Understanding Sources of Contamination in Stormwater Ponds to Promote Water Reuse in Alberta
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1 Understanding Sources of Contamination in Stormwater Ponds to Promote Water Reuse in Alberta Megan Beaudry 1, Graham Banting 1, Candis Scott 1, Nicholas Ashbolt 1, Caterina Valeo 2, Jianxun He 3, Norma Ruecker 4, Bert van Duin 4, Byeonghwa Jeon 1, Norman Neumann 1 1 School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. 2 University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada. 3 University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada 4 City of Calgary, Calgary Canada 1
2 Overview 1. Why Stormwater? Overview Water reuse Research Objective Stormwater pond makeup Molecular methods Culture methods McCall Lake Results 3. Methods- How do we analyze stormwater? 5. Conclusion- What does this mean for water re-use? 2. Sampling- Where do I get stormwater? 4. Results- What s in the water? 2
3 Alberta.Is that a state? 3
4 Stormwater is not rainwater! Stormwater is precipitation collected after reaching the ground. Stormwater ponds collect excess runoff in cities to control flooding and manage urban pollution. Harvesting stormwater could provide Alberta with a strategy to address the growing demands on water resources due to climate change and projected population growth. From nuisance to resource! 4
5 Stormwater Use Options Watering community gardens/athletic fields Toilet/urinal flushing Clothes washing Fire fighting Water features 5
6 Why can t we just use the water?! Potential contaminants: Ø Microbial pathogens from human and animal feces Ø Helminths, protozoan Storm events have been linked to an increased incidence of waterborne enteric diseases, largely due to mobilization and transport of pathogens. 1,2 Public health risks associated with stormwater reuse are not well understood. 1. Curriero et al. (2001). American Journal of Public Health. 91: Thomas et al. (2006). International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 6
7 So, what s the point? Identify sources of bacterial contamination and bacterial pathogens in stormwater ponds in Calgary, Canada 7
8 Collection of Stormwater Samples Pond A Pond B Pond C 21 Weeks 8
9 Molecular Methods: Water Samples Collected Filter 20mL water through a 0.4 µm filter to capture bacteria Culture 100 ml of water in Quantitrays with Colilert for E. coli detection (24 h) Extract DNA from filter (EPA Method 1611) DNA extracted from E. coli positive wells Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qpcr) 9
10 What contributes to the pond? qpcr Targets: Microbial Source Tracking - HF183 - Rum2Bac -Dog3 - HumM2 - CGO1 - MuBac -LeeSg 10
11 What in the pond could be a risk to human health? qpcr Targets: Indicators and Pathogens Salmonella (InvA ) Campylobacter spp. (23S) STEC (stx1&2) - Dog72 Arcobacter butzleri (hsp60) Enterococcus spp. (Entero 1) - Dog72 11
12 Why culture? Campylobacterand Arcobacter MPN qpcr Enumeration 30 c & 42 c, 48 hours 12
13 Enterococcus and E. coli Enumeration Colilert measures total coliforms and E. coli Enterolert detects enterococci 13
14 What is a stormwater pond. Outfall ML1 Inlet PR60 Outfall ML2 Inlet 3/4 14
15 Outfall ML1 McCall Lake Outfall ML2 15
16 Area (ha) Residential % Commercial % Industrial % Parks and Institutions Major Infrastructure /Transportati on Future Urban Development Outfall ML % % % Percent Total % Area (ha) Residential % Commercial % Industrial % Parks and Institutions Major Infrastructure /Transportati on Future Urban Development Outfall ML % % 0 0% Percent Total % 16
17 Pathogen Frequency N = Percent samples positive Campylobacter spp. Salmonella spp. Arcobacter butzleri STEC Pathogen 17
18 Do Culture and Molecular methods compare? qpcr for A. butzleri Culture for A. butzleri Positive Negative Positive 6 18 Negative 0 8 qpcr for Campylobacter spp. Culture for Campylobacter spp. Positive Negative Positive 0 0 Negative % of samples contained A. butzleri through molecular methods, however this may be as high as 75% based on culture 18
19 Who contaminated the stormwater pond? Host Fecal Source Marker Frequency of Occurrence (n=533) Human HF (0.28) HumM2 56 (0.11) Seagull LeeSg 48 (.09) Dog Dog3 13 (.02) Canada Goose CG01 12 (.02) Ruminant Rum2Bac 11 (.02) Muskrat Mubac 6 (.01) 19
20 Outfall ML2 E. coli 6 5 E.coli 6 5 Log 10 MPN per 100 ml Log 10 CFU per 100 ml May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul Date Sampled 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep 12-Sep 20
21 Outfall ML2 Human Markers 6 E.coli HF Log 10 Copies per 100 ml Log 10 MPN per 100 ml May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul Date Sampled 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep 12-Sep 21
22 Outfall ML2 Human Markers Log 10 Copies per 100 ml HumM2 E.coli HF Log 10 MPN per 100 ml May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul Date Sampled 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep 12-Sep 22
23 Outfall ML2 A. butzleri 6 HF183 HumM2 HSP60 Log 10 Copies per 100 ml May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep 12-Sep Date Sampled 23
24 What is the relationship between A. butzleri and Human contamination markers? qpcr for A. butzleri qpcr for HF183 Positive Negative Positive Negative 0 3 qpcr for A. butzleri qpcr for HumM2 Positive Negative Positive 9 5 Negative
25 Outfall ML2 - Seagull 6 LeeSg HSP60 E.coli 6 Log 10 Copies per 100 ml May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep 12-Sep Log 10 MPN per 100 ml Date Sampled 25
26 Outfall ML1 Absence of Human Copies per 100 ml Markers HF183 HumM2 LeeSg HSP May 16-May 23-May 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug 15-Aug 22-Aug 29-Aug 5-Sep 12-Sep Date Sampled 26
27 27
28 What are the findings? Human sewage appears to be a source of fecal pollution in stormwater systems in McCall Lake Ødiluted levels ( ~10-3 ) at outfalls. A. butzleri, was the most prevalent bacterial enteric pathogen found in stormwater (~65%) A. butzleri sources likely include human, animals, and growth in the environment as animals (i.e., seagulls and birds). 28
29 What does this mean? Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) Characterizing infrastructure challenges associated with human fecal pollution Assess occurrence of other pathogens in stormwater 29
30 Acknowledgements Provincial Laboratory Environmental Health Sciences Group 30
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