Study and Performance Improvement of Solar Air Heater using Turbo-Ventilator
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1 International Conference on Emerging Engineering Trends and Science (ICEETS 216) Study and Performance Improvement of Solar Air Heater using Turbo-Ventilator Pradhapraj M 1, Associate Professor 1, Aeronautical Engineering Department, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India Jothi R 2, Karthika Devi P 2, Kanimozhi K 3, Keerthiga M 3, Student 2,3, Aeronautical Engineering Department, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India Abstract: Usage of fossil fuels leads to the environmental degradation. Hence, the renewable energy sources become more important. Among which solar energy is found to be the best. At the same time air as heat transfer fluid is advantageous to liquid transfer fluids in solar thermal energy systems because phase changes do not occur in the usual temperature range. Solar air heater is a simple device to convert heat energy from solar radiation. It is implemented in many applications which require low to moderate temperature below 6 C. A number of models are proposed and their thermal efficiency has been calculated. In this research a detailed study has been carried about the solar air heater and to increase the thermal efficiency of the natural convection model, Turbo-ventilator is used as an induced forced convection model in the study. The turbo-ventilator is operated by natural wind and without the aid of power supply. The analysis has carried by taking the parameters such as Mass flow rate, Solar intensity, Inlet and Outlet temperature and Exit velocity of air flow are taken for thermal analysis. In this study, software based measuring system is introduced for improving the accuracy of the measured values. The thermal efficiency of the collector is obtained nearly 8% at the mass flow rate of.7 kg/s while using turbo-ventilator and 3% without using it. It can be concluded that whenever the mass flow rate increases, the thermal efficiency also increases and it can be made possible by using turbo-ventilator. Keywords:solar air heater, turbo-ventilator, lab view, thermal efficiency, mass flow rate. I INTRODUCTION Energy is available in multi various forms and plays a significant role in worldwide economic growth and industrialization. The growth of world population accompanied with rising material needs intensified the rate of energy usage. Continuous increase in energy usage characteristics of the past 5-1 years cannot continue. Indefinitely as demarcated energy resources of earth are exploitable. On the other hand, environment degradation with use of fossil fuels is a menace to life in this earth. In view of world s depleting fossil fuel reserves and environmental threats, development of renewable energy sources received importance. Of many alternatives, solar energy stands out a conspicuous energy source for meeting the demand. It is considered as adamantine renewable energy source due to its huge potential. The freely available solar radiation provides an infinite and non-polluting reservoir of fuel. This renewable energy can be collected and converted into heat and electricity. Successful solar system design is an iterative process involving consideration of many technical, practical, reliability, cost and environmental considerations. Solar air heater is a simple device used to heat air by absorbing the solar energy by means of a absorber. The thermal energy can be stored as sensible heat, latent heat, reaction heat or combination of those forms. Many thermal storage energy systems are cited in literature [1] with applications in cogeneration, building and solar heating of water or air. The basic design of a flat plate solar air heater consists of one or more glass (or transparent) covers located above an absorbing plate with air flowing either over (upward type) or under (downward type) the absorbing plate [2,3]. In the application of solar energy to the heating of dwellings and other uses, the primary element in the heating system is the Collector. The solar collector converts the solar radiation to energy in the form of sensible or latent heat in a fluid (air or water) which is passed through the collecting unit [4]. The heat transfer in solar collector takes place by simultaneous radiation, convection and conduction [5,6]. A. Basic Configurations based on Air Flow ISSN: Page 27
2 International Conference on Emerging Engineering Trends and Science (ICEETS 216) Since the 197 s the prototypes of solar air heaters have been designed and tested. However, there are only four basic configurations, differentiated by the way in which the air flows in contact with the absorber plate. Air flows between the absorber plate Air flows between the absorber plate and the bottom of the collector Double flow: An air stream between the absorber plate and the transparent cover and another stream between the absorber plate and the bottom of the collector, in parallel or counter flow. Flat plate collectors are classified into two groups according to fluid used. Water is usually used in liquid collectors and air is used in gas collectors. A turbulent fluid flow is developed which permits the improvement of the thermal heat transfer of these collectors in comparison to the flat-plate. For the same fin configurations, the thermal heat transfer coefficient was evaluated with a selective or non-selective absorber plate. It was seen that the nature of the absorber plate (selective or non-selective) had no significant effect on the heat transfer and Nusselt number in finned system collectors. In addition, there were no differences in friction factors. A modified solar air heater, which incorporated aluminum wool on a perforated plate placed diagonally on the passage way of the air to serve as a front absorbing medium above the absorber plate was designed, conducted and tested [7]. receives the solar radiation. Therefore, the solar air heaters are modeled as a rectangular channel having one rough wall and three smooth walls [12,13]. The artificial roughness that results in the desirable increase in the heat transfer also results in an undesirable increase in pressure drop due to the increased friction; thus design of the flow duct and absorber surface of solar air heaters should, therefore be executed with the objectives of high heat transfer rates and low friction losses. The results of usage of phase change material show that the thermal efficiency is over 8% for mass fluxes higher than.5 kg/s [14]. B. Objectives of the Present Study To study the basics of Solar Air Heater To develop a theoretical model for the same and analyze it practically to improve efficiency To introduce the device Turbo-Ventilator to increase the thermal efficiency To discuss about the recycle ratio, heat trans fer rate and the influence of mass flow rate on efficiency. On the basis of above investigations and objectives a theoretical induced forced convection model has been designed and the device turbo-ventilator is used to increase the thermal efficiency. The experimental investigation was carried out for a single class with double pass plat plate solar air heater fitted with a turbo-ventilator at the top of test section. Fig. 1 Conventional Flat plate solar collector Various approaches have been proposed to improve the collector efficiency, such as allowing air flowing both over and under the absorbing plate simultaneously, enhancing the convective heat-transfer coefficient [8,9,1] enlarging heat transfer area [11] and increasing flow turbulence. II. METHODOLOGY The flat plate solar air heater considered for the experimental study consists of two sections, one is the solar collector and the other is the test section. The solar collector is composed of a single glass plate on the top, followed by absorber plate (copper plate) which is coated black and insulating material (glass wood) which is placed surrounding the frame and side cover. The test section is the section of interest where the materials to be dried are kept. The solar air heater used for study is shown in figure 2.1, in which continuous data of temperature and velocity variation is recorded and analyzed for several mass flow rates with the use of computer software. In case of solar heaters, the roughness elements have to be considered only undesirable of one wall of duct, which ISSN: Page 28
3 International Conference on Emerging Engineering Trends and Science (ICEETS 216) features which make it a good choice in an automation environment. Fig. 1 Experimental set up of Flat plat solar air heater The copper sheet thickness is.8 mm. The dimension of the absorber plate is 2 x 1 mm 2. The outer cover is made up of mild steel sheet of thickness 1.2 mm. The solar collector used for the experiment is of length 2 m and width 1 m. The spacing between absorber and bottom (insulating) plate is.4 m and the spacing between aperture and frame is.25 m. The collector aperture area A c =2 m 2, collector back side area A b =.14 m 2 and the collector gross area A g =2.152 m 2. Turbo-ventilator requires very minimal wind to function, rotates 24x7. Once in motion it creates suction and pulls out air and other hazardous irritants from the shed and replaces it with fresh air, thus providing a better working environment an increasing productivity. It does not require any power or electricity to operate, continuously in motion with the wind, removes moisture laden air in the winter and extremely hot attic air in the summer. While incorporating it with the solar air heater, it removes the moisture air continuously so that the thermal efficiency has been improved. The turbo-ventilator used for this study has the diameter 69.6 mm, height mm and 16 curved blades. It is made up of aluminum with the blade thickness of 1 mm. The shaft diameter is 12 mm and the mass of the ventilator is 6 kg. III MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE The thermal efficiency of the solar collector can be defined as the usable thermal power output from the collector related to solar radiation input incident on front part of collector (defined by reference collector area = aperture area). As discussed above, the parameters mass flow rate, solar intensity, inlet and outlet temperature and the exit air velocity obtained from the experimental results are used to calculate the thermal efficiency. There are three steps in calculating the thermal efficiency of collector. Step 1: Calculating the Mass flow rate of the airflow by using the relation ṁ a =. kg/s Step 2: Calculating the Heat gained by the collector by using the relation Q g = ṁ a C p (T o T i ). W Step 3: Calculating the Thermal efficiency of the collector by using the relation η t =. % IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The experiment has been carried out in two cases with and without turbo-ventilator. The results are also obtained in two cases. A. With Turbo-Ventilator Thermal efficiency for the experimented solar air heater is studied and analyzed for several mass flow rates and is shown in figure 3. A. LabVIEW Technology LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Engineering Work Bench) is a powerful and versatile graphical programming environment which was developed primarily to facilitate instrumentation control and data acquisition and analysis [15]. It implements a data flow diagram in which the code is not written, but rather drawn or represented graphically similar to a flowchart diagram. LabVIEW has several key ISSN: Page 29
4 Heat Gained (W) Heat Gained (W) International Conference on Emerging Engineering Trends and Science (ICEETS 216) gradually. This can be achieved by incorporating the turboventilator.. B. Without Turbo-Ventilator Thermal efficiency for the experimented solar air heater is studied and analyzed for the parameters mass flow rate, solar intensity, heat gained by the collector and the exit velocity. Since the turbo-ventilator has not used here, the efficiency felt down because no possibility of getting suction. The optimum efficiency in this case is % at the mass flow rate.27 kg/s. This can be proved by means of the following plots. Mass Flow Rate (kg/s) Fig 3. Effect of Mass flow rate on Thermal efficiency 35 3 The above graph is plotted with the consideration of all the heat losses in the system for several values of mass flow rate. From the characteristics of the curve obtained, it can be noted that the efficiency of the system increases gradually with increase in mass flow rate of air in the solar collector. The lowest efficiency for the low mass flow rate.333 kg/s is 46.71% and the highest efficiency for the high mass flow rate.91 kg/s is 87.64%. It is concluded that the efficiency reaches the optimum value when the mass flow rate is high (nearly.1 kg/s). The high mass flow rate can be achieved by incorporating the turboventilator. As discussed above, the turbo-ventilator creates a suction which increases the mass flow rate of air Mass Flow Rate (kg/s) Fig.71 Effect of Mass flow rate on Thermal efficiency Themal Efficiency (%) Fig.4 Effect of Heat gained on Thermal efficiency The figure 4 indirectly shows that the effect of mass flow rate on thermal efficiency of the collector since the useful gain energy increases the efficiency will also increases Fig.8 Effect of Heat gained on Thermal efficiency V CONCLUSION Thus the study of solar air heater has been carried out and its performance improved by increasing thermal efficiency. ISSN: Page 3
5 International Conference on Emerging Engineering Trends and Science (ICEETS 216) The turbo-ventilator creates suction and hence the mass flow rate and exit velocity of air increase thus the thermal efficiency of the collector increases. This cannot be possible in the absence of turbo-ventilator. When the mass flow rate increases, the heat gained by the turbo-ventilator also increases due to friction. The thermal performance is analyzed on the basis of heat produced in the test section, which reduces the water content in the test section. Thus with increase in the mass flow rate the moisture content in the test section decreases and thereby produces a highly efficient system. Thus the design of the solar air heater should facilitate higher mass flow rate and should be in favor in reducing the heat losses to get high efficiency. This can be achieved by incorporating the turbo-ventilator. VI NOMENCLATURE SAH, Solar Air Heater Q g, Heat gained or Heat input in W I, Solar intensity in W/m 2 A c, Area of the collector or Collector aperture area in m 2 η t, Thermal efficiency of the collector in % T o, Outlet temperature of the duct in K, T i, Inlet temperature of the duct in K, C p, Specific coefficient for constant pressure in kj/kg K ṁ a, Mass flow rate of the airflow in kg/s p d, Pressure inside the duct or Pressure of the atmosphere in N/m 2 A d, Area of the duct in m 2 V d, Velocity of airflow through the duct in m/s R, Gas constant in kj/kg K T d = T o, Outlet temperature of the duct in K A g, Collector gross area in m 2 A b, Collector back side area in m 2 Some Constant Values C p = 1.5 kj/kg K p d = N/m 2 A c = 2 m 2 A d =.516 m 2 R =.287 kj/kg K Acknowledgement We are grateful to All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) for providing the necessary facilities and financial support for the study described in this paper under Research Promotion Scheme (RPS), vide FNO. 823/RID/RPS-26/Pvt(II Policy)/ Dated 8/2/212, Name of the Principal Investigator Dr. Pradhapraj M. References 1. Solanki SC, Dubey S, Tiwari A, Indoor simulation and testing of photo voltaic thermal (PV/T) air collectors, Appl Energy 29;86: Karim MA, Haw lader MNA, Performance investigation of flat, V-corrugated and finned air collectors, Energy 26;31: Nwvsu NP, Employing energy-optimized pin fins in the design of an absorber in a solar air heater, Energy 21;35: Yeh HM, Ho CD, Hou JZ. Collector efficiency of double-flow solar air heaters with fins attached. Energy 22; 27: Bhargava AK, A solar water heater based on phase-changing material Appl. Energy 1983;14: El-Sebaii AA, Aboul-Enein S, Ramadan MRI, Shalaby SM, Moharram BM, Thermal performance investigation of double pass-finned plate solar air heater Appl Energy 211;88: GaoWenfeng, Lin Wenxian, Liu Tao, Xiachaofeng, Analytical and experimental studies on the thermal performance of cross-corrugated and flat-plate solar air heaters Appl Energy 27;84: Yildiz C, Togrul IC, Sarsilmaz C, Pehlivan D, Thermal efficiency of an air solar collector with extended absorption surface and increased convection Int Comm Heat Transf 22;29: Grupp M, Bergler h, Bertrand J, Kromer B, Cieslok J, Convective flat plate collectors and their applications, Solar Energy Vol.55(3), , Hatami N, Bahadorinejad M, Experimentally determination of natural convection heat transfer coefficient in a vertical flat plate solar air heater Solar Energy 28;82: Han JC, Glicksman LR, Rohsenow WM, An investigation of heat transfer and friction for rib-roughened surfaces Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1978;21: Lin Wenxian, Gaowenfeng, Liu Tao, A parametric study on the thermal performance of cross-corrugated solar air collectors Appl Therm Eng 26;26: Karsli S, Performance analysis of new design solar air collectors for drying applications Renew Energy 27;32: Karim MA, Haw lader MNA, Development of solar air collectors for drying applications Energ convers manage 24;45: Akpinas Ebru Kavak, Kocyigitfaith, Energy and energy analysis of a new flat plate solar air heater having different obstacles on absorber plalis Appl Energy 21;87: Jason H. Moore, Artificial intelligence programming with LabVIEW: genetic algorithms for instrumentation control and optimization, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Vol.47, June 1995, pp ISSN: Page 31
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