1) 2) 3) 4) 5) The oil and gas cycle. Life cycle of oil and gas (time) Potential requirement on ground

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2 The oil and gas cycle Life cycle of oil and gas (time) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Activity Desk study and get licens: Find areas with favorable geological conditions Seismic survey: Provide detailed information on geology Exploratory drilling: Verify the presence of a hydrocarbon reservoir and quantify the reserves Appraisal: determine if the reservoir is economically feasible to develop Drilling and production: produce oil and gas from the reservoir through formation pressure, artificial lift, and possibly advanced recovery techniques, until economically feasible reserves are depleted Decommissioning and rehabilitation: may occur for each of above phases. None Potential requirement on ground Access to onshore sites and marine resource areas Possible onshore extension of marine seismic lines Access for drilling unit and supply units Storage facilities Waste disposal facilities Testing capabilities Additional drill sites Additional access for drilling units, supply units, waste disposal and storage facilities Improved access, storage and waste disposal facilities Equipment for production: Wellheads, Flowlines Equipment for storage, process and export: Accommodation, infrastructure Equipment to plug wells, remove installation 2

3 Production involves 3 operations

4 Production system: Considerations on the production system. The depth and type of formation The gas-to-oil ratio The viscocity of the crude oil The economics of the entire project

5 Production system

6 Production system: Types Subsea field development/production systems Can be combined with floating production systems. Cost effective Provide for large savings in manpower. Subsea Satellite Development Subsea Production Template Underwater Manifold System Floating production systems a means of developing smaller fields

7 Production system: Types Development: more oil production subsea to shore Ormen Lange Norway. FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education 7

8 Production involves 3 operations Production involves: 1) Extracting: Produce the oil to the surface 2) Processing Reservoir fluid to product for sale 3) Transporting and storaging: Pipe, boat, tanks

9 Water injection Gas injection Artificial lift Extracting: Production support systems Gas lift Gas injection

10 1.Gas lift Extracting: Special methods 2.Electric submersible pumping (ESP). Gas lift

11 Processing: Separation and treatment - upstream gas Gas may be treated for transport, gas lifting or applications as fuel. Separate the gas and liquid phases Extract or inhibit any components in the gas which affects pipeline corrosion or blockage (H2O vapour, CO2, and H2S). Pressure reduction Gas dehydration Gas compression

12 Transporting and storaging Stabilized crude oil: stored in tank farms at a distribution terminal which may involve pipeline. Transported by tankers Sales gas: Would be piped directly into the national gas distribution network NGL products (propane, butane): Can be stored locally in pressurized tanks. Often distributed by road or rail directly from the gathering station.

13 Transporting and storaging: Offshore loading Pipelines: The most common transport of hydrocarbons, where large volumes are concerned. Tankers: In areas where seabed relief makes pipelines vulnerable Where pipelines cannot be justified on economic grounds Loading is carried out through a single buoy mooring (SBM).

14 Transporting and storaging Spar type storage terminals: Two tankers are used either loading and transporting, or with one tanker acting as floating storage facility and the other shuttling to and from a shore terminal. Key features: LNG & vapor transfer and mooring by Soft Yoke Mooring and Offloading (SYMO ) Operations in exposed weather conditions Use of LNG carriers with dedicated bow manifold and connector

15 Transporting and storaging Challenges: Flow ensuranse Operation of hydraulic and mechanic valves Because of Permafrost Extreme cold Weather Drifting ice FING: Arctic Region Oil & Gas Seminar in Training and Education 15

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