POROSITY, SPECIFIC YIELD & SPECIFIC RETENTION. Physical properties of

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "POROSITY, SPECIFIC YIELD & SPECIFIC RETENTION. Physical properties of"

Transcription

1 POROSITY, SPECIFIC YIELD & SPECIFIC RETENTION Porosity is the the ratio of the voids to the total volume of an unconsolidated or consolidated material. Physical properties of n = porosity as a decimal fraction Primary Porosity: original Vt = the total volume of a material porosity in the rocks (i.e., initial Vs = the volume of the solids in the empty space between/within the material particles that make up the rock) Vv = the volume of the voids Secondary Porosity: porosity in a rock derived from external processes (i.e., fracturing, dissolution, etc.) Often, porosity is expressed as a percentage by multiplying the ratio by 100. Porosity also depends on the range of grain size (sorting) and shape of the subject material, but not on the size. Fine-grained materials tend to be better sorted than coarse-grained materials, thereby exhibiting greater porosities. Source: Kasenow,

2 Specific yields of different formations Relation between Sp.Yield, Porosity and Specific retention HYDRAULIC HEAD & GRADIENTS HYDRAULIC HEAD & GRADIENTS water entering an unconfined or confined well will stand at a particular level. This level is often termed as the hydraulic head and is actually the sum of three components - the pressure head, elevation head and velocity head. The velocity head is often disregarded because ground water movement in most cases is relatively slow.

3 In practical applications, a depth to ground water measurement is obtained and subtracted from the top of the well casing elevation to measure total head. Note that the datum plane illustrated below is often calibrated to sea level. The direction of ground water movement can be understood in the fact that ground water always flows in the direction of decreasing head. The rate of movement on the other hand is dependent on the hydraulic gradient, which is the change in head per unit distance. The change in head measurement is ideally in the direction where the maximum difference of head decrease occurs. Hydraulic gradient In the example below, the hydraulic gradient is determined to be ft./ft. (the change in head divided by the change in distance). Notice the units are foot by foot but can be described in more inconsistent units such as foot per mile. Sand Tank Model for showing Hydraulic gradient

4 DARCY'S LAW & HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (K) DARCY'S LAW & HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY (K) In the mid-1800s the French engineer Henry Darcy successfully quantified several factors controlling ground water movement. These factors are expressed in an equation that is commonly known as Darcy's Law. Units for Hydraulic conductivity By rearranging Darcy's Law and solving for hydraulic conductivity (K) in common units we can get a sense of what hydraulic conductivity really represents. Velocity of ground water Another important factor controlling ground water movement is its velocity. The ground water velocity equation can be derived from a combination of the velocity equation of hydraulics and from, Darcy's Law.

5 Hydraulic conductivity in different rock types

6 Isotropic and heterogeneous The aquifer is homogeneous if hydraulic conductivity is the same and heterogeneous if different in different rock formations. If the value of hydraulic conductivity is the same in all directions, then the aquifer is said to be isotropic. If hydraulic conductivity is different in different directions, the aquifer is said to be anisotropic. Validity of Darcy s s law Darcy s law basically states that V H V is the average velocity Passing though the area of cross section and The factor of proportionality is K which is called as Hydraulic conductivity. As V is moving through the entire porous material, solids as well as pores, the volume rate of flow is calculated as Q= V * A. But the actual velocity in the soil is many times higher than the obtained at the cross section as water moves in the pores and can be assumed as though water is moving through capillary tubes.

7 Validity of Darcy s s law The relation between the actual velocity vm and the darcy s velocity v is as under Vm=(A/Acap)*v A= Total area normal to the flow Acap= sum of the cross sectional areas of capillarity tubes Vm=v/n where n= Porosity The Darcy s law is applicable only for laminar flow, for very small velocities and water molecules travel smooth paths and more or less parallel to the solid boundaries of the pores. If the velocities are increased, the flow becomes turbulent, and water moves in irregular manor and the Darcy s law is not applicable. Validity of Darcy s s law Groundwater is normally slow and the darcy s law is acceptable except is fractured/ cavernous flow. The flow regime is normally expressed as Reynolds no in fluid mechanics as under Nr=ρvD/µ v= velocity of the fluid D= dimension of conduit ( Diameter of pipe) ρ= density of fluid(gm/cm3) µ= viscosity of fluid (g/sm-s) or p µ/ ρ= kinematic viscosity of velocity If Nr= < 2100 the flow is laminar If Nr is in between 2100 to 4000, it is intermediate If Nr>4000 the flow is turbulent Factors affecting hydraulic conductivity Temperature Kt= (µ20/ µt) K20 Kt= K at temperature t µ t= Absolute viscosity at t K20= K at 20deg C µ 20= Absolute viscosity at 20 Quality of water K also has depends on the water quality (SAR= Na/sqrt((ca+mg)/2) Rainfall for unconfined aquifers Intrinsic permeability The intrinsic permeability of the porous medium is the property of the medium only and independent of the density and viscosity of the fluid. This can be expressed as K= K µ/ ρg (cm/sec) k= intrinsic permeability (Darcy=0.987*10^-8 cm2) ρ=density of fluid(g/cm2) g=acceleration due to gravity(cm/s2) The preferred units are m/day 1 Darcy= 864/m/day

8 Intrinsic permeability Hydraulic conductivity of sands K=Cd^2 Where C= Constant depending on temp, packaging, grain size distribution and shape K= 1 m[(1-α^2)(θ/100 P/dm)^2] α ^3 Where m= packing factor(=5) θ= Sand shape factor varying from 6 for spherical to 7.7 to angular grains, P= % of sand held between adjacent sieves dm= is the geometric mean of rated size of adjacent sieves. Sand analysis Hazen method The Hazen equation was used for sediments with a uniformity of less than 5 and an effective grain size (de, which is equal to d10) between 0.1 mm and 3 mm. The formula for the Hazen equation is: K = g/v Ch*f(n)d10^2 where: Ch = 6 x 10-4 f(n) = [1 + 10(n-0.26)] the function of porosity, n. g = m/s2 Gravity acceleration. v = 1.14 x 10-6 the kinematic viscosity.

9 Kozeny method The Kozeny equation is applicable to course sand samples with a low uniformity of less than 2 and an effective grain size between 0.5 mm and 4 mm. The formula for the Kozeny equation is: K = g/v Ckf(n)d10^2 where: Ck = 8.3 x 10-3 f(n) = n3/(1-n)2 Breyer method The Breyer equation is used for poorly sorted samples. The equation can be used for samples with uniformity values from 1 to 20 and effective grain sizes between 0.06 mm and 0.6 mm. The formula for the Breyer equation is: K = g/v Cbde^2 where: Cb = 6 x 10-4 log(500/u) Dupuit-Forchheimer Assumptions Darcy s law can be used to solve one dimensional flow equations by assuming that the flow is purely horizontal and also uniformly distributed with depth. The vertical flow is negligible. These assumptions are called Dupuit-Forchheimer assumptions One dimension problems Seepage from open channels Subsurface runoff Uniform infiltration and drainage to a stream Recharge rate of Leaky aquifer Height of perched water table Effect of river stage on water table in flood plain Aquifer parameters

10 TRANSMISSIVITY (T) Transmissivity (T) is the volume of water flowing through a cross-sectional area of an aquifer that is 1 ft. x the aquifer thickness (b), under a hydraulic gradient of 1 ft./ 1 ft. in a given amount of time (usually a day). If we think about our definition of hydraulic conductivity, we can conclude that transmissivity (T) is actually equal to hydraulic conductivity(k) times aquifer thickness (b). Or otherwise denoted as T = Kb. We can also conclude that transmissivity is expressed as ft2/day because if T = Kb, then T = (ft./day)(ft./1). Storage Coefficient The "S" is used to represent the storage coefficient of an aquifer which is the volume of water released from an aquifer per 1 foot/ m surface area per 1 foot /m change in head. Notice that we are not speaking of water flowing through an aquifer, rather we are referring an aquifer's ability to store water. Mathematically, the storage coefficient is dimensionless as the equation below illustrates. The size of the storage coefficient is dependent whether the aquifer is unconfined or confined. In regards to a confined aquifer, water derived from storage is relative to; (1) the expansion of water as the aquifer is depressurized (pumped) and, (2) compression of the aquifer. In a confined aquifer setting, the load on top of an aquifer is supported by the solid rock skeleton and the hydraulic pressure exerted by water (the hydraulic pressure acts as a support mechanism). Because of these variables, the storage coefficient of most confined aquifers range from 10-5 to 10-3 ( to 0.001). Conversely, in an unconfined aquifer setting, the predominant source of water is from gravity drainage and the expansion of water and compaction of the rock skeleton is negligible. Thus, the storage coefficient is approximate to value of specific yield and ranges from 0.1 to about 0.3.

11 Diffusivity = T/S Specific Capacity Specific capacity is defined as the discharge in cum/day per m drawdown of a well C= Q/s Where C= Specific capacity of well(m^2/day) Q= discharge (cum/day) s= drawdown (m)

12 CONES OF DEPRESSION As water is withdrawn from a well, the water level in the well begins to decline as water is removed from storage in the well. The head in the well will fall below the level of the surrounding aquifer and water begins moving from the aquifer into the well. The water level will continue to decline and the flow rate of water into the well will increase until the inflow rate is equal to withdrawal rate. Water from the aquifer must converge on the well from all directions and the hydraulic gradient must get steeper near the well. For this reason the resultant 3-D shape of water withdrawal is a called a cone of depression. End

Groundwater 3/16/2010. GG22A: GEOSPHERE & HYDROSPHERE Hydrology

Groundwater 3/16/2010. GG22A: GEOSPHERE & HYDROSPHERE Hydrology GG22A: GEOSPHERE & HYDROSPHERE Hydrology Definitions Groundwater Subsurface water in soil or rock that is fully saturated. Aquifer Contains enough saturated material to yield significant quantities of

More information

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY GROUND WATER HYDRAULICS

SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY GROUND WATER HYDRAULICS SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY GROUND WATER HYDRAULICS, Zerihun Alemayehu GROUNDWATER Groundwater takes 0.6% of the total water in the hydrosphere 0.31% of the total water in the hydrosphere has depth less than

More information

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION GROUNDWATER?? OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION What is groundwater? Geologic investigation Definitions: aquifer and aquitard, unconfined and semi-confined Water level and interpretation of water level data Well

More information

9/9/ Basic Types of Rocks. Porosity of Earth Materials

9/9/ Basic Types of Rocks. Porosity of Earth Materials 3 Basic Types of Rocks Porosity of Earth Materials Igneous rocks: crystalline solids which form directly from the cooling of magma. Example: granite. Sedimentary rocks: formed from material deposited as

More information

FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA LUÍS RIBEIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO UNIVERSITY OF LISBON

FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA LUÍS RIBEIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO UNIVERSITY OF LISBON FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA LUÍS RIBEIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO UNIVERSITY OF LISBON Where does groundwater flow? How water flows? Groundwater moves from areas of high hydraulic head to areas of low hydraulic

More information

CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations Lecture 4.3. Permeability I (Das, Ch. 6)

CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations Lecture 4.3. Permeability I (Das, Ch. 6) CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations Lecture 4.3 Permeability I (Das, Ch. 6) Outline of this Lecture 1. Permeability in Soils 2. Bernoulli s Equation 3. Darcy s Law 4. Hydraulic Conductivity 5. Hydraulic

More information

Lecture Notes on Groundwater Hydrology. Part 1

Lecture Notes on Groundwater Hydrology. Part 1 Lecture Notes on Groundwater Hydrology Part 1 1 1. Basic concepts and definitions 1.1 Aquifer, Aquitard, Aquiclude and Aquifuge Aquifer is a word produced from two Latin words: Aqua, which means water

More information

Groundwater Hydrology

Groundwater Hydrology Groundwater Hydrology Þröstur Þorsteinsson Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland Why study groundwater? Important source of fresh water Large portion of the Earth s fresh water as groundwater

More information

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY Prof. Rajesh Bhagat Asst. Professor Civil Engineering Department Yeshwantrao Chavan College Of Engineering Nagpur B. E. (Civil Engg.) M. Tech. (Enviro. Engg.) GCOE, Amravati VNIT,

More information

Topic 2: Occurrence & Movement of Groundwater

Topic 2: Occurrence & Movement of Groundwater -1. Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater Properties of aquifers Porosity (φ) Pore spaces places where groundwater is stored and moves Porosity = ratio or percent that aquifer material is voids V Vvoid

More information

SEES 503 SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES GROUNDWATER. Instructor. Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertuğ Akıntuğ

SEES 503 SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES GROUNDWATER. Instructor. Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertuğ Akıntuğ SEES 503 SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES GROUNDWATER Instructor Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertuğ Akıntuğ Civil Engineering Program Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus SEES 503 Sustainable Water

More information

3/7/ Basic Types of Rocks. A Brief Review of Physics

3/7/ Basic Types of Rocks. A Brief Review of Physics A Brief Review of Physics Energy is the capacity to do work. Work is equal to the product of the net force applied to a fluid and the distance through which the force moves: W = F l W is work [M 2 T -2

More information

Lecture 20: Groundwater Introduction

Lecture 20: Groundwater Introduction Lecture 20: Groundwater Introduction Key Questions for Groundwater 1. What is an aquifer? 2. What is an unconfined aquifer? 3. What is groundwater recharge? 4. What is porosity? What determines the magnitude

More information

Lecture 2: Soil Properties and Groundwater Flow

Lecture 2: Soil Properties and Groundwater Flow 9621 Soil Remediation Engineering Lecture 2: Soil Properties and Groundwater Flow Spring 2012 Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science 1 2.1 Soil properties 2.1.1 What is soil? Each discipline defines

More information

Civil Engineering Department College of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department College of Engineering Course: Soil Mechanics (CE 359) Lecturer: Dr. Frederick Owusu-Nimo What is permeability? A measure of how easily a fluid (e.g., water) can pass through

More information

CEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles

CEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles Updated: 25 October 2015 Print version CEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles Lecture #22 Water Resources & Hydrology II: Wells, Withdrawals and Contaminant Transport Reading: Mihelcic & Zimmerman,

More information

Groundwater. Groundwater Movement. Groundwater Movement Recharge: the infiltration of water into any subsurface formation.

Groundwater. Groundwater Movement. Groundwater Movement Recharge: the infiltration of water into any subsurface formation. On March 22, 2014, a major landslide occurred near Oso, Washington. Death toll currently at 30, with 15 still missing. Groundwater Before and After Swipe http://bit.ly/pen1jt N. Fork Stillaguamish River

More information

Level 6 Graduate Diploma in Engineering Hydraulics and hydrology

Level 6 Graduate Diploma in Engineering Hydraulics and hydrology 910-103 Level 6 Graduate Diploma in Engineering Hydraulics and hydrology Sample Paper You should have the following for this examination one answer book ordinary graph paper pen, pencil, ruler Work sheet

More information

Groundwater basics. Groundwater and surface water: a single resource. Pore Spaces. Simplified View

Groundwater basics. Groundwater and surface water: a single resource. Pore Spaces. Simplified View Groundwater and surface water: a single resource Santa Cruz River, Tucson Groundwater basics Groundwater is water found within the pore spaces of geologic material beneath the surface of the Earth. It

More information

Hydrogeology 101 3/7/2011

Hydrogeology 101 3/7/2011 Hydrogeology 101 W. Richard Laton, Ph.D., PG, CPG Associate Professor of Hydrogeology California State University, Fullerton Department of Geological Sciences 1 Hydrogeology 101 The objective is to obtain

More information

Module 2. The Science of Surface and Ground Water. Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur

Module 2. The Science of Surface and Ground Water. Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur Module 2 The Science of Surface and Ground Water Lesson 7 Well Hydraulics Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson, the student shall be able to learn the following: 1. The concepts of steady

More information

Well Hydraulics. The time required to reach steady state depends on S(torativity) T(ransmissivity) BC(boundary conditions) and Q(pumping rate).

Well Hydraulics. The time required to reach steady state depends on S(torativity) T(ransmissivity) BC(boundary conditions) and Q(pumping rate). Well Hydraulics The time required to reach steady state depends on S(torativity) T(ransmissivity) BC(boundary conditions) and Q(pumping rate). cone of depression static water level (SWL) drawdown residual

More information

Groundwater Level and Movement

Groundwater Level and Movement Groundwater Level and Movement Infiltration and Recharge Infiltration Entry of rain water into the ground. Recharge Addition of infiltrated water to the aquifer. Two types of Recharge- 1. Natural 2. Artificial

More information

Groundwater and surface water: a single resource. Santa Cruz River, Tucson

Groundwater and surface water: a single resource. Santa Cruz River, Tucson Groundwater and surface water: a single resource Santa Cruz River, Tucson 1942 1989 1 Groundwater basics Groundwater is water found within the pore spaces of geologic material beneath the surface of the

More information

Soil Mechanics FLUID FLW IN SOIL ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW. Tikrit University. College of Engineering Civil engineering Department

Soil Mechanics FLUID FLW IN SOIL ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW. Tikrit University. College of Engineering Civil engineering Department Tikrit University FLUID FLW IN SOIL ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW College of Engineering Civil engineering Department Soil Mechanics 3 rd Class Lecture notes Up Copyrights 2016 Soil is a three phase medium --------

More information

Hydrologic Cycle. Rain Shadow:

Hydrologic Cycle. Rain Shadow: Hydrologic Cycle The cyclical movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere by evaporation, to the surface through precipitation, to streams through runoff and groundwater, and back to the ocean.

More information

PE Exam Review - Geotechnical

PE Exam Review - Geotechnical PE Exam Review - Geotechnical Resources and Visual Aids Item Page I. Glossary... 11 II. Parameters... 9 III. Equations....11 IV. Tables, Charts & Diagrams... 14 1. Module 1 - Soil Classification... 14

More information

Storage and Flow of Groundwater

Storage and Flow of Groundwater Storage and Flow of Groundwater Aquifer AQUIFER (in Greek)= AQUA (water) + FERRE (to bear) Aquifer- a saturated geological formation which will yield sufficient quantity of water to wells and springs Underground

More information

CHAPTER 4: Risk Assessment Risk in Groundwater Contamination

CHAPTER 4: Risk Assessment Risk in Groundwater Contamination CHAPTER 4: Risk Assessment Risk in Groundwater Contamination Instructor: Dr. Yunes Mogheir -١ Introduction: Water pollution is nowadays one of the most crucial environmental problems world-wide. Pollution

More information

CHAPTER 13 OUTLINE The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater. Hydrologic cycle. Hydrologic cycle cont.

CHAPTER 13 OUTLINE The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater. Hydrologic cycle. Hydrologic cycle cont. CHAPTER 13 OUTLINE The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. Hydrologic cycle The hydrologic cycle is

More information

The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department Infrastructure Msc.

The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department Infrastructure Msc. The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department Infrastructure Msc. Special Topics in Water and Environment - ENGC 6383 Lecture 2 Instructors: Dr. Yunes Mogheir (ymogheir@iugaza.edu.ps)

More information

WHAT IS SOIL? soil is a complex system of organic and inorganic (mineral) compounds Soil properties depend on formation process particle size climate

WHAT IS SOIL? soil is a complex system of organic and inorganic (mineral) compounds Soil properties depend on formation process particle size climate Lecture 5, Soil water and infiltration WHAT IS SOIL? soil is a complex system of organic and inorganic (mineral) compounds Soil properties depend on formation process particle size climate THE IMPORTANCE

More information

EART 204. Water. Dr. Slawek Tulaczyk. Earth Sciences, UCSC

EART 204. Water. Dr. Slawek Tulaczyk. Earth Sciences, UCSC EART 204 Water Dr. Slawek Tulaczyk Earth Sciences, UCSC 1 Water is an amazing liquid, (high heat capacity - particularly in phase transitions, maximum density at ca. 4 deg. C) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Basin Hydrologic

More information

Stormwater Retention Pond Recovery Analysis

Stormwater Retention Pond Recovery Analysis Stormwater Retention Pond Recovery Analysis By Nicolas E Andreyev The first in a series of courses on Green Drainage Design www.suncam.com Page 1 of 33 Forward To design a stormwater retention pond, one

More information

Groundwater. Importance of Groundwater. The Water Table. Geol 104: Groundwater

Groundwater. Importance of Groundwater. The Water Table. Geol 104: Groundwater Groundwater Subsurface water contained in soil and bedrock. There is ~ 60 times as much water underground than in freshwater streams and lakes. Source of groundwater is rain and snow. Represents the infiltration

More information

Hydraulic conductivity testing method for all-in aggregates and mining waste materials

Hydraulic conductivity testing method for all-in aggregates and mining waste materials 10 th International Symposium Topical Problems in the Field of Electrical and Power Engineering Pärnu, Estonia, January 10-15, 011 Hydraulic conductivity testing method for all-in aggregates and mining

More information

4. Groundwater Resources

4. Groundwater Resources 4. Groundwater Resources 4-1 Majority (97 %) of unfrozen fresh water on earth exists as groundwater. In comparison to surface water, - groundwater is available all year around - groundwater is mostly invisible

More information

Springshed Management Training Curriculum 2016 The Springs Initiative

Springshed Management Training Curriculum 2016 The Springs Initiative Springshed Management Training Curriculum 2016 The Springs Initiative SESSION TITLE: Aquifers SECTION: Understanding the Resource MODULE: II. Applied Hydrogeology AUTHORS: Dr Himanshu Kulkarni CONTRIBUTING

More information

Lecture 21: Groundwater: Hydraulic Conductivity

Lecture 21: Groundwater: Hydraulic Conductivity Lecture 21: Groundwater: Hydraulic Conductivity Key Questions 1. What causes groundwater to move? 2. What is the hydraulic conductivity? 3. What is Darcy s Law? 4. How is groundwater velocity estimated?

More information

Movement and Storage of Groundwater The Hydrosphere

Movement and Storage of Groundwater The Hydrosphere Movement and Storage of Groundwater The Hydrosphere The water on and in Earth s crust makes up the hydrosphere. About 97 percent of the hydrosphere is contained in the oceans. The water contained by landmasses

More information

CE 331: Water Supply Engineering. Lecture 5

CE 331: Water Supply Engineering. Lecture 5 CE 331: Water Supply Engineering Lecture 5 Overview Water Well Design Important terms Design Considerations Steps of Water well design Important terms Annular seal Screen or perforations Aquifer Borehole

More information

Steady Flow in Confined Aquifer

Steady Flow in Confined Aquifer Steady Flow in Confined Aquifer If there is steady movement of groundwater in confined aquifer, there will be a linear gradient /slope to the potentiometric surface, whose two directional projection is

More information

The Hydrogeology Challenge: Water for the World TEACHER S GUIDE

The Hydrogeology Challenge: Water for the World TEACHER S GUIDE The Hydrogeology Challenge: Water for the World TEACHER S GUIDE Why is learning about groundwater important? 95% of the water used in the United States comes from groundwater. About half of the people

More information

Science Olympiad. Mentor Invitational Hydrogeology ANSWER KEY. Name(s): School Name: Point Totals

Science Olympiad. Mentor Invitational Hydrogeology ANSWER KEY. Name(s): School Name: Point Totals Science Olympiad Mentor Invitational Hydrogeology ANSWER KEY Team Number: Raw Score: Rank: Name(s): School Name: Point Totals Possible Part 1: Groundwater Concepts and Vocabulary 30 Part 2: The Hydrogeology

More information

General Groundwater Concepts

General Groundwater Concepts General Groundwater Concepts Hydrologic Cycle All water on the surface of the earth and underground are part of the hydrologic cycle (Figure 1), driven by natural processes that constantly transform water

More information

Groundwater Earth 9th Edition Chapter 17 Mass wasting: summary in haiku form Importance of groundwater Importance of groundwater

Groundwater Earth 9th Edition Chapter 17 Mass wasting: summary in haiku form Importance of groundwater Importance of groundwater 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Groundwater Earth 9 th Edition Chapter 17 Geology 100 Mass wasting: summary in haiku form The grass is greener over the septic system said Erma Bombeck. Importance of groundwater

More information

BACKGROUND: Porosity permeability. PART I Materials Procedure EMPTY the tube.

BACKGROUND: Porosity permeability. PART I Materials Procedure EMPTY the tube. Name: Water Movement (adapted from Wards) LAB BACKGROUND: While some precipitation falls to the earth and runs off into streams and river, another portion seeps slowly through the soil into the upper layers

More information

Introduction to Groundwater. Photo: Joanne Offer/The IRC

Introduction to Groundwater. Photo: Joanne Offer/The IRC Introduction to Groundwater Photo: Joanne Offer/The IRC Groundwater Groundwater is water that has permeated or percolated into the ground. It is an important part of the water cycle. Groundwater is an

More information

Introduction to Land Surface Modeling Hydrology. Mark Decker

Introduction to Land Surface Modeling Hydrology. Mark Decker Introduction to Land Surface Modeling Hydrology Mark Decker (m.decker@unsw.edu.au) 1) Definitions 2) LSMs 3) Soil Moisture 4) Horizontal Fluxes 5) Groundwater 6) Routing Outline 1) Overview & definitions

More information

1. Apply knowledge of the controlling variables for groundwater flow. 2. Demonstrate groundwater flow direction based on hydraulic head observations.

1. Apply knowledge of the controlling variables for groundwater flow. 2. Demonstrate groundwater flow direction based on hydraulic head observations. .9-12 HYDRAULIC HEAD SUBJECTS: TIME: Science (Physical Science, Physics), Math 1 class period MATERIALS: Copies of student sheets and background information OBJECTIVES The student will do the following:

More information

7.0 GROUNDWATER AND STABILIZER TRANSPORT MODELING

7.0 GROUNDWATER AND STABILIZER TRANSPORT MODELING 7.0 GROUNDWATER AND STABILIZER TRANSPORT MODELING 7.1 Introduction The concept of passive site remediation is the slow injection of stabilizing materials at the up gradient edge of a site and delivery

More information

7. The diagram below represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads.

7. The diagram below represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads. Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents four tubes, labeled A, B, C, and D, each containing 150 ml of sediments. Tubes

More information

University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda. HWR431/531 - Hydrogeology Problem set #1 9 September 1998

University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda. HWR431/531 - Hydrogeology Problem set #1 9 September 1998 University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda HWR431/531 - Hydrogeology Problem set #1 9 September 1998 Problem 1. Read: Chapter 1 in Freeze & Cherry, 1979. McGuiness

More information

PART A. AQUIFERS & DARCY S LAW - INTRODUCTION

PART A. AQUIFERS & DARCY S LAW - INTRODUCTION Geol 108 Lab #9 Week of Oct. 29 Nov. 2 GROUNDWATER PART A. AQUIFERS & DARCY S LAW - INTRODUCTION An aquifer is a geologic unit that can store and transmit water at rates fast enough to supply reasonable

More information

Published by: PIONEER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GROUP ( 1

Published by: PIONEER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GROUP (  1 Constant Head Determination of the K-Value of Umudike Aquifer Medium Granular Soil Onyelowe, Kennedy Chibuzor Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Michael

More information

University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda

University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda HWR431/531 - Hydrogeology Final exam - 12 May 1997 Open books and notes The test contains 8 problems on 7 pages. Read the

More information

PhD Program Water Technology Groundwater Hydrology (WTEC 9309)

PhD Program Water Technology Groundwater Hydrology (WTEC 9309) PhD Program Water Technology Groundwater Hydrology (WTEC 9309) Topic 1: Introduction and Occurrence of Groundwater Instructor: Prof. Dr. Yunes Mogheir 2018 1 1. Introduction Definitions and General Groundwater

More information

East Maui Watershed Partnership Adapted from Utah State University and University of Wisconsin Ground Water Project Ages 7 th -Adult

East Maui Watershed Partnership Adapted from Utah State University and University of Wisconsin Ground Water Project Ages 7 th -Adult INTRODUCTION What is groundwater? Water contained in saturated soil and rock materials below the surface of the earth. It is not NEW water, but is recycled water through the hydraulic cycle. The source

More information

This document downloaded from vulcanhammer.net vulcanhammer.info Chet Aero Marine

This document downloaded from vulcanhammer.net vulcanhammer.info Chet Aero Marine This document downloaded from vulcanhammer.net vulcanhammer.info Chet Aero Marine Don t forget to visit our companion site http://www.vulcanhammer.org Use subject to the terms and conditions of the respective

More information

Supplemental Guide II-Delineations

Supplemental Guide II-Delineations Supplemental Guide II-Delineations Contents Source Water Protection Area Delineation... 1 Delineation Criteria for Systems Using Groundwater Sources... 2 Time of Travel... 4 Flow Boundaries... 4 Delineation

More information

Introduction to Groundwater Science

Introduction to Groundwater Science Introduction to Groundwater Science Laila Kasuri LUMS - WIT Overview Groundwater Hydrology and Basic Terms Groundwater Movement and Flow Groundwater Challenges Groundwater Management What is Groundwater

More information

Simulation of Pumping Induced Groundwater Flow in Unconfined Aquifer Using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Method

Simulation of Pumping Induced Groundwater Flow in Unconfined Aquifer Using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Method Simulation of Pumping Induced Groundwater Flow in Unconfined Aquifer Using Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Method Y. Jin *1, E. Holzbecher 1, and S. Ebneth 2 1 Applied Geology, Geoscience Centre, Georg-August-University

More information

Atterberg limits Clay A Clay B. Liquid limit 44 % 55% Plastic limit 29% 35% Natural water content 30% 50%

Atterberg limits Clay A Clay B. Liquid limit 44 % 55% Plastic limit 29% 35% Natural water content 30% 50% CE 6405 SOIL MECHANICS UNIT I INTRODUCTION Part A 1. Distinguish between Residual and Transported soil. 2. Give the relation between γ sat, G, γ w and e 3. A compacted sample of soil with a bulk unit weight

More information

CHAPTER ONE OCCURRENCE OF GROUNDWATER

CHAPTER ONE OCCURRENCE OF GROUNDWATER CHAPTER ONE OCCURRENCE OF GROUNDWATER 1.1 Introduction Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments beneath the Earth s surface. It originates as rainfall or

More information

GROUNDWATER & SGMA 101

GROUNDWATER & SGMA 101 GROUNDWATER & SGMA 101 Santa Cruz Mid-County GSA Public Orientation Workshop #1 Presenter: Derrik Williams, HydroMetrics Water Resources Inc. Thursday, October 5, 2017 Session Objectives 1. Understanding

More information

Learning objectives. Upon successful completion of this lecture, the participants will be able to:

Learning objectives. Upon successful completion of this lecture, the participants will be able to: Solomon Seyoum Learning objectives Upon successful completion of this lecture, the participants will be able to: Describe and perform the required step for designing sewer system networks Outline Design

More information

Fundamentals Of Petroleum Engineering ROCK AND FLUID PROPERTIES

Fundamentals Of Petroleum Engineering ROCK AND FLUID PROPERTIES Fundamentals Of Petroleum Engineering ROCK AND FLUID PROPERTIES Mohd Fauzi Hamid Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman Department of Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Engineering Universiti Technologi

More information

2012 Soil Mechanics I and Exercises Final Examination

2012 Soil Mechanics I and Exercises Final Examination 2012 Soil Mechanics I and Exercises Final Examination 2013/1/22 (Tue) 13:00-15:00 Kyotsu 155 Kyotsu 1 Kyotsu 3 W2 Lecture room Attention: There are four questions and four answer sheets. Write down your

More information

The Hydrologic Cycle (with emphasis on groundwater)

The Hydrologic Cycle (with emphasis on groundwater) The Hydrologic Cycle (with emphasis on groundwater) The Hydrologic Cycle (viewed in series of steps) 1. Water evaporates from bodies of surface water and from land 2. As moist air is lifted, it cools and

More information

Hydroelectric power plants

Hydroelectric power plants Hydroelectric power plants Hydroelectric power plants can drive from a water stream or accumulation reservoir. Run-of-river hydroelectric plants (those without accumulation reservoirs) built along a river

More information

Permeability, Flow Rate, and Hydraulic Conductivity Determination for Variant Pressures and Grain Size Distributions

Permeability, Flow Rate, and Hydraulic Conductivity Determination for Variant Pressures and Grain Size Distributions Permeability, Flow Rate, and Hydraulic Conductivity Determination for Variant Pressures and Grain Size Distributions Nick Desiderio, npd5050@psu.edu, February 18, 2014 Abstract Carbon capture and storage

More information

FIELD TESTING AQUIFERS TO. (Field Follies) James Robinson, Goodwyn, Mills and Cawood, Inc.

FIELD TESTING AQUIFERS TO. (Field Follies) James Robinson, Goodwyn, Mills and Cawood, Inc. FIELD TESTING AQUIFERS TO ESTIMATE HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES (Field Follies) James Robinson, Goodwyn, Mills and Cawood, Inc. Objectives Estimate t hydraulic coefficients; i Test conceptual models of aquifer;

More information

Geol 220: GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

Geol 220: GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY Geol 220: GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY Co-Lecturers: Dave Goorahoo and Richard Soppe Lecture 1- Introduction to Hydrology Jan 28, 2002 Outline Introductions- Lecturers Students Agreement on Class Schedule Course

More information

Name: Problem 1. (30 points; 5 each)

Name: Problem 1. (30 points; 5 each) 2700 2500 1900 2100 1500 2300 1800 1700 Hydrogeology - HWR/GEOS 431/531 Final exam Dr. Marek Zreda 16 December 1998 11:00-1:00 Open books and notes There are 5 problems on 7 pages. Read entire test before

More information

EXAMPLE SHEET FOR TOPIC 2 AUTUMN Q1. What is the significance of the Reynolds number Re for the flow of fluid in a circular pipe?

EXAMPLE SHEET FOR TOPIC 2 AUTUMN Q1. What is the significance of the Reynolds number Re for the flow of fluid in a circular pipe? EXMPLE SHEET FOR TOPI 2 UTUMN 2013 Q1. What is the significance of the Reynolds number Re for the flow of fluid in a circular pipe? If the friction factor for a pipe is given by λ = 64/Re for laminar flow,

More information

GROUNDWATER BASICS SUBJECTS: TIME: MATERIALS: OBJECTIVES Math (Advanced), Science (Physics) 1 class period

GROUNDWATER BASICS SUBJECTS: TIME: MATERIALS: OBJECTIVES Math (Advanced), Science (Physics) 1 class period 9-12 GROUNDWATER BASICS SUBJECTS: Math (Advanced), Science (Physics) TIME: 1 class period MATERIALS: calculator paper pencil student sheet and figures OBJECTIVES The student will do the following: 1. Compute

More information

Groundwater. Chapter 10 11/22/2011. I. Importance of groundwater

Groundwater. Chapter 10 11/22/2011. I. Importance of groundwater Groundwater Chapter 10 I. Importance of groundwater A. Groundwater is water found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow fractures in bedrock B. Where is fresh water - 2 % of all water is fresh

More information

Lab 6 - Pumping Test. Pumping Test. Laboratory 6 HWR 431/

Lab 6 - Pumping Test. Pumping Test. Laboratory 6 HWR 431/ Pumping Test Laboratory 6 HWR 431/531 7-1 Introduction: Aquifer tests are performed to evaluate the capacity of an aquifer to meet municipal or industrial water requirements. Hydraulic characteristics

More information

GROUNDWATER Dr. DEEPAK KHARE GENERAL HYDROLOGY CYCLE FORMATIONS

GROUNDWATER Dr. DEEPAK KHARE GENERAL HYDROLOGY CYCLE FORMATIONS GROUNDWATER By Dr. DEEPAK KHARE Associate Professor Department of Water Resources Development & Management Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, ROORKEE (Uttaranchal) 247 667, India E-mail: kharefwt@iitr.ernet.in

More information

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY - GEOL 406/506

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY - GEOL 406/506 ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY - GEOL 406/506 Glossary of useful Terms: 1. Abiotic: not living. 2. A b s o r p t i o n: the penetration of atoms, ions, or molecules into the bulk mass of substrate. 3. Acclimation:

More information

River Channel Characteristics

River Channel Characteristics River Channel Characteristics Storages and Transfers in Drainage Basins Precipitation Evapotranspiration SURFACE STORAGE INTERCEPTION STORAGE CHANNEL STORAGE Soil Moisture Storage Aeration Zone Storage

More information

Groundwater Flow Demonstration Model Activities for grades 4-12

Groundwater Flow Demonstration Model Activities for grades 4-12 Groundwater Flow Demonstration Model Activities for grades 4-12 NR/WQ/2012-5 SET-UP Please allow time to practice using the groundwater model before conducting demonstrations. 1. Remove the groundwater

More information

Song Lake Water Budget

Song Lake Water Budget Song Lake Water Budget Song Lake is located in northern Cortland County. It is a relatively small lake, with a surface area of about 115 acres, and an average depth of about 14 feet. Its maximum depth

More information

oe4625 Dredge Pumps and Slurry Transport Vaclav Matousek October 13, 2004

oe4625 Dredge Pumps and Slurry Transport Vaclav Matousek October 13, 2004 oe4625 Vaclav Matousek October 13, 2004 1 Dredge Vermelding Pumps onderdeel and Slurry organisatie Transport 3. FLOW OF SOIL-WATER MIXTURE FLOW REGIMES FLOW PATTERNS FLOW QUANTITIES/PARAMETERS October

More information

Hydrogeology of Prince Edward Island

Hydrogeology of Prince Edward Island Hydrogeology of Prince Edward Island General Characteristics and Groundwater on Prince Edward Island General Characteristics and Key Issues Issues PEI Dept. of Environment, Energy and Forestry 9/29/2009

More information

WELLHEAD PROTECTION DELINEATION REPORT FOR THE VILLAGE OF BEAR LAKE DECEMBER 2002

WELLHEAD PROTECTION DELINEATION REPORT FOR THE VILLAGE OF BEAR LAKE DECEMBER 2002 WELLHEAD PROTECTION DELINEATION REPORT FOR THE VILLAGE OF BEAR LAKE DECEMBER 2002 Prepared by: Gosling Czubak Engineering Sciences, Inc. 1280 Business Park Drive Traverse City, Michigan 48686 Telephone:

More information

Code No: RR Set No. 1

Code No: RR Set No. 1 Code No: RR320101 Set No. 1 III B.Tech Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (Civil Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal

More information

Chapter 2. Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties

Chapter 2. Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties Chapter 2 Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties Table of Contents Pages 1. Introduction... 3 2. Rock and Minerals... 3 3. Porosity... 4 3.1. Porosity Classification... 6 3.2. Range of porosity values for

More information

global distribution of water!

global distribution of water! groundwater! hydrologic cycle! 2 global distribution of water! Source Volume Percent Ocean 97.2000 Glaciers and other ice 2.1500 Ground Water 0.6100 Lakes fresh 0.0090 saline 0.0080 Soil Moisture 0.0050

More information

Period #7: Fluid Flow in Soils (I)

Period #7: Fluid Flow in Soils (I) Period #7: Fluid Flow in Soils (I) 53:030 Class Notes; C.C. Swan, University of Iowa A. Motivation: The ability of engineers to understand and predict the flow of fluids (usually water) in soils is essential

More information

What is the Vadose Zone? Why Do We Care? Tiffany Messer Assistant Professor Biological Systems Engineering School of Natural Resources University of

What is the Vadose Zone? Why Do We Care? Tiffany Messer Assistant Professor Biological Systems Engineering School of Natural Resources University of What is the Vadose Zone? Why Do We Care? Tiffany Messer Assistant Professor Biological Systems Engineering School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska-Lincoln Learning Objectives History of Vadose

More information

Dr. Yahya K. Atemimi 2017 University of Babylon Civil Eng. Dept. Chapter five SOIL WATER AND WATER FLOW

Dr. Yahya K. Atemimi 2017 University of Babylon Civil Eng. Dept. Chapter five SOIL WATER AND WATER FLOW Chapter five SOIL WATER AND WATER FLOW 5-1 Introduction Water can flow through the interconnected soil pore. Water in the pore is under pressure, the pressure is measured relative to the atmospheric pressure.

More information

CHAPTER 8 SEEPAGE CONTROL IN EMBANKMENTS

CHAPTER 8 SEEPAGE CONTROL IN EMBANKMENTS CHAPTER 8 SEEPAGE CONTROL IN EMBANKMENTS 8-1. General. All earth and rock-fill dams are subject to seepage through the embankment, foundation, and abutments. Seepage control is necessary to prevent excessive

More information

Aquifer Type. Karst. Rock. Aquifer Characteristics. Permeability Mostly 1 0 Mostly 2 0 Almost All 2 0 Flow Slow, laminar Possibly fast/turbulent

Aquifer Type. Karst. Rock. Aquifer Characteristics. Permeability Mostly 1 0 Mostly 2 0 Almost All 2 0 Flow Slow, laminar Possibly fast/turbulent Karst Aquifer Tests Karst The term karst is derived from the Slovenian word kras, which is the name of a mountain range on the border between Slovenia and Italy. The term karst is most often applied to

More information

Ground-Water Flow to Wells Introduction. Drawdown Caused by a Pumping Well

Ground-Water Flow to Wells Introduction. Drawdown Caused by a Pumping Well 1 Ground-Water Flow to Wells Introduction Wells used to control salt water intrusion, remove contaminated water, lower the water table for construction, relieve pressure under dams, and drain farmland

More information

WEEK 9 ACTIVITY. Lecture (3 hours) Self Assessment. 34 slides

WEEK 9 ACTIVITY. Lecture (3 hours) Self Assessment. 34 slides WEEK 9 ACTIVITY Lecture (3 hours) 34 slides Self Assessment Site Investigation (ECG513) ARM - 2009 LEARNING OUTCOMES Week 9 : (3H) Coverage : Geophysical Methods, Permeability and Ground Stress measurement.

More information

Unit 1. FLUID AND FLUID PROPERTIES.

Unit 1. FLUID AND FLUID PROPERTIES. 3 rd MECHANICAL ASSIGNMENT FOR FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES SUBJECT CODE: 3331903 Unit 1. FLUID AND FLUID PROPERTIES. (1) What is fluid? State and explain types of fluid. (2) Define the following

More information

GW Engineering EXAM I FALL 2010

GW Engineering EXAM I FALL 2010 PROBLEM #1-25 points USE UNITS of METERS SECONDS and GRAMS Prepare a water budget for the year 2009 for the unconfined sedimentary aquifer that constitutes the basin illustrated below. The basin is surrounded

More information

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 ME257. Fluid Dynamics

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 ME257. Fluid Dynamics s SCHOOL OF COMPUTING, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016 ME257 Fluid Dynamics Time allowed: TWO hours Answer: Answer TWO from THREE questions in section A and TWO from THREE

More information

Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers a case study

Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers a case study The Sustainable City V 213 Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers a case study J. Letha & D. B. Krishnan Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, India Abstract Seawater intrusion

More information