Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Thermal Processes. Examples for Gasification and Pyrolyses to Transportation Biofuels, Electricity and Heat

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1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Thermal Processes Examples for Gasification and Pyrolyses to Transportation Biofuels, Electricity and Heat Gerfried Jungmeier, IEA Bioenergy ExCo-Workshop Thermal pre-treatment of biomass for large-scale applications York, UK, October 12, 2010

2 Development Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Sector % Shares of total emissions % 17% 14% 13% 8% 3% Source:

3 Outline Outlook Example pyrolyses Example FT- Biofuel **) Examples SNG *) LCA methodology Introduction *) Synthetic Natural Gas **) Fischer-Tropsch

4 Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method to estimate the material and energy flows of a product (e.g. transportation) to calculate the environmental effects in the total lifetime of the product from cradle to grave Methodology according to ISO 14,040 Life Cycle Assessment Bioenergy system Slow increasing atmospheric carbon Renewable biotic carbon stock Auxiliary fossil energy emissions Carbon fixation Cultivation Processing Carbon oxidation Biomass Harvest Transport Auxiliary fossil energy Transport Fossil energy system Strong increasing atmospheric carbon Production Fossil fuel Processing Storage Decreasing fossil carbon stocks Auxiliary fossil energy emissions Byproducts Byproducts Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 Greenhouse Gas Balances of Bioenergy Systems JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR: Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context Biofuel Conversion in vehicles Transportation Services for persons and good Conversion in vehicles Fossil fuel EU-Directive on Renewable Energy (RED) Carbon flow* Energy flow oefpos02020

5 Bioenergy system Reference system with fossil energy Collection of residues Land use change (LUC) Residues Reference use Fossil resource Transport of feedstock Cultivation of biomass Production conventional product Area Extraction of fossil resource Transport of fossil resource Processing to bioenergy carrier Distribution of bioenergy carrier Products of reference use Co-products of bioenergy Production conventional product Processing to fossil energy carrier Distribution of fossil energy carrier Use of bioenergy carrier Use of fossil energy carrier Energy services

6 Outline Outlook Example pyrolyses Example FT-Biofuel Examples SNG LCA methodology Introduction

7 SNG for Heat Feedstock: Forest residues Miscanthus Short rotation forestry (SRF) Types of gasifiers: O 2 -blown entrained flow (EF) O 2 -blown circulating fluidised bed (CFB) air-steam blown indirect*) Comparison to: natural gas direct combustion of feedstock at consumer side *) also with CCS carbon capture&sequestration Bioenergy NoE

8 SNG from Forest Residues vs. Natural Gas SNG from Forest Residues Collection Forest Residues Natural Oxidation Natural Gas Extraction Transport Processing SNG Plant Distribution SNG SNG Distribution Combustion in Boiler Combustion in Boiler * Combined cycle Heat

9 SNG from Forest Residues vs. Direct Use for Heating SNG from Forest Residues Collection Forest Residues Direct Use of Forest Residues Collection Transport SNG Plant SNG SNG Distribution Combustion in Boiler Natural Oxidation Drying Transport Combustion in Boiler * Combined cycle Heat

10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions O2-blown EF/forest residues O2-blown CFB/forest residues Air-steam blown indirect/forest residues Air-steam blown indirect CCS/forest residues CO2 CH4 N2O SNG O2-blown EF/miscanthus O2-blown CFB/miscanthus Air-steam blown indirect/miscanthus 57 O2-blown EF/SRF 60 O2-blown CFB/SRF 62 Air-steam blown indirect/srf 46 Reference Boiler/natural gas Boiler/forest residues Boiler/miscanthus Boiler/SRF C-stock from land use change not included GHG-Emissions [kg CO 2 -eq./mwh heat ]

11 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Details) O2-blown EF/forest residues O2-blown CFB/forest residues Air/steam blown indirect/forest residues CO2 feedstock supply CH4 feedstock supply N2O feedstock supply CO2 SNG production+use CH4 SNG production+use N2O SNG production+use O2-blown EF/miscanthus 75 O2-blown CFB/miscanthus 73 Air/steam blown indirect/miscanthus 57 O2-blown EF/SRF 60 O2-blown CFB/SRF 62 Air/steam blown indirect/srf C-stock from land use change not included GHG-Emissions [kg CO 2 -eq./mwh heat ] 46

12 SNG Reference Primary Energy Consumption O2-blown EF/forest residues O2-blown CFB/forest residues Air-steam blown indirect/forest residues Air-steam blown indirect CCS/forest residues O2-blown EF/miscanthus O2-blown CFB/miscanthus Air-steam blown indirect/miscanthus O2-blown EF/SRF O2-blown CFB/SRF Air-steam blown indirect/srf Boiler/natural gas Boiler/forest residues Boiler/miscanthus Boiler/SRF SNG higher energy consumption 1,59 1,59 1,58 1,61 1,37 1,50 1,45 1,51 1,76 1,74 1,77 2,11 2,09 2,13 Fossil Renewable Other 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 Primary Energy Consumption [MWh/MWh heat ]

13 SNG for Transportation Biofuel SNG fuel orientation 50 MW fuel input power heat SNG as transportation fuel SNG polygeneration 50 MW fuel input Bioenergy [GWh/a]

14 SNG Polygeneration system Collection Forest residues Reference system: wood chips heating plant & CC power plant & CNG vehicle Collection Extraction Natural oxidation Transport Land use change (LUC) Transport Transport SNG plant Heat plant CC* power plant SNG grid Heat grid Power grid Heat grid Power grid Gas grid SNG vehicle CNG vehicle Transportation service, electricity and heat *combined cycle

15 Greenhouse Gas Emissions SNG Reference system: wood chips heat, heat; natural gas gas for for power transport and transport C-stock from land use change not included 83,000 Reduction: 79% SNG fuel orientation 50 MW fuel input 17,000 Reference system: wood chips heat; natural gas for power and transport SNG polygeneration 50 MW fuel input Polygeneration Reduction: 89% 8,000 75,000 CO2 CH4 N2O - 50, ,000 Greenhouse gas emissions [t CO 2 -eq/a]

16 Cumulated Primary Energy Demand SNG Reference system: wood chips heat, heat; natural natural gas for gas power for transport and transport SNG fuel orientation 50 MW fuel input Fossil energy reduction: 94% Reference system: wood chips heat; natural gas for power and transport SNG polygeneration 50 MW fuel input Fossil energy reduction: 95% wood natural gas oil others Cumulated primary energy demand [GWh/a]

17 Outline Outlook Example pyrolyses Example FT-Biofuel Examples SNG LCA methodology Introduction

18 Feasibility Analyses for Fischer-Tropsch-Biofuel Plant Partners: Lignocellulosic Biomass 200,000 t/a Transportation Biofuel Financing Partners:

19 Characteristics of FT-Biofuel-Plants System No of plants Biomass Input [MW] Output Power 1) Heat Fuel [GWh/a] 5 x ) Polygeneration 100 MW (FT-fuels, heat) 5 5 x x ) 5 x 488 Single product 500 MW (FT-fuels) ,444 1) power generated for plant operation only, no power is fed into the grid 2) combustion engine, EURO 6 3) current feedstock mix 4) future feedstock mix FT-Biofuels are FT-diesel and FT-gasoline and comparison to other transportation biofuels

20 Feedstock Mixes for FT-Biofuels Current feedstock mix Future feedstock mix Wheat (barley-) straw 20% Forest residues 40% Wheat (barley-) straw 30% Forest residues 80% Short rotation forestry (SRF) 8% Corn straw 10% Oilseed straw Switch grass 2% 10%

21 Polygeneration 100 MW FT-biofuel future feedstock mix Reference system: fossil fuel and district heat Cultivation energy crops Collection residues Area Forest residues Set Aside Land Collection residues Extraction Straw Natural Oxidation Transport Land use change (LUC) Transport Transport FT-fuels Plant Heating plant Refinery Distribution Heat grid Heat grid Distribution FT-biofuels vehicle Heat Gasoline+diesel vehicle Transportation service

22 Greenhouse Gas Emissions FT-Biofuels Polygeneration 5x100 MW Current feedstock mix Polygeneration 5x100 MW Future feedstock mix C-stock from land use change not included CO2 CH4 N2O Single product 500 MW Current feedstock mix Single product 500 MW Future feedstock mix Reduction: 68-72% Gasoline and diesel Greenhousegas emissions [t CO 2 -eq. / a]

23 Particle Emissions FT-Biofuels Polygeneration 5x100 MW Future feedstock mix 90 Single product 500 MW Future feedstock mix 158 Gasoline and diesel Particle Emissions [t / a]

24 Environmental Assessment FT-Biofuels Single product 500 MW FT-diesel current feedstock mix Diesel Greenhouse Gas Emissions 100% Ozon formation Acidification Particles Fossil Primary Energy Use

25 FT-Biofuels Compared to other Biofuels and Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels Other biofuels FT-gasoline FT-diesel System Single product 500 MW Current feedstock mix Single product 500 MW Future feedstock mix Polygeneration 100 MW Current feedstock mix Polygeneration 100 MW Future feedstock mix Single product 500 MW Current feedstock mix Single product 500 MW Future feedstock mix Polygeneration 100 MW Current feedstock mix Polygeneration 100 MW Future feedstock mix Biodiesel Rape seed oil Bioethanol Wheat Biogas Corn silage Greenhouse gas Fossil primary Acidification Ozone formation Particles emissions energy use [g CO 2 -eq./km] [kwh/km] [g SO 2 -eq./km] [g C 2 H 4 -eq./km] [g/km] Diesel Gasoline Natural gas

26 Outline Outlook Example pyrolyses Example FT-Biofuel Examples SNG LCA methodology Introduction

27 Energy Systems with Bio-oil from Pyrolyses Biomass- Resource Forestry forest residues Agriculture short rotation forestry cereals, thistle, stalk Industry industrial residues Biomass- Processing chipping, drying, storage, transportation pyrolysis Biomass- Fuels bio-oil Biomass- Combustion heating boiler/plant CHP/power plant steam and/or gas turbine, combustion engine work of EC-project Heat Electricity(&Heat) PYROLYSES - Opportunities for bio-oil in European heat and power market

28 GHG Emissions: Heat Supply with Bio-oil from Different Resources C-stock from land use change not included light fossil heating oil 364 forest residues 50 Type of resource industrial residues short rotation forestry cereals stalk CO2 CH4 N2O thistle Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/kwh heat ]

29 Electricity from Bio-oil and Wood Chips from Forest Residues Bio-oil - forest residues Wood chips - forest residues Collection Chipping Reference use of forest residues Collection Chipping Transport Drying and storage Natural oxidation Natural oxidation Transport Storage Bio-oil production Combustion in power plant Combustion in power plant 1 kwh electricity

30 GHG Emissions of Electricity from Forest Residues Type of greenhouse gas 79 CO CH4 2.0 N2O CO2-equivalent bio-oil gas&steam turbine (IPCC) wood chips gas&steam turbine (IGCC) Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/kwh electricity ]

31 Comparison GHG-Emissions Electricity Bio-oil and Conventional Bioenergy Bio-oil Systems have higher GHG-Emission compared to conventional bioenergy systems with same biomass resource C-stock from land use change not included Bio-oil Systems Conventional Bioenergy Systems Power plant with gas and steam turbine (combined cycle) bioenergy bioenergy bioenergy short bioenergy bioenergy bioenergy [g CO 2 -eq./kwh] forest industrial rotation cereals stalk thistle residues residues forest biooil forest residues % 44% -35% -45% 66% -16% biooil industrial residues % 40% -37% -46% 61% -18% biooil short rotation forest % 171% 22% 4% 211% 58% biooil cereals % 357% 107% 75% 426% 166% biooil stalk % 52% -31% -42% 75% -11% biooil thistle % 201% 36% 15% 246% 75%

32 Example 3: Electricity&Heat Supply Bio-oil and Natural Gas Bio-oil CHP plant Collection Reference use of forest residues Natural gas Extraction Chipping Transport Drying and storage Natural oxidation Transport CHP plant combustion engine Boiler Power plant Distribution Distribution 0.53 kwh heat & 0.47 kwh electricity

33 GHG Emission Electricity&Heat from Bio-Oil and Natural Gas C-stock from land use change not included Type of greenhouse gas CO2 CH4 N2O CO2-equivalent bio-oil combustion engine natural gas boiler and power plant Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq/(0.47 kwh electricity kwh heat )]

34 Outline Outlook Example pyrolyses Example FT-Biofuel Examples SNG LCA methodology Introduction

35 Conclusions 8) GHG emissions&fossil energy demand of bioenergy are lower than fossil energy systems 7) conventional bioenergy might be better than gasification& pyrolyses for heat(&electricity) 6) Use of by-products essential for good LCA e.g. heat 5) Use of biofuel essential SNG e.g. heat/transport 4) Type of thermal process influences environmental effects 3) Feedstock relevant for environmental effects: residues < energy crops 2) Reference use of biomass/area essential to be included 1) LCA methodology is ready to be applied