Experimental Evaluation of the Energy Performance of an Air Vortex Tube when the Inlet Parameters are Varied
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1 Send Odes fo Repints 98 The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, 7, Open Access Expeimental Evaluation of the Enegy Pefomance of an Ai Votex Tube when the Inlet Paametes ae Vaied E. Toella 1, J. Patiño 2, D. Sánchez 2, R. Llopis 2 and R. Cabello *,2 1 Depatment of Applied Themodynamics, Camino de Vea, 14. Polytechnic Univesity of Valencia, E-4622 Valencia, Spain 2 Depatment of Mechanical Engineeing and Constuction, Campus de Riu Sec. Jaume I Univesity, E-1271 Castellón, Spain Abstact: The pape pesents the analysis of the enegy pefomance of an ai votex cooling tube unde vaiations of the ai inlet popeties, with thee independent expeimental tests validated though the enegy balance in the device. The expeimental analysis includes the following vaiations of the input conditions: Fist, the effect of the ai inlet pessue to the votex tube, focused on the analysis of tempeatue vaiations in the output cold steam and in the cooling capacity when the cold flow faction vaies. Second, we studied ai inlet tempeatue vaiations to the votex tube unde diffeent cold flow factions, which is an analysis not found in the liteatue. And finally, is studied the pefomance of the votex tube when the insulation is povided o in absence of insulation. Keywods: Votex tube, efigeation system, enegy analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION The Votex effect was fist obseved by Ranque [1] while obseving themal division in a cyclone sepaato, being his design impoved by Hilsch [2]. Kassne and Knoenschild [3] pefomed a theoetical study based on the assumption that the effect was due to adiabatic expansion, which led to a low tempeatue in the low pessue aea nea the axis of the tube. Subsequently, othe eseaches have poposed diffeent theoies to explain the enegy sepaation pocess, some of the most impotant efeenced in chonological ode ae: Webste [4], Fulton [5], Shepe [6], Hanett et al. [7], Lay [8,9], Deissle et al. [1], Reynolds [11], Lewellen [12], Lindstom [13], Kuosaka [14], Amitani et al. [15], Stephan et al. [16], Abuzov et al. [17], Gutsol et al. [18], Lewis et al. [19], Ahlbon et al. [2], Tofimov [21] and Colgate [22]. Notwithstanding these effots, a theoy which satisfactoily explains the entie pocess has not been developed yet. Despite the above statement and the low enegy efficiency of the votex tube, they ae commecialized fo diffeent applications when compactness, eliability and low cost ae the main factos and when enegy efficiency becomes less impotant. Cuently, they ae used to cool pats of machines, dehumidify gas samples, cool electical panels, liquefy natual gas (Fin ko [23, 24]), cool unde advese conditions (Baz et al. [25, 26]), chill laboatoy envionments in *Addess coespondence to this autho at the Depatment of Mechanical Engineeing and Constuction, Campus de Riu Sec. Jaume I Univesity, E Castellón, Spain; Tel ; Fax: ; cabello@uji.es explosive atmosphees (Buno [27]), in hypebaic chambes (Baz et al. [28]), sepaate paticles (Riu et al. [29]), in nuclea magnetic esonance (NMR) (Matin et al. [3]), pefom apid PCR (Polymease Chain Reaction) with ealtime optical detection [31]. Futhemoe, votex tubes opeate as suction devices (Alhbon et al. [32]) and as expandes in tanscitical CO 2 cycles (Saka et al. [33]). Recently, Sachin et al. [34] and Ohan et al. [35] studied diffeent geometies fo the cold end to impove the enegy pefomance of the votex tube. In contast to the existing expeimental analysis of ai votex tubes, which mainly focuses on studying thei pefomance unde vaiations of the cold flow faction with constant inlet tempeatue popeties, the objective of this wok is to analyse the incidence of the aiflow input paametes (inlet pessue and inlet tempeatue) on its enegy pefomance. Specifically, we analyse the outlet tempeatue of the cold steam, the cooling capacity povide and the COP eached by the efigeating device. Accodingly, this wok petends to contibute to the undestanding of the eal pefomance of ai votex tubes. 2. EXPERIMENTAL TEST BENCH AND ANALYSIS The expeimental test bench developed fo this wok is shown in Fig. (1). This expeimental set up incopoates an EXAIR BP3215 votex tube (maximum volumetic flow ate,778 m 3 /s in standad conditions at 69 kpa of inlet pessue). The assembly is themally isolated fom the compessed ai entance in the cold and hot outlets. We measue tempeatue with K-type themocouples and pessue with piezoelectic tansduces placed at the inlet and hot and cold exits. The uncetainties, calibated using X / Bentham Open
2 Expeimental Evaluation of the Enegy Pefomance of an Ai Votex Tube The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume 7 99 Fig. (1). Test bench and sensos location. cetified efeences, ae of ±.5 ºC fo the themocouples and of ±.1% of the full scale ange (-1 kpa) fo the pessue tansduces. We measue tempeatue on the oute suface of the tubes, since accoding to Ahlbon [36], to measue the tempeatue of moving fluids, a device moving at the speed of the flow should be used so as to achieve themal equilibium. We use two mass flow metes, one fo the inlet ai (Testo 6441, with pecision ±,3 % of full scale) and othe fo the hot exit ai (Bonkhost model EL-Flow F112AC, with pecision ±.1% full scale). The signals ae gatheed by an AGILENT 3497A data acquisition system. 3. VORTEX TUBE CHARACTERIZATION The main paametes that chaacteize the opeation of a votex tube ae the following: 3.1. Cold Flow Faction Cold flow faction atio is the atio between cold flow and inlet flow: = m c m in ;!! 1 (1) 3.2. COP As fo any efigeation plant, COP is the atio between the cooling capacity poduced and the powe consumption equied in the installation, as pesented by equation (2). COP = Q P Cs (2) whee the cooling capacity is calculated in the same way as in the case of a heat exchange, taking into account the enegy absobed to cool the cold steam (3). Q = m c!(t in ) (3) Supply of compessed ai, in the case of votex tubes, is usually povided by an independent ai compesso, making it difficult to estimate the powe consumption to compute the COP if a wattmete is not available o if the ai compessed is not used exclusively in the votex facility. Accoding to Boswell [37], the powe equied to compess ai fom atmospheic conditions, assuming an isentopic pocess, can be calculated accoding to expession (4), whee the subscipts 2 and 1 indicate the compesso output and input conditions. P Cs =!! " 1 # m in # R #(T 2 " T 1 ) (4) Using the elationships inheent in an compession pocess (5) and (6), T 2! = p $ 2 T # 1 " p & 1 % ' (1 ' adiabatic " R! " # 1 = c (6) p and consideing that ai is cooled until pactically to an atmospheic tempeatue (T 1 ), what means that this is the votex inlet tempeatue T in, the expession of powe consumption can be witten as detailed by expession (7). P Cs = m in!(t 2 " T 1 ) (7) Obtaining T 2 by means of (5), the final expession fo calculating the COP with expeimental data, feasible measuable, is shown in equation (8) COP = Q (T =! in ) () "1)/) P Cs # # p T in! in & & % % $ p ( " T in ( $ % 1 ' '( (T =! in ) () "1)/) ## p T in! in & & %% $ p ( " 1( $ % 1 ' '( (5) (8)
3 1 The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume 7 Toella et al. 4. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS The woks available in liteatue demonstate that the main magnitudes which affect the enegy pefomance of a votex tube ae the inlet pessue (p in ) and the flow atio (). Theefoe, we evaluate the enegy pefomance of the votex tube with a seies of tials in which the flow atio vaies inside the opeating ange of the device Expeimental Test Range We conside thee diffeent expeiments to evaluate the pefomance of the votex tube. Fist, it was put though thee diffeent inlet pessue levels, conditions ae detailed in Table 1. Second, the influence of the inlet ai tempeatue was evaluated, vaied using a themostatic wate bath (as shown in Fig. 1) by using a small heat exchange placed in the input cuent. The evaluation ange of the votex tube in this test is shown in Table 2. Finally, the effect of the themal insulation of the votex tube was evaluated fo constant ai inlet conditions, as detailed in Table Validation of Expeimental Measuements Fist, to check the validity of the expeimental esults we analyse the enegy balance on the votex tube, it expessed by elation (9). In the enegy balance the heat tansfe to the envionment is neglected and potential enegies ae consideed equal fo the input and output cuents (tue in the expeimental plant). P in = m in!(h in + E c,in ) = m c! (h c + E c,c ) + m f!(h f + E c, f ) = P out (9) As it is illustated by Fig. (2), the expeimental tests cooboate the enegy balance of equation (9). As can be obseved in Fig. (2), oveall enegy balance shows a deviation of ± 5% between the total powe of the device input and output. The thee cloud of points coespond to the thee inlet pessue levels (Table 1). The themodynamic popeties of the ai wee evaluated using Refpop outines [38] neglecting the moistue of the inlet ai, since it pesented a low moistue atio Inlet Pessue Vaiation Test Fist, we pesent the analysis of the expeimental pefomance of the votex tube fo the inlet pessue vaiation test (Table 1). In Fig. (3), the measued ai outlet tempeatues of the votex tube ae depicted. The expeimental evolutions ae consistent with pevious expeimental studies, such as those of Pomvonge [39] and Saidi [4]. As it can be obseved in the evolution of the outlet cold flow in Fig. (3), a minimum in tempeatue exists in each test. This minimum in tempeatue is tanslated to two coincident minimums in the powe of the cold flow at the votex outlet, pesented in Fig. (4). In Fig. (4), we pesent the total powe and the contibution due to the poduct of the mass flow by its specific enthalpy. The diffeence between them is the poduct of the mass flow by the kinetic enegy. In Fig. (5), we depict the values of cold mass flow and it specific enthalpy fo the steady-state coesponding to the highest pessue in the test. It can be deduced fom Fig. (5) that the cause of the minimum in the outlet tempeatue of the cold ai and in the output powes is the outlet mass flow evolution of the cold flow. Table 1. Inlet Pessue Vaiation Test Range Test Aveage p in [kpa] Vaiation p in Aveage V in [m 3 /h] Vaiation V in Aveage T in [ºC] Vaiation. T in Aveage m in [kg/h] Vaiation. m in HP MP LP Table 2. Inlet Tempeatue Vaiation Test Range Test Aveage p in [kpa] Vaiation p in Aveage V in [m 3 /h] Vaiation V in Aveage T in [ºC] Vaiation. T in Aveage m in [kg/h] Vaiation. m in HT MT LT Table 3. Test Conditions with and without Insulation Test Aveage p in [kpa] Vaiation p in Aveage V in [m 3 /h] Vaiation V in Aveage T in [ºC] Vaiation. T in Aveage m in [kg/h] Vaiation. m in WITH WITHOUT
4 Expeimental Evaluation of the Enegy Pefomance of an Ai Votex Tube The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume % -5% 8 P out [Kw] P in [Kw] Fig. (2). Initial check. Oveall enegy balance in the votex tube T out [K] T_OUTc HP T_OUTc MP T_OUTc LP T_OUTh HP T_OUTh MP T_OUTh LP Fig. (3). Ai outlet tempeatues of the cold and hot steams vs flow atio fo the inlet pessue vaiation test. On the othe side, egading the enegy paametes, we pesent the cooling capacity in Fig. (6) and the COP in Fig. (7) fo the thee inlet pessues to the votex tube consideed. They have been epesented vesus the flow atio (1). As can be obseved in Fig. (7), a maximum in COP exists fo each inlet pessue level. This is because the existent elation between the cooling capacity and the tempeatue of the cold outlet flow (equation 3). Nonetheless, the value of the flow atio coesponding to the minimum tempeatue
5 12 The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume 7 Toella et al. HP = kpa P [kw] PT_out,c m_out,c * hout,c Fig. (4). Output powes fo the pessue test. HP = kpa mout,c [kg/s] m_out,c h_out,c h out,c [kj/kg] Fig. (5). Mass flow ate and specific enthalpy of the cold output cuent vs flow atio fo the maximum pessue value. of the outlet cold flow does not coincide with the value of the flow atio coesponding to the maximum cooling capacity, since a vaiation of the mass flow exists. Developing equation (3), Q = m c! (T in ) =! m in! (T in ) (1) deiving (3) with espect to the flow atio, dq d = m in! (T in ) "! m in! dt c d and equalling to zeo, (11) (T in! T c ) = " dt c d (12) Expession (12) establishes the value of the flow atio which maximizes the cooling capacity. Fom a detailed obsevation of equation (12), it can be said that the value of which maximizes the cooling capacity diffes fom the value of which minimizes cold exit tempeatue, since if they wee the same the value of the diffeential dtc would d be equal to ceo. Accodingly, the value of which minimizes the cold exit tempeatue is lowe than the value
6 Expeimental Evaluation of the Enegy Pefomance of an Ai Votex Tube The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume Q HP Q MP Q LP Q [kw] Fig. (6). Cooling capacity vs flow atio fo the pessue vaiation test COP HP COP MP COP LP COP Fig. (7). COP vs flow atio fo the thee inlet pessues. of which maximizes the cooling capacity. This easoning can be obseved on the epesentation of the cooling capacity and cold exit tempeatue dependence on the flow atio on Figs. (3, 6) espectively. Regading the COP evolutions pesented in Fig. (7), it needs to be mentioned that thei values ae highe than they would be in an actual installations, since the cooling capacity has been elated with an ideal powe of the compession pocess, which in this assay is consideed to be constant fo each inlet pessue Inlet Tempeatue Vaiation Test The second expeimental analysis which is pefomed with the votex tube coesponds to the tempeatue vaiation of the ai inlet (Table 2). This analysis has not been found in liteatue, accodingly this section aims to highlight the
7 14 The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume 7 Toella et al HT MT LT 29 Tout,c [K] Fig. (8). Cold outlet tempeatue vs flow atio in the inlet tempeatue vaiation test. impact of the ai inlet tempeatue on the enegy pefomance of the device. Fist, in Fig. (8), we pesent the evolution of the cold outlet tempeatue fo thee diffeent ai inlet tempeatues vesus the flow atio. It can be obseved that the cold outlet tempeatue is as lowe the ai inlet tempeatue is. The above discussed minimum tempeatue fo a given flow atio exists in the expeimental evolutions. Regading the cooling capacity, we pesent its evolution in Fig. (9) fo the thee inlet tempeatues vesus the flow atio. A light incease on the cooling capacity with the incease of the ai inlet tempeatue to the votex tube can be Q HT.8 Q MT Q LT Q [kw] Fig. (9). Cooling capacity vs flow atio fo the inlet tempeatue vaiation test.
8 Expeimental Evaluation of the Enegy Pefomance of an Ai Votex Tube The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume 7 15 obseved. That is because the diffeence between the inlet tempeatue and that at the cold outlet is highe when highe the ai inlet tempeatue is Insulation Test Finally, we analyse the effect of the insulation in the votex tube. We evaluate this effect by compaing the enegy pefomance of the votex tube with insulation and with not unde simila inlet conditions (Table 3). We pesent the expeimental evolution of the cooling capacity in Fig. (1) and the COP in Fig. (11). Fom the analysis of the expeimental evolutions, it can be affimed that no appeciable diffeence exists between the esults with and without insulation, and the little diffeences can be associated with small deviations of the test conditions Q [kw] Q WITH Q WITHOUT Fig. (1). Cooling capacity vs flow atio with and without insulation COP COP WITH COP WITHOUT Fig. (11). COP vs flow atio with and without insulation.
9 16 The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume 7 Toella et al. 5. CONCLUSIONS We pesent a test bench of an ai votex tube in the pesent wok. It allows to modify the inlet conditions of the ai in ode to analyze thei influence in the enegy pefomance of the device. The pape pesents the expeimental evaluation of the ai votex tube unde inlet pessue and tempeatue vaiations of the inlet ai ove a wide ange of vaiation of the cold and hot flows, i. e., vaiation of the flow atio. We validated all the expeimental esults with the oveall enegy balance in the device, obtaining an eo below 5%. We obseved a minimum in the output tempeatue of the cold flow in the inlet pessue vaiation test. This minimum was aleady evidenced in pevious woks, as well as its tansfe to the COP values, howeve, this pape analyses the causes which poduce this minimum. We concluded that it is associated with the vaiation of the mass flow ate of the cold output cuent. Futhemoe, we analyse the values of the flow atios at which the minimum in tempeatue and cooling capacity ae obtained. We studied expeimentally the influence of the inlet tempeatue of the ai to the votex tube, and conclude that the outlet tempeatue of the cold flow is lowe as lowe the inlet tempeatue is. Additionally, the cooling capacity is highe when highe the inlet tempeatue is, since the diffeence in tempeatue between the inlet ai and the cold outlet ai is highe. Finally, we evaluated the effect of the insulation of the votex tube fo constant inlet conditions, and we concluded that the insulation does not modify appeciably the enegy pefomance of the device. NOMENCLATURE COP = Coefficient of pefomance c p -1 = Specific heat at constant pessue, kj kg -1 K E c = Specific kinetic enegy, J kg -1 h = Specific enthalpy, J kg -1 m = Mass flow ate, kg s -1 p P C Q R T Geek Symbols = Pessue, kpa = Compession powe consumption, kw = Cooling capacity, kw = Gas constant = Gold flow faction = Tempeatue, K ΔT = Tempeatue diffeence γ = Specific heat atio Subscipts c in = Cold flow = Inlet flow h out s = Hot flow = Outlet Flow = Isentopic pocess CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authos confim that this aticle content has no conflict of inteest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authos ae indebted to the Spanish Ministy of Education and Science (CTM C2-2/TECNO) and to the Spanish Ministy of the Envionment and Rual and Maine Affais ( ) fo thei economic suppot to this wok. REFERENCES [1] G.J. Ranque, Expeiences su la detente giatoie avec simultanes d un echappement d ai chaud et d un enchappement d ai foid, J. Phys. Radium., vol. 4, pp , [2] R. Hilsch, Die expansion von gasen im zentifugalfeld als kältepoze, Z. Natufoschung, vol. 1, pp , [3] R. Kassne, and E. Knoenschild, Fiction laws and enegy tansfe in cicula flow. Wight-Patteson ai foce base, Technical epot F-TR-2198ND OH, [4] D.S. Webste, An analysis of the Hilsch votex tube, J. ASRE Refig. Eng., vol. 58, pp , 195. [5] C.D. Fulton, Ranque s tube, J. ASRE Refig. Eng., vol. 58, pp , 195. [6] G.W. Shepe, The votex tube intenal flow data and a heat tansfe theoy, Refigeation Eng., vol. 59, pp , [7] J. Hanett, and Ecket. E., Expeimental study of the velocity and tempeatue distibution in a high velocity votex-type flow, Tans. ASME, vol. 79, pp , [8] J.E. Lay, An expeimental and analytical study of votex flow tempeatue sepaation by supeposition of spial and axial flows, Pat I Tans. ASME J. Heat Tansfe, vol. 81(4), pp , [9] J.E. Lay, An expeimental and analytical study of votex flow tempeatue sepaation by supeposition of spial and axial flows, Pat II Tans. ASME J. Heat Tansfe, vol. 81(4), pp , [1] R.G. Deissle, and M. Pelmutte, Analysis of the flow and enegy sepaation in a votex tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Tansfe, vol. 1, pp , 196. [11] A.J. Reynolds, Studies of otating fluids: I. Plane axisymmetic flow. II. The Ranque Hilsch votex tube. PhD thesis. Univesity of London, [12] W.S. Lewellen, A solution fo thee-dimensional votex flows with stong ciculation, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 14, pp , [13] C.U. Lindstom-Lang, Gas sepaation in the Ranque-Hisch votex tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Tansfe, vol. 7, pp , [14] M. Kuosaka, Acoustic steaming in swiling flows, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 124, pp , [15] T. Amitani, Adachi T., and Kato T., A study on tempeatue sepaation in a lage votex tube, Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 49, pp , [16] K. Stephan, S. Lin, M. Dust, F. Huang, and D. Sehe, An investigation of enegy sepaation in a votex tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Tansfe, vol. 26, pp [17] V.A. Abuzov, Y.N. Dubnishchev, A.V. Lebedev, M.Kh Pavdina, and N.I. 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10 Expeimental Evaluation of the Enegy Pefomance of an Ai Votex Tube The Open Mechanical Engineeing Jounal, 213, Volume 7 17 [22] S.A. Colgate, and J.R. Buchle, Coheent Tanspot of Angula Momentum. The Ranque Hilsch Tube as a Paadigm, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., vol. 898, pp.15 12, 2. [23] V.E. Fin ko, Cooling and condensation of a gas in a votex flow, Sov. Phys.: Tech. Phys., vol. 28(9), pp.189, [24 ] Method of natual gas liquefaction. Russia patent No C2, Apil 23. [25] A. Baz, and D. Uhle, A compessed gas poweed heating system fo undewate dives, Ocean Eng., vol. 13(3), pp , [26] A. Baz, J. Gilheany, and A. Kalvita, Feasibility of votex tube assisted envionmental contol of an undewate eseach habitat, Ocean Eng., vol. 15(1), pp , [27] T. Buno, Laboatoy applications of the votex tube, Can. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 64, pp , [28] A. Baz, R. Johston, and D. Uhle, Dynamics of votex tube assisted hypebaic chambes, Ocean Eng., vol. 13(4), [29] K.J. Riu, J.S. Kim, and I.S. Choi, Expeimental investigation on dust sepaation chaacteistics of a votex tube, JSME Int. J. Se. B- Fluids Themal Eng., vol. 47(1), pp , 24. [3] R.W. Matin, and K.W. Zilm, Vaiable tempeatue system using votex tube cooling and fibe optic tempeatue measuement fo low tempeatue magic angle spinning NMR, J. Magn. Reson., vol. 168(2), pp. 22-9, 24. [31] R. Ebmeie, S. Whitney, S. Alugupally, M. Nelson, N. Padhye, G. Gogos, and, H.J. Viljoen, Ranque-Hilsch votex tube themocycle fo DNA amplification, Instumentation Science and Technology, vol. 32(5), pp , 24. [32] B. Ahlbon, J. Camie, and J.U. Kelle, Low-pessue votex tubes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 29, pp , [33] J. Saka, S. Bhattachayya, and M. Ram Gopal, Optimization of a tanscitical CO2 heat pump cycle fo simultaneous cooling and heating applications, Int. J. Refigeation, vol. 27, pp , 24. [34] U. Sachin, Nimbalka, R. M. Michael, An expeimental investigation of the optimum geomety fo the cold end oifice of a votex tube, Appl. Them. Eng., vol. 29, pp , 29. [35] A. Ohan, M. Buak, Avcı Mete, A new votex geneato geomety fo a counte-flow Ranque-Hilsch votex tube, Appl Them. Engi., vol. 3, pp , 21. [36] B. Ahlbon, J. Camie, J.U. Kelle, Low-pessue votex tubes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 29, pp , [37] B. Boswell, and T.T. Chandatilleke, Ai-Cooling used fo metal cutting, Am. J. Appl. Sci., vol. 6 (2), pp , 29. [38] E.W. Lemmon, M.L. Hube, and M.O. McLinden, REFPROP, NIST Standad Refeence Database 23, v.8. National Institute of Standads, Gaithesbug, MD, U.S.A., (27). [39] P. Pomvonge, and S. Eiamsa-ad, Expeimental investigation of tempeatue sepaation in a votex tube efigeato with snail entance, ASEAN J. Sci. Technol. Dev., vol. 21 (4), pp , 24. [4] M.H. Saidi, and M.S. Valipou, Expeimental modeling of votex tube efigeato, Appl. Them. Eng., vol. 23, pp , 23. Received: Septembe 13, 213 Revised: Octobe 23, 213 Accepted: Octobe 24, 213 Toella et al.; Licensee Bentham Open. This is an open access aticle licensed unde the tems of the Ceative Commons Attibution Non-Commecial License ( which pemits unesticted, non-commecial use, distibution and epoduction in any medium, povided the wok is popely cited.
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