Analysis of typical world countries wind power and PV industry policies and their enlightenment to China

Transcription

1 Analysis of typical world countries wind power and PV industry policies and their enlightenment to China Ming Zeng, Lijun Yang, Hongji Qiu, Yuanfei Li, and Lilin Peng Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1794, (2017); View online: View Table of Contents: Published by the American Institute of Physics

2 Analysis of Typical World Countries Wind Power and PV Industry Policies and Their Enlightenment to China Ming Zeng 1), Lijun Yang 2), Hongji Qiu 2), Yuanfei Li 1, a) and Lilin Peng 1) 1 School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University Beijing, China. 2 State Grid Corporation of China, Beijing, , China. a) yuanfeilee@foxmail.com Abstract. The wind power and PV are the key fields of clean energy development in China in recent years. However, there are still many aspects of problems in wind power and PV industries at present, such as the insufficient consumptive ability and the limitation of market competition capability. The effective leading and support of government in the aspect of policies is especially needed in order to solve these problems. Based on the analysis of main policies system of wind power and PV in our country, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany are chosen as typical countries because of their wind power and PV industries are relatively developed. Their policies of wind power and PV industries are studied respectively from five aspects, namely macroscopic laws, development planning, administrative policies, fiscal and tax policies and price policies. Then the comparison among typical countries and China is made and the exiting problems in China s policies of wind power and PV industries are summed up. Finally, the suggestions to promote China s wind power and PV industries development are presented. Key words: Clean energy; Wind power; Photovoltaic; Industrial policy; Typical country. INTRODUCTION After unremitting efforts in recent years, the generation of clean energy in China has exceeded the proportion of 30% [1]. Among them, the wind power and PV are the key fields of China's clean energy development in recent years. However, due to the aspects of technology, policy, planning and others, there are still many problems in China's wind power and PV industries. On one hand, the electric power consumption is not ideal, and the rates of abandoned wind and light are still high [2]. On the other hand, the high cost of wind power and PV and the lack of relevant supporting policies also greatly limit the increase of market competitiveness and development space of the wind power and PV [3]. Experience from countries around the world shows, the problems mentioned above are difficult to avoid in the process of developing wind power and PV industries, and the effective leading and support of government in the aspect of policy is important to solve these problems except for technological progress [4]. In this aspect, many countries, whose wind power and PV industries are relatively mature, have relevant experience that is worth of learning. China is from the 12th Five-Year Plan to 13th Five-Year Plan at present, and China s energy and power industry is facing some important turning points, such as the reform of power system, the reform of energy supply side, the global energy Internet and so on. Through the large-scale application of wind power, PV and other clean energy, it is an important task for the development of energy industry in our country to establish the energy supply pattern that various energy sources complement each other [5]. Therefore, it promotes the sustained and healthy development of China s wind power and PV industries that researching typical countries policies of wind power and PV industries, furthermore, it promotes the green development of energy industry. Based on this, this paper sorts out the basic system from the policy system of China's wind power and PV industries, chooses Spain, Britain, Germany as typical countries, and then, studies the main polices used to promote 2016 International Conference on Materials Science, Resource and Environmental Engineering AIP Conf. Proc. 1794, ; doi: / Published by AIP Publishing /$

3 the development of wind power and PV industries from five aspects, namely, macroscopic laws, development planning, administrative policies, fiscal and tax policies and price policies. The main policy system of our country is compared with the typical countries ones, and the suggestions and measures for industrial policies of wind power and PV are put forward. MAIN INDUSTRIAL POLICY SYSTEM OF WIND POWER AND PV IN CHINA Target Classification System It s the provisions in the form of law for the total amount of renewable energy or the proportion in the energy structure. The target is not only the absolute amount of target, but also the relative amount of target. Individual plan also puts forward the target for the construction of some specific project. For example, in July 2012, Renewable Energy Development During the 12th Five-Year Plan plans the increment and proportion of the generation of wind power and PV in China during the 12th Five-Year period; in December 2014, Development and Construction Scheme of National Offshore Wind Power plans for 44 offshore wind power projects, of which the total capacity is million thousand kilowatt [6]. Mandatory Integration System Due to the intermittent of wind power, PV and other major clean energy, under the existing technical and economic accounting mechanisms, most clean energy still can t compete with conventional energy. Therefore, the purpose that implementing this system of clean energy power is to protect the development of renewable energy industry under the conditions of monopoly and franchise of energy distribution network. Classification Feed-In Tariff System Using the social average generation cost of different clean energy regulates the feed-in tariff level of different clean energy at a certain period and area. And then, the tariff level should be announced to the public [7]. For example, in March 2013, Notice on Improving the Price Policy of PV provides four different PV feed-in tariffs for four types of areas. Classification Feed-In Tariff System The Ministry of finance has set up a fund for the development of clean energy. Funds are from the special funds of the national financial annual arrangements, in accordance with the law of additional revenue of clean energy electricity prices and others. And then, the funds are used to subsidy the development and utilization of wind power, PV and other clean energy. Full Protection of the Purchasing System The amendment of Renewable Energy Law proposes that power grid enterprises should sign the integration agreement with renewable energy power generation enterprises, which own administrative licenses or submit the record. The agreement requires power grid enterprises purchase all renewable energy power that is within the coverage of these grid and conformity with the technical standards. MAIN INDUSTRIAL POLICIES OF WIND POWER AND PV IN TYPICAL COUNTRIES Spain There are two reasons why Spain is a typical country: first, the rapid development of wind power industry in Spain in recent ten years is very similar to China s current situation. At present, Spain is the first country in the

4 world that using wind power as the main power source [8]. Researching on the consumptive situation and relative measures of Spain s wind power has a certain reference value to solve the problem that lack of consumptive ability of China s wind power. Second, the Spanish government lifted subsidies for wind power and PV in 2012, which is close to China s overall idea that subsidies of wind power and PV are gradually separated and reduced in the future. Therefore, it has a great reference value. Macroscopic Laws Spain is one of the countries that explicitly make energy policies through legislation, and it is also one of the countries that set up national electricity market at first. In 1997, Spain explicitly established a free-trade power market based on the power pool through electric power act. The electric power law made detailed and specific provisions for wind power and PV. The main contents are as follows: firstly, the scope of the law was clearly defined; secondly, the consumptive of clean energy was ensured by the law; thirdly, it was stipulated that the clean energy enterprises carry out the special electricity price to sell electricity directly to the national power pool and not participate in the market competition. Development Planning The development planning goal of Spain s wind power is clear, and it has been strictly enforced. In 2005, the Spanish government has approved Renewable Energy Plan, which determined the installed capacity of wind power in 2010 would be million kilowatt and the generation capacity would be 45.5 billion kwh. According to the wind power production schedule announced in November 2009, annual new installed capacity of wind power would be 1.7 million kilowatt from 2010 to The actual situation is very close to the planning targets. At present, Spain's wind power planning has two clear targets: the cumulative installed capacity will reach 29000MW in 2016, 35000MW in Administrative Policies At present, the relevant administrative policies of Spain mainly aim at the consumptive of wind power. Firstly, the prediction and assessment mechanism of wind power is established, and the advanced prediction technology is applied. Wind farm must make a forecast of its power generation, and then report to the power grid enterprises. When the difference between forecast power and actual power exceeds 20%, wind farm needs to pay a fine to power grid enterprises. Secondly, a strict standard of wind power s integration is developed to promote wind power technology improving. Based on the full consideration about the requirement of power grid s stable operation for wind power, Spain researches and develops a strict technology standard of wind power s integration, and enforces it, ensuring the power grid is safe and stable after the wind power s integration on a large scale. Thirdly, according to the national standards, power grid enterprises are forced to buy the electricity which is generated clean energy, including wind power and PV [9]. Fiscal and Tax Policies The main form of Spain s fiscal and tax policies is the tax reimbursement. Act No. 35/2006 provided clean energy enterprise tax reimbursement policy, and the tax reimbursement rate which was decreasing arithmetic was put forward. According to Spain's new energy act, based on the tax reimbursement, clean energy producers should pay 7% of their electricity income as energy tax, which means the further reduction of fiscal and tax subsidies [10]. Price Policies Spain provides a double track system of wind power price, that is, the combination of fixed price and premium mechanism. Fixed price method means the price is fixed, and it is 90% of the average sales price of electricity. Power grid enterprises are required to purchase wind power at this price level, and the state subsidies the part that more than the average feed-in tariff. The premium method means wind power enterprises need to bid with other electricity in accordance with the market competition rules, but the government provides a premium (subsidy price) for wind power which accesses to power grid

5 It can be found from the above table; the Spanish government's industrial policies of wind power and PV have put forward requirements on the power generation enterprises and power grid enterprises and given encouragement to these enterprises. On one hand, power generation enterprises are required to provide electricity that is easy to accessing to grid; on the other hand, power grid enterprises are forced to purchase all electricity that is in accordance with the requirements. Such a policy system is conducive to the coordination of power generation and transmission and achieve mutually beneficial and win-win situation. The United Kingdom There are three reasons why the UK is chosen: firstly, the size of the country's land area and electricity demand are close to many provinces in the southeast of China, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Fujian. Secondly, the UK has experienced system reform of electric power industry many times. Its reform path and related experience have a certain reference and guiding value to our country. Thirdly, the development speed of the UK s offshore wind power is faster than most countries in the world, which could guide the development of offshore wind power in China. Macroscopic Laws Through the Renewable Energy Liability Act, the UK clears the responsibility and obligation of energy enterprises in the development and application of renewable energy. The act requires the National Grid Transco to increase the proportion of renewable energy accounted for power structure. At the same time, the act also clearly defines the scope and intensity of subsidies, for example, small PV plants would no longer get subsidies. Development Planning In June 2009, in the renewable energy strategy consulting project, the British government required that 15% of the British consumed energy should come from renewable energy in 2020, and electric power should bear 30% of this task. The Royal Property Office points out that the total amount of wind power which owns the commercial development potential in British reaches 48GW. On this basis, the British government has made the development plan of offshore wind power, which is composed by three rounds and of which the total amount is more than 30GW. Administrative Policies The administrative policies of the UK in the field of clean energy cover the supply and demand sides. Those polices mainly can be divided into the following two categories. The first one is Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO). The UK s electricity price regulation policy does not directly subsidize clean energy. But through the implementation of the Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO), the requirement that the citizens must bear the responsibility for consuming clean energy has been put forward. Taking wind power as an example, due to the current average price of the power grid is low and the cost of wind power is generally high, the difference is made up by the increased tariff. The second one is quota system policy. The UK is a typical country in Europe to implement quota system policy. The Renewable Energy Obligation Act, which came into effect in 2002, has established the obligation system of renewable energy power. Its essence is the development and utilization of renewable energy quota system. And it sets the proportion of clean energy power in accordance with the market price span. The main contents of this system also include the establishment of green certificate system, punishment system and atmospheric impact tax system, and the maximum fine that paid by power supplier which can t complete the task will be 10% of business volume. Price Policies At present, the UK uses the fixed price policy of difference contract, which means sign a long-term contract with power suppliers to determine the contract price (similar to the fixed price). And then, in the process of market dealing, the policy that retreat more fill less" is implemented. If the market average price is lower than the contract price, the power supplier shall be subsidized to the contract price. If the market average price is higher than the

6 contract price, then the power supplier needs to return the higher part of the price to consumers. Compared with the traditional fixed price system, the fixed price policy of difference contract reserves the market trading mechanism and the incentive effect to the generators. It can be seen, there are strong mandatory and compulsory in the UK s relevant policies for wind power, PV and other renewable energy. The country is constantly strengthening the rights and role of the government through act, and it is a model that government promotes the development of renewable energy. Taking China s national conditions and the development of wind power and PV into account, learning from the participation mode of British government will benefit the rapid development of wind power and PV in China. Germany There are two reasons why Germany is chosen: firstly, the use of wind and light in the country is relatively mature. The proportions of wind power and PV are very high; especially, the development of wind power has been in the world's leading position for a long time. And the size of PV industry is still the first in the world, which is China's goal and development direction in the future. Secondly, Germany's Renewable Energy Law has been recognized as a model for global clean energy acts. Research on the introduction and evolution process of this act is of great significance for the construction of China s clean energy legal system. Macroscopic Laws The successful development of wind power and PV industries in Germany and perfect legal system are inseparable. Germany has gradually established macroscopic law system of clean energy from In 1991, Germany enacted the Electricity Integration Law, forcing power enterprises to buy clean energy power. This law lays the foundation of mandatory integration principle, which is most important for the development of global clean energy. Germany has entered the stage of large-scale development of renewable energy. Germany officially promulgated the Renewable Energy Law (EEG) in 2000, the core of which is to establish a fixed feed-in tariff system for renewable energy power. This law has played a decisive role in promoting the development of clean energy. Subsequently, Germany respectively emended EGG in 2004, 2009 and In June 2014, Germany adopted the German Renewable Energy Reform Program, which has reformed the clean energy system on a large scale. The bill comprehensively clarifies the purpose and the long-term development goal of developing clean energy in Germany in the form of law. And it also clarifies the rights and obligations of stakeholders in the integration, acquisition, transmission, distribution and other aspects of clean energy power in detail. In addition, this bill reduces the subsidies for clean energy and expects the way that bidding for transaction will be taken by Development Planning In 2011, Germany proposed the energy transformation plan, which pointed out that Germany will gradually abandon nuclear power. By 2020, the proportion of consumed renewable energy in energy consumption would account for 35%, reaching 50% in 2040 and 65% in 2050, more than 80% in Combined with Germany s actual energy consumption structure, in order to finish this plan, Germany needs to apply the green technology to replace more than 3/4 of the traditional energy. It also provides a considerable increment space for the rapid development of wind power and PV. Administrative Policies The first one is mandatory integration policy. EEG allows wind power and PV integrate to the nearest power grid without condition. Power grid enterprises have the obligation to provide technical assurance and give priority to the use of clean energy power. At the same time, the power grid enterprises which are nearest to the generation enterprises have the obligation to upgrade the power grid timely at a reasonable cost to meet the technical requirements. The second one is national balance policy. Power grid enterprises have the obligation to record their purchased power and compensation of clean energy and balance among the power grid enterprises. All the power companies that supply electricity to the end users should purchase clean energy power in accordance with the quota of the whole country, and pay compensation to the power grid enterprises

7 Fiscal and Tax Policies Germany's fiscal and tax policies of wind power and PV comprehensively coverage the whole industry chain. The first one is the investment subsidy policy. Developers can apply to the local government for a total subsidy of 20%-45% investment amount. And all clean energy projects can get low interest loans from German banks. The second one is production subsidy policy. Germany has begun to give subsidies whose nature is tax return in accordance with the amount of electricity to support the demonstration projects from According to the different scale of production, the subsidies are rising as stairs. The third one is sales promotion policy. In 1991, the power law asked power enterprises to purchase all the clean energy power and implement fixed price policy. The standard feed-in tariff is 90% of the average sales price, and the difference is assumed by local power grid enterprises. On the basis, the Renewable Energy Law, which was promulgated in 2000, puts forward that renewable energy should accessing to the nearest grid. The forth one is consumption incentive policy. Germany mainly encourages the use of clean energy power through the implementation of ecological tax policy, and implements different tax rates for different energy products and industries. Some low-profit environmental protection industries can receive tax preferences. Price Policies In 1990, the Germany s mandatory purchasing law asked the power enterprises must let the wind power access to grid and purchase full power at the fixed price. 90% of sales price of local power enterprises was taken as the feed-in tariff of wind power. The cost difference between the feed-in tariff of wind power and conventional generation technology is assumed by local power grid. By 2000, the principle of mandatory purchasing law has been further established in the new Renewable Energy Law, and all kinds of clean energy have begun to implement the fixed feed-in tariff, which continues to this day. Germany's Renewable Energy Act is one of the world's most complete development of renewable energy law. The supporting policies for wind power, PV and other renewable energy involve the whole industry chain, such as investment, production, sales, consumption, and so on. From the current point of view, it is a relatively complete policy system. COMPARISON AMONG TYPICAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIAL POLICIES OF WIND POWER AND PV AND CHINA S ONES The main comparisons of policies, such as macroscopic laws, development planning, administration policies, fiscal and tax policies, price policies, among China and other countries, are shown in table 1. The following conclusions can be obtained from the comparison of the above table: Firstly, at the level of macroscopic laws, the macroscopic laws of our country are wider than those of typical countries. The typical countries carry out overall provisions in the aspects of subsidies, industrial development and planning. While, China s Renewable Energy Law just clear the overall principle and the contents are not enough. At the same time, combining with the national conditions, the typical countries has amended macroscopic laws several times, represented by Germany. However, since 2006, China's Renewable Energy Law just promulgated in In recent five years, wind power and PV industries have been rapidly developing, but the laws have not been modified, which limits the effect of China's macroscopic laws in a certain extent. Secondly, at the level of development planning, China's planning is more detailed than the typical countries, but it lacks of mandatory. Most of the typical countries just plan for the industrial scales of wind power and PV. While, China's planning includes not only the industrial scales, but also the cost control and other key aspects. But the typical countries plans have a certain degree of mandatory, of which our country's plan lacks. Thirdly, at the level of administrative policies, our country's administrative policies are mostly a mere formality. The administrative policies of typical countries are rich in variety, and the requirements are clear and detailed, so they are very practical. In contrast, most of the administrative policies of our country only put forward the principle of suggestion, namely, "encouragement, support and strengthening", so the actual effect is limited. Fourthly, at the level of fiscal and tax policies, China's fiscal and tax policies are relatively simple. The fiscal and tax policies of typical countries include subsidies, tax, green certificates and other types, at the same time, these policies also function in various aspects of the clean energy industry chain. At present, the main fiscal and tax

8 policies of China are subsidies, which mainly focus on research, development and investment. There are no policies in the aspects of sales and consumption. Fifthly, at the level of price policies, China's price policies lack of elasticity. The price policies of typical countries are changeable and flexible. Although China's fixed price policies are helpful for national unified planning and management, they limit the development of the clean energy industry to a certain extent. The advantages and disadvantages are needed to be weighed further, combining with the national conditions of our country. Countries Spain the UK Germany China TABLE 1. Comparison of Wind Power and PV Industry Policies among Typical Countries and China Macroscopic laws Establish the market mechanism and industrial development framework in the form of law. Clear the responsibility of energy enterprises in the development and application of clean energy. Stipulate the clean energy industry in detail, constantly revise and improve. Clear the overall supporting principle of wind power and PV. Development planning Mainly in the short-term planning. The goal is clear, and the implementation is strict. Put forward clear development goals, and focus on the planning of offshore wind power recently. The target is clear, and the time span is long. Formulate development planning based on decomposed planning goal. Plan the scale, proportion, specific projects, cost and other aspects of clean energy power for different stages in detail. Administrative polices Put forward requirement of both plant and grid. Set up a special management agency. The quota system and Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation put forward the request to users and power grid enterprises. Mandatory integration policy and national balance policy. Most are principle policies. Clear the supporting requirements of wind power and PV many times. Fiscal and tax policies Adjust subsidies many times. Turn the subsidies from a positive incentive to a negative incentive. Obligate the application of renewable energy, and cancel tax subsidies. Various subsidy policies cover the investment, production, sales and consumption. Subsidize the research and development and construction of wind power and PV projects. Price policies Double track system including fixed price and premium price. Fixed price policy of difference contract protects the interests of plants and grid. Implement mandatory fixed price subsidies at present. The form of bidding is expected to use in Based on fixed price, and the frequency of adjustment is large. ENLIGHTENMENT FROM TYPICAL COUNTRIES INDUSTRIAL POLICIES OF WIND POWER AND PV TO CHINA Based on the above analysis, in order to promote the development of China's wind power and PV industries, this paper proposes the following five aspects. Macroscopic Laws: Strengthen Legislation and Integrate Government Functions On one hand, the opportunities that come from the formulation of Energy Law and the new round system reform of electric power should be seized, striving for further defining the importance of wind power and PV industries and their roles in the development of national economy status, when relevant laws and policies are being drafted. Germany s EEG Act can be referred, clear the development principles and specific measures of wind power and PV industries with the legal form. Thus, from the level of basic laws, the development of wind power and PV industries can receive strong support

9 On the other hand, conforming to the current situation that our country is deepening the reform of the state's management system and establishing the big department system, the related functions of clean energy management, from development and reform, science and technology, finance, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy and other departments, will be integrated into Energy Department of the State Council, therefore, the large-scale development of clean energy can be jointly promoted. Development Planning: Enhance the Scientificalness and Mandatory of Planning On one hand, the unified planning of power systems should be strengthened. Power planning, considering electric source planning, transmission and distribution network planning, should be organized, approved and implemented together. In the planning process, it should be fully considered that "multi-source complements each other in horizontal, the load storage of source and grid coordinated optimization in vertical". At the same time, the upper and lower levels of planning should realize orderly convergence, coordination and unity. On the other hand, the proposed planning and mandatory planning should be combined. In view of the poor implementation performance of development planning of wind power and PV, on the basis of improving the scientificalness, the mandatory goal as the lowest limit should be appropriately joined in. Germany s target decomposition strategy or the UK s quota system can be referred. Different market subjects should develop classification goals. If it can t achieve the target, the subject should be punished. Administrative Polices: Strengthen the Richness and Practicality of Policies Firstly, improve the quota system. Local enterprises have the obligation to implement the quota system. The total amount of quota is determined by the total amount of energy consumption controlled reasonably and the macro target of structure adjustment of energy consumption. Based on the status of the country, the implementation of quota system in our country should mainly take administrative means. Secondly, improve the full purchasing policy. Priority to integration and full purchasing policies should be implemented in regions. Energy planning departments carry out researches and stipulate generation planning and acquisition program of clean energy through the status of power consumptive and the capacity of peaking. Thirdly, establish the sound elimination mechanism of production capacity. On one hand, the elimination standards of stock should be established, and the support and subsidies for the production capacity that can t reach the standards should be gradually canceled. On the other hand, the schedule of capacity elimination should be developed. There should be requirements for local government to eliminate backward production capacity, in order to ensure the backward production capacity can be orderly and effectively eliminated. Fiscal and Tax Policies On one hand, adjust the subsidy ideas. Firstly, according to the stability of subsidy policies, compare and choose the means of investment subsidies, and the subsidies means need to be adjusted regularly. Secondly, clarify the key points and scope of subsidies, and tend to technical research and development. On the other hand, increase the types of tax policies. On the basis of subsidy policies, combining the country's economic situation and the specific development of the clean energy industry, it should increase the types of tax policies such as negative incentives and so on. Specifically, during 13th Five-Year Plan period, carbon tax and other environmental tax are proposed to conduct a special investigation as soon as possible, and then, preliminary tax scheme is formed. Price Policies: Study the Feasibility of Various Electricity Pricing Methods Fixed price policy has effectively promoted the development of China's wind power and PV industries in the past period. However, according to the experience of typical countries, that market factors are gradually added to the mechanism of electricity prices is the trend. Therefore, it is suggested that the relevant policy research institutions should carry out further researches on electricity price policies, and the adaptability of different countries price systems under the condition of our country, laying the theoretical foundation for the future adjustment of price policies

10 CONCLUSION This paper has made a comprehensive analysis of the policy system of wind power and PV industries of China and some typical countries which are Spain, Britain and Germany. And then, studies the main polices used to promote the development of wind power and PV industries from five aspects, namely, macroscopic laws, development planning, administrative policies, fiscal and tax policies and price policies. The main policy system of China is compared with the typical countries ones, and the suggestions and measures for industrial policies of wind power and PV are put forward. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is supported by management consultation project of State Grid Corporation of China: Research on the development and utilization of wind power and photovoltaic power generation in the typical countries of the world REFERENCES 1. Liu Jizhen. The modeling and control on renewable energy electrical power system [M]. Beijing: Science Press, Dong Yongping, He Shien, Liu Jun, et al. Wind power consumption problem in the view of low carbon power [J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2014, 42(5): Yu Yang, Bao Haibo. Comparative research on solar photovoltaic market deployment policies [J]. Science and Technology Management Research, 2012, 15(6): Zhang Cailing. Tough decision-the change of policies in clean energy in America during [D]. Lanzhou: Northwest Normal University: Zeng Ming, Jia Jingzi. The supply side reforms in the energy industry [M]. China Energy News, (2). 6. Zhao Xingang, Ren Lingzhi. Focus on the development of offshore wind power in China: Has the golden period come? [J]. Renewable Energy. 2015, 81(7): Qian Wei. The feed-in tariff and policies pf PV industry in China. Shanghai: East China University of Science and Technology Zhang Long, Zeng Ming, Shen Hongyu, et al. International benchmarking grid assessment systems research and reference under different electricity system reform background [J]. Electric Power Construction. 2015: 36(11): Zhou Yuanbing, Wang Qiankun, Fang Tong, et al. Spain's wind power development: experience and message to China [J]. Energy Technology and Econonmics, 2010, 22(4): Zhang Qingyang, Guo Jiakang. Major wind power using countries' experience and countermeasures in developing wind energy, 2015, 20 (6): Qi Fang, Liu Yafei, Liang Liang, et al. Study on policies of distributed wind power generation in USA and some implications [J]. Electric Power Technologic Economics, 2012, 24(2):