Chemistry of Chlorine in Water Chemistry of Chloramines in Water Modeling the Decay of Chlorine Residuals Modeling the Decay of Chloramine Residuals Modeling By-product Formation Exposure to DBPs in Distribution Systems References Early Modeling Studies 131 Introduction North Penn Water Authority Study South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority Case Study..135 The North Marin Case Study AwwaRF/USEPA Study Conclusions References Case Study Applications 163 Introduction Cabool, Missouri, Case Study Gideon, Missouri, Case Study Walkerton, Canada, Case Study Dover Township, New Jersey, Case Study East Bay Municipal Utility District Case Study Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, Case Study Regulatory Studies References Advanced Concepts in Water Quality Modeling 183 Introduction Geospatial Tools Integrating GIS and Water Quality Modeling Multispecies Modeling Distribution System Security Water Quality and Pressure Transients Emerging Research Areas References ix Modeling 2e.indb 9 9/21/2011 2:23:06 PM

4 11 Planning and Designing a Water Quality Simulation Study 223 Introduction Scope and Problem Definition Model Selection and Setup Network Representation Calibration/Validation Model Application, Analysis, and Display Overview of Sampling and Analysis Procedures Conducting the Sampling Study Analysis of Data and Development of Model Components of a Sampling Study Case Study Applications Typical Model Applications References Limitations of Modeling 255 Introduction Previous Studies Data Collection Experimental Protocol Experimental Results Model Development Regulatory Implications Summary and Conclusions References Appendix A Calibration/Validation and Tracer Studies 275 Introduction Tracer Studies Selecting Field Equipment and Procedures Field Measurement of Tracer Concentration Developing a Detailed Study Design Executing a Tracer Study Hydraulic and Water Quality Model Calibration Static Calibration and Dynamic Calibration Case Studies Future of Model Calibration References x Modeling 2e.indb 10 9/21/2011 2:23:07 PM

5 Appendix B Water Quality Modeling Examples 311 Introduction Example Problem Statement Solution Solution Solution MSX Examples References Appendix C Water Quality Effects of Tanks and Storage 345 Introduction Mixing Research Empirical Studies SCCRWA Case Study Storage Tank Models Validation of Compartment Model Assumptions Design Guidelines for Tanks and Storage Reservoirs References Appendix D Conversion Charts 365 Water Equivalents and Data Water Conversions Appendix E Color Figures 375 Index 391 About the Author 399 xi Modeling 2e.indb 11 9/21/2011 2:23:07 PM