NC STATE UNIVERSITY. Energy Crops for NC. Dr Nicholas George
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1 Energy Crops for NC Dr Nicholas George
2 Why pursue alternative fuels?
3 1. Climate change There is a warming trend across the USA
4
5 Biofuel crops are carbon-neutral. They are therefore a way to reduce carbon emissions and address climate change.
6 2. Oil depletion Oil is a finite resource!!!
7 How long do we have? Predictions vary
8 it will be problem for the next generation, not a problem far in the future! Me Billion Barrels per Year We are here! My children My grandchildren
9 Western Society is EXTREMELY dependent on cheap oil!!! The consequences of running out with no alternative are serious!
10 3. Energy security
11 The USA consumes 10 bb/year but has only 210 bb proven reserves (i.e. 20 years)!!! Most of the oil we use comes from unstable nations or those hostile to the USA. Domestic fuel production will circumvent this.
12 4. Money flow NC imports virtually all of it s fuel. $16 billion a year could be used domestically! Coal Natural Gas Diesel Jet fuel LPG Gasoline Kerosene Other Nuclear Biomass Billions of $
13 Why biofuels and not some other energy source?
14 Coal, hydro and nuclear Big, centralized, expensive and environmentally damaging. These do not produce a liquid fuel!
15 Solar and wind Small-scale, diffuse and environmentally benign, but unreliable. These also do not produce a liquid fuel!
16 Hydrogen Non-polluting, but energy intensive to produce, and hard to transport and store.
17 Future power??? (i.e. fusion or satellites) Big, expensive or will not be ready before we need them.
18 Biofuels are potentially better options! 1. Environmentally benign (if done properly). 2. Diffuse & local production. 3. Can produce liquid fuels. 4. Readily developed using existing technologies.
19 What types of biofuels are there?
20 Liquid fuels
21 Biodiesel replaces regular diesel 1. Easy to manufacture. 2. Biodegradable and non-toxic. 3. Less polluting than regular diesel. 4. Requires no engine modification.
22 Biodiesel can be produced from any oil or fat
23 Ethanol replaces gasoline 1. Produced via fermentation and distillation. 2. Acts as an oxygenate. 3. Lower energy density than gasoline. 4. Requires some engine modification. 5. Problems with transport and storage.
24 Ethanol is typically produced from starch sources, usually grains.
25 But there are other sources of alcohol Sugar Ethanol Cellulose Sugar Ethanol
26 Sources of cellulose
27 Crop residue
28 Dedicated biomass crops Switchgrass Miscanthus
29 Wood chips
30 Why go to the effort of making cellulosic ethanol? Higher ethanol yields per acre!!! Corn 5 tons / acre = 550 gal ethanol vs Miscanthus 15 tons / acre = 1500 gal ethanol
31 Other biofuels
32 Other biomass sources - Algae Cellpharm tubular reactor New Mexico State University Algae produces over 10 times the yield of crops, but infrastructure is intensive and expensive.
33 Biomass energy (as opposed to biofuels)
34 Biomass gasification Biomass HEAT Hydrogen Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Methane Combustion Wood gas truck VIDIR BIOMASS INC
35
36
37 Biomass combustion Craven County 50 MW Wood Energy Plant
38 Important considerations for biofuels production
39 1. Production feasibility What technology and infrastructure is needed, what is the market for feed stock and is production economical?
40 2. The energy balance How much energy does it take to produce the fuel versus what you get out? ENERGY IN ENERGY OUT
41
42 Energy used on US farms in 2002 Natural Gas 4% LPG 5% Pesticides 6% Fertilizers 28% Gasoline 9% Electricity 21% Diesel 27% DOE/Miranowski 2004
43 3. Are the biofuels being grown in a sustainable fashion?
44 4. We can only produce a limited amount of biofuels Fossil Fuel Consumption in North Carolina Gasoline 4,327,000,000 gal/year 503 gal/person/year Diesel 1,244,000,000 gal/year 145 gal/person/year
45 NC Gasoline Displacement 82.5% Scenario 17.5% 9.9% 3.5% 1.5% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% Gasoline Forest Residue Corn Corn Stover & Wheat Straw Sw itchgrass on CRP Lands Hulless Barley Sw itchgrass on Lagoon/Sprayfields If we used all these sources we could only displace 17.5% of our gas usage.
46 NC Petroleum Diesel Displacement 84.6% Scenario 15.4% 4.7% 4.3% 2.6% 1.3% 1.3% 1.0% 0.1% Petroleum Diesel Soybeans Canola Peanut, Cotton, Corn Oil Lard (pig fat) Poultry Fat Used Vegetable Oil Tallow (beef fat) If we used all these sources we could only displace 15.4% of our diesel usage.
47 This DOES NOT mean biofuels are a waste of time! Energy costs NC $16 billion annually. Displacing a few percent of this equates to a large amount of money! It means we also need to save energy and use energy more efficiently
48 What biofuel options exist for Martin County?
49 Immediate prospects
50 Canola (Brassica napus), also called Rapeseed. Related to turnip, rutabaga, cabbage, brussels sprouts and mustard.
51 oats corn NC STATE UNIVERSITY Biodiesel sunflowers pumpkin seed soybean Gallons / acre rapeseed peanuts
52 Canola produces valuable oil and meal highly suitable for livestock feed.
53 Canola can be produced using more-or- less existing agricultural equipment.
54 Crop Farmers Net Return over All Specified Costs at Various Commodity prices Yield/Acre (bushels) Commodity Price ($/bushel) Wheat $2.25 $2.75 $3.36* $3.75 $ $140 -$120 -$100 -$90 -$ $130 -$110 -$90 -$70 -$ $110 -$90 -$70 -$50 -$ $100 -$80 -$50 -$40 -$ $90 -$70 -$40 -$20 $ $80 -$50 -$20 $0 $ $70 -$40 $0 $20 $ $60 -$30 $10 $40 $ $50 -$10 $30 $60 $90 Yield/Acre (bushels) Commodity Price ($/bushel) Canola $4.50 $5.00 $5.40* $6.00 $ $90 -$70 -$60 -$40 -$ $70 -$50 -$30 -$10 $0 40 -$40 -$20 -$10 $20 $ $20 $0 $20 $50 $70 50 $0 $30 $50 $80 $ $20 $50 $70 $110 $ $50 $80 $100 $140 $ $70 $100 $130 $170 $ $90 $130 $150 $200 $230
55 Hulless Barley Winter crop. Produces similar ethanol yields to corn. Uses around 25% of the energy as corn, achieving a higher energy balance. Can be grown as a winter cover crop in a soybean/corn rotation.
56 Medium to long-term prospects
57 Perennial grasses and forest
58 Returns per Acre Above All Specified Costs $30.00 $40.00 $50.00 $60.00 $70.00 $80.00 Crop (Price received for hay ($ / ton)) Switchgrass (biomass) $ $ $ $33.53 $83.53 $ Switchgrass (hay and pasture) $ $ $ $ $ $ Bermudagrass (hay) $ $ $ $ $ $ Bermudagrass (pasture) $ $ $ $ $ $
59 Local fuel production
60 On farm fuel production Average fuel use 9 gal/acre Average Canola oil production 110 gal/acre
61 Area of farm need to grow fuel needs is 8%
62
63 Using manure as fertilizer 1. Application of biosolids can result in substantial growth responses for both young seedlings as well as established stands. 2. Biosolids can provide an excellent alternative to chemical fertilizers as a means of enhancing forest production. 3. Growth response is typically greater and lasts longer when compared to chemical fertilization. Henry et al 1993, Kelty et al 2004, Adegbidi et al 2003
64 E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria survive 3 months in slurry or 1 month in solid manure heaps or soil surface. Nicholson et al 2005 NC law requires that only crops used for animal feed be grown on sludge-application sites and the permit requires an 18-month lag between sludge application and growth of crops for human consumption.
65 Kimberly et al Biolsolid application on Pine 100 Tree volume (m3/ha) No biosolid Low rate High Rate
66
67 Contact: Dr Nicholas George Biofuels Project Coordinator North Carolina Solar Center & Crop Science Department North Carolina State University Cell:
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