Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Dr. C.P. Mishra Professor Department of Community Medicine

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1 NHPP29 - National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme Quadrant I Personal details: Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Dr. C.P. Mishra Professor Department of Community Medicine Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh, India Paper Coordinator Dr. Davendra Kumar Taneja Director Professor Department of Community Medicine Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi, India Content Writer/Author Dr. Bratati Banerjee Professor Department of Community Medicine Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi, India Content Reviewer Dr. C.P. Mishra Professor Department of Community Medicine Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh, India Description of Module: Items Subject Name Paper Name Module Name/Title Module Id Pre-requisites Objectives Key words Description of Module Community Medicine National Health Policies and Programmes National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (including surveillance of drinking water) NHPP29 Knowledge on water and sanitation requirements in rural areas; knowledge on national programmes in general To study about the national programmes for water supply and sanitation National Programme, Water supply, Sanitation, Rural areas, Water Quality 1

2 Introduction Water supply and sanitation are two basic requirements for human living and promotion and preservation of good health. To give due importance to this aspect the Department of Drinking Water Supply was formed under Ministry of Rural development in 1999, to which sanitation was added and renamed as the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation in In 2011 this was given the status of a separate ministry and named the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Learning outcomes At the end of the session, the students should be able to: Describe the objectives and strategies of National Rural Drinking Water Programme, including Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme Describe the objectives and strategies of Swachh Bharat Mission Main Text Water Supply To improve the water supply and sanitary conditions the Government of India launched the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme, which went through several revisions over the decades. 1. National Rural Drinking Water Programme Evolution of the programme Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme 1986 Technology Mission on Drinking Water Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission 2002 Swajal dhara 2009 National Rural Drinking Water Programme 2

3 Figure 1A. Objectives of the programme at various stages Figure 1B. Objectives of the programme at various stages 1.2. Vision Safe and adequate drinking water for all, at all times, in rural India. 3

4 1.3. Objectives The programme for rural water supply is implemented with the following objectives: a) enable all households to have access to and use safe and adequate drinking water and within reasonable distance; b) enable communities to monitor and keep surveillance on their drinking water sources; c) ensure potability, reliability, sustainability, convenience, equity and consumers preference to be the guiding principles while planning for a community based water supply system; d) provide drinking water facility, especially piped water supply, to Gram Panchayats that have achieved open defecation free status on priority basis; e) ensure all government schools and anganwadis have access to safe drinking water; f) provide enabling support and environment for Panchayat Raj Institutions and local communities to manage their own drinking water sources and systems in their villages; g) provide access to information through online reporting mechanism with information placed in public domain to bring in transparency and informed decision making Goals Strategic Plan ( ) To achieve the objectives the Ministry has prepared a Strategic Plan for rural drinking water sector for the period 2011 to The Goal of the Strategic Plan is: To ensure, that every rural person has enough safe water for drinking, cooking and other domestic needs, as well as livestock, throughout the year including during natural disasters. By 2022, every rural person in the country will have access to 70 lpcd within their household premises or at a horizontal or vertical distance of not more than 50 meters from their household, without barriers of social or financial discrimination. Individual States can adopt higher quantity norms, such as 100 lpcd. Figure 2. The Water Ladder of service delivery 4

5 1.5. Revised Norms and Criteria for Rural Drinking Water Supply Schemes Under the new programme norms have been revised, some of which are as follows:- Focus on piped water supply rather than on hand pumps, so as to conserve ground water Enhancement of rural water supply from the norm of 40 lpcd to 55 lpcd Achieve the target that, by 2017, at least 50% of rural population in the country have access to 55 lpcd within their household premises or within horizontal or vertical distance of not more than 100 metres, with at least 30% having individual household connections, as against 13% today Greater coverage of water quality affected habitations with earmarked funding for chemical contamination and Japanese Encephalitis and Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (JE/AES) affected areas Adopt 24 7 water supply wherever possible. Table 1. Norms for providing potable drinking water in rural areas Purpose Quantity (lpcd) Drinking 3 Cooking 5 Bathing 15 Washing utensils and house 10 Ablution/toilets 10 Washing of clothes and other uses 12 Total Funds for the programme Funds have been earmarked for various geographical areas. The centre-state cost sharing pattern has been specified at both central and state levels. Guidelines have also been outlined regarding criteria for allocation of funds to the states. Weightage of 10% is given for fund allocation to states with rural population managing rural drinking water supply schemes. This serves as an incentive fund. The weightage is calculated by Management Devolution Index, which is based on certain Devolution Indicators. 5

6 Table 2. Component, Purpose, Distribution and Centre -State Sharing pattern of the NRDWP at Central level 5 NRDWP Central allocation 6 Centre-State sharing pattern Non NE States 73% 90:10 to NE States and J & K and 50:50 to other States. NE States 10% 90:10 DDP Area States 10% 100 % Central share Water Quality (Earmarked) for chemical contamination and JE/ AES affected States. 5% (Of this 75% - in areas with chemical contamination and 25% in JE/AES affected priority districts 90:10 to NE States and J & K and 50:50 to other States. Natural Calamities 2% 100 % Central share DDP: Desert Development Programme Table 3. Component, Purpose, Distribution and Centre -State Sharing pattern of the NRDWP at State level. Component Purpose Distribution of Centre-State State NRDWP sharing allocation pattern Coverage For providing safe and adequate drinking 47% 90:10 (for NE water supply to unserved, partially served and States and slipped back habitations J&K) 50:50 Quality To provide safe drinking water to water quality 20% (for other affected habitations. States) Operation and For expenditure on running, repair and 15% Maximum Maintenance replacement costs of drinking water supply projects. Sustainability To encourage States to achieve drinking water 10% Maximum 100:0 security at the local level through sustainability of sources and systems. Support Support activities like WSSO, DWSM, BRCs, 5% 100:0 IEC, HRD, MIS and computerisation, R&D etc. Water Quality For monitoring and surveillance of water 3% 100:0 Monitoring and quality in habitations at field level and for Surveillance setting up, upgrading laboratories at state, district and sub-district levels. Total 100% * WSSO: Water and Sanitation Support Organisation; DWSM: District Water and Sanitation Mission; BRC: Block Resource Centre Table 4. Criteria for allocation of funds

7 Criteria Weightage (in %) Rural population 40% Rural SC and ST population 10% States under DDP, DPAP, HADP and special category Hill states in terms of rural areas Rural population managing rural drinking water supply schemes weighted by a Management Devolution Index 40% 10% Total 100% DDP: Desert Development Programme, DPAP: Drought Prone Area Programme, HADP: Hill Area Development Programme 1.7. Programme components All funds allocated under this programme are to be utilised for implementing the following components: 1. Coverage for providing safe and adequate drinking water supply to unserved, partially served and slipped back habitations 2. Sustainability to encourage States to achieve drinking water security at the local level 3. Provide potable drinking water to water quality affected habitations 4. Operation and Maintenance 5. Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (WQMS), and 6. Support activities. The programme ensures flexibility to states to choose the components under which funding is required. This is important as the problem of water quality differs from state to state. Drinking water is to be provided to every public place, including rural schools, Anganwadi, public buildings, PRI offices, community halls, markets, religious institutions, market places and mela ground etc. by Drinking water facilities will be provided to the floating population by installing street stand posts at convenient locations. Gender empowerment issues have been considered by ensuring that women, especially those belonging to SCs, STs and OBCs, constitute at least 50% of the members of the Gram Panchayat/ Village Water and Sanitation Committees (GPWSC/VWSC). The programme incorporates other components like monitoring and surveillance, evaluation, Management Information system, research and development. 2. Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme 1 In view of increase in various water related diseases the National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme was launched in February 2006 for ensuring good quality water to rural population, which was subsequently merged with NRDWP in The focus has thereby 7

8 undergone a paradigm shift from water supply in the village to water security at the household level, ensuring quality Objectives Monitoring and surveillance of all drinking water sources in the country by active involvement of the community Decentralisation of water quality monitoring and surveillance of all rural drinking water sources in the country Institutionalisation of community participation and involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for water quality monitoring and surveillance Generation of awareness among the rural masses about the water quality issues and the problems related to water borne diseases Building capacity of panchayats to take up full responsibility for operations and maintenance of all drinking water sources in their respective area 2.2. Strategies Water quality testing A basic Water Testing Laboratory will be established at District and Sub-Divisional/Sub-district Level, either with NRDWP funds, or through existing labs of other departments/educational institutions. Water quality (biological parameters) will be tested at the Primary Health Centre. For data collection at the household level and at the habitation level a Jal Surakshak may be nominated, who will obtain a preliminary result by using the Field Test Kits (FTKs) provided under the programme, which will subsequently be confirmed by testing in the established labs. The District/Sub-division Level Water Testing Laboratory must have facilities of testing some parameters viz. ph, total hardness, iron, chlorine demand, residual chlorine, nitrate, fluoride and arsenic where ever it has been identified and detected, and Maximum Probable Number (MPN) counts for coliforms to test for bacteriological contamination of water from all sources to be conducted in all the sub-divisional laboratories. Physical (turbidity) and biological contamination of sources will be taken care of at the GP and Sub-division level Training Members of PRIs/GPWSC/VWSC/Standing Committee of PRI, NGOs, district and state level functionaries will be trained on water related diseases, water quality monitoring, sanitation and hygiene. Five GP level workers i.e. ASHA, Anganwadi Workers, School Teachers, GP members, Social Workers, are being specially trained under programme since February IEC activities IEC activities will be undertaken which may include inter-personal communication, audio-visual publicity, hoardings and wall writings, slogans, picture frames, group meetings, street plays, participatory rural appraisal and exhibitions Monitoring 8

9 Monitoring will be undertaken by a team of experts under the State and District Water Missions, through regular field inspections, at least once in a quarter by DWSM and once in 6 months by the SWSM. In addition, Government of India may also send its Review Missions to States to assess quality of implementation of the programme Reporting All data generated at various levels will be entered online and reported through MIS. Only the chemical parameters will be reflected at the National level MIS whereas the physical and bacteriological contamination to be reported and tackled at the GP/District/State level Funding States will be provided with 100% funding for strengthening of district level laboratories, setting up of sub-divisional laboratories, costs for data reporting, stationery, water testing, documentation, sample collection, consumables, outsourcing of services, FTK, refill of FTKs and data entry. The existing personnel (both technical and non-technical) in departments like PHE, Health, Rural Development, Panchayati Raj etc. would be mobilised and involved. NHM and Central Finance Commission funds are to be utilised for this purpose. Salaries of regular staff engaged in WQMS will be fully borne from State funds. Operation and maintenance of the laboratories, cost of disinfectants, minor remedial expenses etc. will be covered by the fund available from NHM, Central Finance Commission, PRI and state budget. 3. Sanitation 2 Three fourth of the surface water resources are polluted and 80% of pollution is due to sewage alone. This called for improvement in the sanitation and accordingly the Central Rural Sanitation Programme was launched to improve the quality of life of the rural poor and also to provide privacy and dignity to women. The programme underwent several modifications over the decades Evolution of the programme 1986 Central Rural Sanitation Programme Total Sanitation Campaign Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan Swachh Bharat Mission 3.2. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) 2 Figure 3. Aims of Swachh Bharat Mission 9

10 Objectives Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas, by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open defecation. Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat by 2nd October 2019 Motivate Communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions to adopt sustainable sanitation practices and facilities through awareness creation and health education Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe and sustainable sanitation Develop where required, community managed sanitation systems focusing on scientific Solid and Liquid Waste Management systems for overall cleanliness in the rural areas Strategy The focus of the Strategy is to move towards a Swachh Bharat by providing flexibility to State governments. Implementation Framework of each State will be prepared with a road map of activities covering the 3 important phases necessary for the programme i.e. Planning Phase, Implementation Phase and Sustainability Phase Components 10

11 Start up activities These include updation of base line survey to assess the status of sanitation and hygiene practices, orientation of key personnel at the District/GP level and preparation of District Plans, and preparation of State Programme Implementation Plan IEC activities IEC will focus on creation of demand for sanitary facilities in the rural areas for households, Schools, Anganwadis, Community Sanitary Complexes and Solid and Liquid Waste Management projects, followed by sustained use of these facilities Capacity building Training of stakeholders and sanitation workers, the Swachhata Doots/Sena, members of PRIs, VWSCs, functionaries of BPMU, DWSM, ASHA, Anganwadi workers, SHG members, masons, CSOs/NGOs etc. will be conducted by Central and State level Training Institutes, Resource Centres/Key Resource Centres, District Resource Centres, and empanelled NGOs/CBOs and experienced agencies Construction of Individual Household Latrines All rural families will have access to toilets. Incentive will be available for all Below Poverty Line (BPL) Households and Above Poverty Line (APL) households restricted to SCs/STs, small and marginal farmers, landless labourers with homestead, physically handicapped and women headed households. The incentive amount will be up to Rs.12,000 for construction of one unit of IHHL. Central and Share will be 75:25. For North Eastern State, and Special category States, the Central and State share will be 90: Availability of Sanitation Material through Rural Sanitary Marts (RSM), Production Centers (PC), Self Help Groups (SHG) RSM is a commercial outlet dealing with materials, hardware and designs required for construction of sanitary latrines and other sanitary facilities. PCs are the means to produce cost effective affordable sanitary materials at local level. They can be independent or a part of the RSMs. An interest free loan up to Rs 5 lakh per RSM/PC can be provided out of revolving fund available with the district, which should be recovered in installments after one year from the date of receiving the loan. A maximum of Rs 35 lakh can be utilised from the revolving fund for this purpose Provision of Revolving Fund in the district The revolving fund is shared between Centre and State on 80:20 basis. Upto 5% of the district project outlay subject to maximum of Rs crore can be used as Revolving fund, including for funding the setting up of RSMs/PCs. District Implementing Agency may provide it to Cooperative Societies or Self Help Groups, as decided by the state. Loan from this fund should be recovered in installments. This revolving fund can be accessed by APL households not covered by incentives Micro Financing of construction of toilets 11

12 Possibilities of setting up a micro financing arrangement should be explored. Such financing can be through banks, recognized financial institutions or through livelihood programmes Community Sanitary Complex When there is lack of space in the village for construction of household toilets and the community owns up the responsibility of their operation and maintenance, Community Sanitary Complexes can be constructed. Maximum unit cost prescribed for a Community Sanitary Complex is Rs 2 lakh, with a sharing pattern among Centre, State and community as 60:30: Equity and inclusion While planning for coverage priority may be given to women, children, old, pregnant, disabled, people of certain castes, faiths and ethnicities, socially and economically marginalised, geographically marginalised populations in remote areas, and those living in areas where it is difficult to construct simple toilets due to high water tables, sandy soils or hard rock Solid and Liquid Waste Management Activities like common compost pits, low cost drainage, soakage channels/pits, reuse of waste water, system for collection, segregation and disposal of household garbage etc may be taken up. Up to 10% of the project cost can be utilised for meeting capital costs incurred. The fund sharing pattern between the centre and state would be in the ratio of 75:25. Any additional cost requirement is to be met with funds from State/GP Administrative Charges This will include expenditure on salary of temporary staff and agencies deployed, support services, vehicle hire and fuel, stationery, monitoring and evaluation activities, TA/DA to survey teams deputed for monitoring and verification, exposure visits Implementation Mechanism Implementation of SBM(G) requires large scale social mobilization and monitoring. A 5-Tier implementation mechanism should be set up at the National/State/District/Block/Village as follows:- National Swachh Bharat Mission (G) [NSBM(G)] The Swachh Bharat Mission will be set up at the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Secretary DWS will be the Mission Director. The Mission will have a Monitoring and Evaluation Cell for monitoring implementation of the SBM(G) in States, in consultation with other agencies like NSSO and Registrar General of India. State Swachh Bharat Mission [SSBM(G)]- State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM) There will be an Apex Committee at the State level headed by the Chief Secretary with Secretaries incharge of PHED, Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Finance, Health, Information and Public Relations as members. Principal Secretary/Secretary of the Department looking after Sanitation in the State shall be the nodal Secretary responsible for all the SSBM(G) activities. Water and Sanitation Support 12

13 Organization (WSSO)/ Communication and Capacity Development Unit (CCDU) currently in place for sanitation shall be merged with the SSBM(G). District Swachh Bharat Mission [DSBM(G)] A District Swachh Bharat Mission Management Committee (DSBMMC) chaired by the District Collector/Magistrate and comprising of all district level officers of relevant departments and all BDOs/ Block level officer in charge of sanitation shall be formed, to plan and monitor the implementation of the Mission. The District /Deputy Commissioner/Magistrate/CEO Zilla Panchayat shall be the nodal officer. Block Programme Management Unit (BPMU) The BPMU shall work as a bridge between the District experts and the GPs and provide continuous support in terms of awareness generation, motivation, mobilisation, training and handholding of village communities, GPs and VWSCs, and software support. Gram Panchayat/Village Water and Sanitation Committee (GP/VWSC) The GPs will have a pivotal role to play in the implementation of the programme. VWSC will be constituted as a sub-committee of GP, for providing support. There will be a dedicated, trained and properly incentivised sanitation work force at the GP level, designated Swachhata Doot/Sena. 4. Nirmal Gram Puraskar 3 A Gram Panchayat will be eligible to apply for the Nirmal Gram Puraskar on the following grounds: GP has adopted a resolution to ban open defecation within its entire area inclusive of all habitations and villages. All habitations within the GP jurisdiction have access to water for drinking and sanitation purposes. The GP has achieved objectives for all components as approved in the District Project and entered it in the IMIS of the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The twelfth plan goal is that 50% of the GPs will attain Nirmal Gram status by the year Summary Water supply and sanitation are two basic requirements for human living and promotion and preservation of good health. To fulfill these requirements a separate ministry has been formed as the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. There are two national programmes under this Ministry National Rural Drinking Water Programme, including Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme, and Swachh Bharat Mission. A Strategic Plan has been prepared for the rural drinking water sector for the period 2011 to 2022, with the goal to ensure, that every rural person has enough safe water for drinking, cooking and other domestic needs as well as livestock throughout the year including during natural disasters and by 2022, every rural person in the country has access to 70 lpcd within their household premises or at a horizontal or vertical distance of not more than 50 meters from their household, without barriers of social or financial discrimination. 13

14 Under the Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme focus has undergone a paradigm shift from water supply in the village to water security at the household level, ensuring quality. The objective of Swachh Bharat Mission is to bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas, by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open defecation. This will be done by accelerating sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat by 2 nd October 2019 and helping the community to adopt sustainable sanitation practices and facilities through awareness creation and health education. References 1. Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation, Govt of India. National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water mission. Movement towards ensuring people s Drinking Water Security in Rural India. Framework for Implementation (Updated 2013). Available from last accessed on Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation, Govt of India. Guidelines for Swachh Barat Mission (Gramin). Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Govt. of India. Available from last accessed on Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation, Govt of India. Guidelines. Nirmal Gram Puraskar. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. December Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Govt. of India. Available from last accessed on Planning Commission. Rural Drinking Water and Sanitation in Twelfth Five Year Plan ), Vol II, New Delhi, SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd,

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