Anaerobic digestion of livestock effluents and energy crops in Italy
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1 Anaerobic digestion of livestock effluents and energy crops in Italy David Bolzonella Jyvaskyla Summer School
2 Background Historically, livestock effluents are applied on agricultural soils. But the same soils also receive mineral fertilizers (like urea or ammonia salts.). Unfortunately, these fields are generally over loaded in terms of nitrogen and high concentrations of nitrates are therefore found in rivers, lakes and groundwater. That s why in 1991 the EC introduced the Directive 91/676/CEE or Nitrate Directive (please note the same year the 91/271/CEE focused on wastewater treatment, to prevent water bodies from both diffuse and point source pollution) Jyvaskyla Summer School
3 Source Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
4 Department of Biotechnology University of Verona, D Source onment/water/waternitrates/index_en.html Jyvaskyla Summer School
5 Thisisa problemofmajor concernin north-italy(po valley) and in the Veneto Region in particular Jyvaskyla Summer School
6 Thisisa problemofmajor concernin north-italy(po valley) and in the Veneto Region in particular Jyvaskyla Summer School
7 Nitrogen loading in the Veneto Region(kgN/ha year) Comuni Veneti: classi di carico di azoto per ettaro Fino a 100 kg N/ha Tra 100 e 170 kg N/ha Tra 170 e 210 kg N/ha Oltre 210 kg N/ha Jyvaskyla Summer School
8 Livestockunitsin the Veneto Region(2007) 950,000 units 53 million units 800,000 units (and 5 million people!) < 30,000 units < 30,000 units Jyvaskyla Summer School
9 Because of this situation the Italian Government decided to support the production of biogas in farm plants with an installed power up to 1 MW and feeding material coming from a distance lower than 30 km with a subside of 0.28 per kwh for15 years (thatisup to6,200 per dayfora 1MW unitworking22 hrs/day. And whataboutheat?!?! ) The basic idea for this was to use the revenues for nitrogen management (removal and/or recovery) Jyvaskyla Summer School
10 Because of this situation the Italian Government decided to support the production of biogas in farm plants with an installed power < 1 MW feeding material coming from an area less than 30 km with a subside of 0.28 per kwh for15 years (thatisup to6,200 per dayfora 1MW unitworking22 hrs/day. And whataboutheat?!?! ) The basic idea for this was to use the revenues for nitrogen management (removal and/or recovery) kwh Jyvaskyla Summer School
11 Because of this situation the Italian Government decided to support the production of biogas in farm plants with an installed power < 1 MW feeding material coming from an area less than 30 km with a subside of 0.28 per kwh for15 years (thatisup to6,200 per dayfora 1MW unitworking22 hrs/day. And whataboutheat?!?! ) The basic idea for this was to use the revenues for nitrogen management (removal and/or recovery) kwh Jyvaskyla Summer School
12 Because of this situation the Italian Government decided to support the production of biogas in farm plants with an installed power < 1 MW feeding material coming from an area less than 30 km with a subside of 0.28 per kwh for15 years (thatisup to6,200 per dayfora 1MW unitworking22 hrs/day. And whataboutheat?!?! ) The basic idea for this was to use the revenues for nitrogen management (removal and/or recovery) kwh NH 3 Jyvaskyla Summer School
13 Because of this situation the Italian Government decided to support the production of biogas in farm plants with an installed power < 1 MW feeding material coming from an area less than 30 km with a subside of 0.28 per kwh for15 years (thatisup to6,200 per dayfora 1MW unitworking22 hrs/day. And whataboutheat?!?! ) The basic idea for this was to use the revenues for nitrogen management (removal and/or recovery) kwh NH 3 Jyvaskyla Summer School
14 The second driver is clearly the necessity for renewable energy Wholesale prize (as function of the energy mix) Jyvaskyla Summer School
15 Because of the large subsidies the number of AD plants in farms of the Veneto Region is sky-rocketing ? MWh MWh MWh TOT Jyvaskyla Summer School
16 Because of the large subsidies the number of AD plants in farms of the Veneto Region is sky-rocketing ? MWh MWh MWh TOT Jyvaskyla Summer School
17 We carried out a survey on farm plants in the framework of the Riducarefluiproject coordinated by Veneto Agricoltura (Veneto Region owned) We considered old plants. Jyvaskyla Summer School
18 with small CHP units. (treating livestock effluents only).. Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
19 These are basically derived from old storage tanks Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
20 and brand new plants. (treating energy crops mainly) Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
21 with huge reaction volumes and CHP units. Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
22 These all are plants using German/Austrian technologies.. Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
23 Primaryand secondarydigestersbybts Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
24 Coccus digester by Schmack Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
25 Jyvaskyla Summer School
26 Looking at feeding composition, operational conditions and yields of digesters we see that. Jyvaskyla Summer School
27 Looking at feeding composition, operational conditions and yields of digesters we see that. Jyvaskyla Summer School
28 Maize Typicalenergycrops(EC) grownin the Po valley Triticale Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
29 These AD plants born to and are supposed to treat livestock effluents but. They basically treat energy crops, maize-silage and triticale being by far the most abundant feed material! 44% 16% Flowrate 40% livestock energy crops agro-waste 58% 18% Organic loading 24% livestock energy crops agro-waste Energy cropsuseland, fertilizers, oil, manpower, water. and cost some per tonne(but very site-specific because of yield: tonnes/ha per year in North Italy) Jyvaskyla Summer School
30 NOW Changing the paradigm Livestock effluent Energy Crops Agro residues Livestock effluent Energy Crops Agro residues THEN Jyvaskyla Summer School
31 So several other substrates (agro-waste from food crops processing) can be used for the purpose of renewable energy production Sweet corn Tomato peel Beans Peas Jyvaskyla Summer School
32 Salad Potatoes Onions Fruit marc Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
33 Seasonal, but covering the whole year (in the Mediterranean Region) Tomatoes Peas, beans, maize Apples, pears Apricots,peaches Fruit marc Vinasses Livestock effluents Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jyvaskyla Summer School
34 With similar characteristics and biogas potential of Energy Crops (EC) Parameters Total Total volatile TVS/TS COD N P solids (TS) solids (TVS) Substrates g/kg g/kg % g/kg dm mg/kg dm mg/kg dm Dairy manure (solid) Dairy manure (liquid) Piggery Poultry (litter) Duck (liquid) Rabbit manure Maize silage Triticale silage Fruit marc Potatoes Onions Vegetables (e.g., lettuce) Jyvaskyla Summer School
35 Biogas potential for different substrates 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology BMP, m 3 CH4/kgVS 0 Jyvaskyla Summer School
36 Biogas potential for different substrates 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology BMP, m 3 CH4/kgVS 0 Jyvaskyla Summer School
37 Clearly, this change also determine some changes in the plant structure and managing Different substrates, with different characteristics, need to be properly stored Feeding strategies and tools (hoppers, pumps..) Reactor mixing should be improved / changed Jyvaskyla Summer School
38 We forgot nitrogen University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology NH4+-N, % on Total Nitrogen Feed Digestate (liquid phase) Jyvaskyla Summer School
39 Typical nitrogen distribution in influent and effluent of Italian anaerobic digesters treating livestock effluents, energy crops and agro-waste NH4+-N, % on Tot tal Nitrogen PIGS PIGS CHICKEN TYPICAL EC Feed Digestate (liquid phase) Jyvaskyla Summer School
40 Typical levels of ammonia concentrations Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
41 Costsfornitrogenmanagement (removal/recovery) Wulf, IBBK Congress, Stuttgard, 2010 Jyvaskyla Summer School
42 So, can we sustain this.? Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
43 So, can we sustain this.? Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
44 So, can we sustain this.? Because of the subside! Jyvaskyla Summer School University of Verona, Department of Biotechnology
45 BASIC ECONOMIC BALANCE (1MW) Considering the following set of data for revenues the biogas potentialforcow manureand maizsilage 2 kwh electricenergyper m 3 ofbiogas 0.28 per kwh Avgincome100 per ton fed And the expenses 30 per ton ofmaizesilage Plantpay-back(ca. 30 /ton) Othercosts(ca. 10 /ton) Jyvaskyla Summer School
46 Incomes Costs Some 30 /ton forn removal/recovery Other costs Pay back Energy crops Jyvaskyla Summer School
47 And what about thermal energy?!?! We have several things to do.. Heat/cheel houshold/farms Greenhouse heating. Swimming pools heating Jyvaskyla Summer School
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