Criteria Pollutants. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
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1 1) Sulfur dioxide 2) Nitrogen oxides 3) Carbon monoxide 4) Ozone 5) Particulates 6) Lead Criteria Pollutants Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) SO 2 is a colorless gas that is formed from the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels (primarily coal) SO 2 is converted to sulfuric acid in the atmosphere SO 2 is the primary component in acid deposition SO 2 can reduce visibility and cause respiratory ailments Acid deposition can damage trees, soils, and aquatic life in lakes Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) NOx are a reddish brown irritating gas that gives smog its brownish color NOx are formed by fossil fuel burning in motor vehicles (50%), and by power and industry (50%) NOx are converted into nitric acid in the atmosphere NOx are the other major component of acid deposition Can cause lung irritation, and can aggravate asthma and bronchitis Acid deposition causes environmental damage
2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) A colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas CO is the product of incomplete combustion 75% of CO is from motor vehicle exhaust CO restricts the body s ability to bring oxygen to the body cells Can cause anything from lack of alertness, to angina and death Ozone (O 3 ) O 3 is a reactive gas that reacts with NOx and organic compounds to form chemical smog Forms as a result of chemical reactions with volatile organic compounds from cars and industry O 3 is the primary ingredient in smog O 3 can cause respiratory ailments, aggravates asthma and bronchitis, and can cause heart disease O 3 also damages plants and trees Particulates Suspended particulate matter are particles and aerosols (droplets) that are small and light enough to remain suspended in the atmosphere Coal burning plants and diesel fuel contribute to particulates Causes lung damage, asthma, and contributes to acid deposition
3 Lead (Pb( Pb) Lead is an elemental metal emitted as particulate matter into the atmosphere Formerly used in gasoline for motor vehicles Lead has been phased out of gasoline for cars and trucks in the U.S. Lead disrupts the nervous system and can cause brain damage Significant Air Quality Problems Acid Deposition Ozone Layer Depletion Climate Change
4 Acid Deposition Sulfuric and nitric acids form when SO 2 or NOx interact with sunlight and water in the atmosphere These acids fall to earth as acid snow, acid rain, or on dry particles as dry deposition Acid deposition is a greater problem in the eastern US where they burn coal for power and industry Acid rain damages aquatic life, and has eliminated several species of fish in many lakes Acid rain also leaches mercury and other heavy metals from the soils beneath the lakes Ozone Layer Depletion The ozone layer acts as a filter to prevent 95% of the UV radiation from reaching the earth s surface During the past 20 years, ozone levels over Antarctica have dropped by more than 50% during the spring CFCs are the primary factor for the decline in the ozone layer
5 The Greenhouse Effect 1. Intense ultraviolet light energy passes through our atmosphere and strikes the earth 2. This process degrades this energy into infrared energy (heat) 3. This heat then rises into the troposphere, where some of it escapes into space and some of it is absorbed by greenhouse gases 4. These gases include CO 2, methane, and CFCs 5. This tropospheric heating is commonly known as the greenhouse effect 6. Without this warming effect, Earth would be uninhabitable Global Warming Since the beginning of the industrial revolution humans have been releasing large quantities of greenhouse gases into the troposphere Based on evidence correlating past changes in atmospheric temperatures and greenhouse gases, most climate scientists believe increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere will increase global temperatures This enhanced greenhouse effect is known as global warming
6 Larsen Ice Shelf Clean Air Act (CAA) Created a partnership between the federal government and the states The EPA was charged with establishing air quality standards known as National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) The states were charged with achieving those standards by developing State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
7 NAAQS The EPA was charged with developing primary and secondary NAAQS Primary standards protect human health Secondary standards protect the environment These standards are always challenged in court Lead Industry Association v. EPA Whitman v. American Trucking Association State Implementation Plans (SIPs) 1. After the EPA develops the NAAQS, the responsibility of implementation passes to the states 2. States are required to develop SIPs to attain the NAAQS within the air quality regions in the states 3. States are free to use any types of restrictions they desire to achieve the NAAQS 4. The CAA requires the SIPs to achieve attainment within 3 years of the promulgation of the NAAQS Nonattainment Areas If an air pollution region is not within attainment of NAAQS after 3 years, it is said to be a nonattainment area An area can be in nonattainment for one criteria pollutant, and be in attainment for the others The Bay Area is in nonattainment for ozone only In 2000, approximately 100 million people lived in nonattainment areas
8 New Source Review Standards NSR adopted in 1977 to phase out older heavier polluting plants In 1999, Clinton administration began issuing violations In 2003, the Bush administration adopted new definitions relaxing NSR standards; the EPA dropped lawsuits Clear Skies Initiative may moot NSR standards Mobile Source Performance Standards The EPA sets national emissions standards for fuel evaporation, CO, NOx, VOCs, and particulates Car manufacturers must design cars to meet these standards Example: Lead reduction in gasoline The 1990 CAA Amendments required new tailpipe emissions standards, rules requiring the reformulation of gasoline, and provisions to manufacture cars that run on alternative fuels The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments The CAA Amendments addressed some issues not originally contained within the CAA. Two of these areas were: Air Toxics Acid Rain
9 Air Toxics Program Toxic pollutants: substances that can cause serious damage to human health and the environment The program is designed to force industrial plants to reduce their emission of 188 pollutants listed as hazardous by the EPA For major sources, the EPA will determine the standard of MACT for each toxic pollutant For smaller sources, the EPA has the discretion to order lower standards Acid Rain Control Program This CAA Amendment was mandated by Congress to impose controls that would reduce sulfur dioxide emissions in half by 2000 The EPA issued allowances that could be reallocated within a company, sold, or transferred to another year They created a market for trading SO 2 allowances In 1999, SO 2 emissions were 2 million tons (29%) below the allowable level 1990 CAA Amendments Enforcement 1. Violations of the CAA were formerly misdemeanors; now they are felonies 2. The EPA may file a civil action and seek damages of up to $25,000 per day per violation 3. The Act can grant a bounty of up to $10,000 to any person who furnished information 4. Provides for citizen lawsuits
10 1. This initiative will revamp the Clean Air Act Clear Skies 2. National cap and trade system on NOx, SOx, and mercury emissions 3. This legislation was denied in the 108 th Congress, but it is back
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