16.3 Electric generators and transformers
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1 ElEctromagnEts and InductIon Chapter Electric generators and transformers Motors transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electric generators do the opposite. They transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generators are used to create the electricity that powers all of the appliances in your home. In this section, you will learn how generators produce electricity. Electromagnetic induction Magnetism and electricity Symmetry in physics Making current Reversing the current only when a magnet is moving also true. If you move a magnet near a coil of wire, an electric current is induced in the coil. The word induce means to cause to happen. The process of using a moving magnet to create an electric current is called electromagnetic induction. A moving magnet induces electric current to Many laws in physics display symmetry. In physics, symmetry means that a process works in both directions. Earlier in this chapter, you read that moving electric charges create magnetism. The symmetry is that changing Many physical laws display symmetry of one form or another. Figure 16.7 shows an experiment demonstrating electromagnetic induction. In the experiment, a magnet can move in and out of a coil of wire. The coil is attached to a meter that measures the electric current. When the magnet moves into the coil of wire, as the magnet is moving, electric current is induced in the coil and the meter swings to the left. The current stops when the magnet stops moving. When the magnet is pulled out again, as the magnet is moving, current is induced in the opposite direction. The meter swings to the right as the magnet moves. Again, the current stops when the magnet stops moving. Current is produced only if the magnet is moving, because a changing electromagnetic induction - the process of using a moving magnet to create a current in a conductor Figure 16.7: A moving magnet produces a current in a coil of wire. A voltage is 391
2 Chapter 16 ElEctromagnEts and InductIon Faraday s law of induction When current is induced Induced voltage coil if you wave a magnet around far away from the coil? If you guessed no, you are right. The coil has to be close enough that through the coil. The induced current depends on the amount of the magnetic Adding an iron core helps direct the the coil. A moving magnet, like the one shown above, produces a voltage difference between the ends of the wires that make the coil. If the wires were connected, current would experiments it is easier to measure the induced voltage instead of the current. Faraday s law The voltage (energy) produced and the current induced depend on how fast Faraday ( ), an moving magnets and coils and discovered Faraday s law of induction. Faraday s law says the induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change Induced current, work, and energy voltage develops. The induced current in the coil makes its own magnetic into a coil, the coil itself will develop a repelling north pole from the induced current. If you pull the magnet back out again, the coil will reverse its current, making a south pole that attracts your magnet. Either way, you have to push the magnet in or out, doing work, to supply the energy that makes Faraday s law of induction - the voltage induced in a coil is directly proportional to the rate through the coil Figure 16.8: A moving magnet produces a voltage difference between the ends of the the wires are connected Electric Generators and Transformers
3 ElEctromagnEts and InductIon Chapter 16 generating electricity A simple generator A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using Faraday s law of induction. Most large generators use some form of rotating rotating magnets past a stationary coil as shown below. As the disk rotates, coil, and electric current is created. generator - a device that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy using Faraday s law of induction Figure 16.9: Current is created when a Alternating current generators The generator shown above generates AC electricity. The direction of the current and voltage alternates. The electricity transmitted to homes in the United States is produced by AC generators. The electrical energy created by a generator is not created from nothing. Energy must continually be supplied to keep the rotating coil or magnetic disk turning. In hydroelectric generators, falling water turns a turbine which spins a generator to produce electricity. Windmills can generate electricity in a similar way. Other power plants use gas, oil, or coal to heat steam to high pressures. The steam then spins the turbines that convert the chemical energy stored in the fuels into electrical energy (Figure 16.10). Figure 16.10: A power plant generator contains a turbine that turns magnets inside loops of wire, generating electricity. Some other form of energy must be continually supplied to turn the turbine. 393
4 Chapter 16 ElEctromagnEts and InductIon Producing and transporting electricity One way to produce electricity Starting at the power plant Electricity is carried by wires Towering more than 200 meters above the Colorado River, this gigantic concrete structure is known as one of the greatest engineering projects in the world. Hoover Dam is called a hydroelectric plant because it converts the energy of falling water into electricity. Using the potential energy of water is one way to produce electricity. What are other ways? pathway. Electricity is supplied by a power plant. Many power plants use a form of fossil fuel coal, oil, or natural gas as an energy source. Water, nuclear energy, wind, and solar energy can also be used as energy sources. In a power plant that uses coal, the heat produced from burning coal is used to boil water. The steam from the boiling water turns a turbine. The turbine turns a generator which produces electricity. The electricity is transported to homes and businesses through a network of wires, often called the grid. The graphic below shows how energy is transformed throughout the process of generating and transporting electricity from a power plant that uses fossil fuels. With each transformation (green arrows), some energy is lost to the system in the form of heat (red arrows). Figure 16.11: The Hoover Dam has a power plant that uses water to turn turbines that produce electricity Electric Generators and Transformers
5 ElEctromagnEts and InductIon Chapter 16 Electricity from different resources Nonrenewable resources Problems with electricity Renewable resources To produce electricity, you need an energy resource. Energy resources are divided into two categories: nonrenewable and renewable. A nonrenewable resource is not replaced as it is used. Any fossil fuel is an good example of nonrenewable resource. Fossil fuels are found in Earth s crust. They are called fossil fuels because they were formed hundreds of millions of years ago by processes acting on dead plants and animals. The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil (also called petroleum), and natural gas. Since they are not replaced as they are used, nonrenewable resources increased in Earth s atmosphere since the 1800s, our planet is experiencing global climate change. Global climate change is the increase of average temperature due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere. This warming trend has led to glacial melting and an increase in volume of Earth s oceans. As a result, the sea level has been are causing scientists and governments to look to renewable resources for producing electricity. A renewable resource can be replaced naturally in a relatively short period of time. Falling water, energy from the Sun, wind energy, and geothermal energy are examples of renewable resources that can be used to produce electricity. Other examples, include burning solid waste and biomass (plant matter) in place of fossil fuels (Figure 16.12). In 2009, 8 percent of the total amount of resources used for electricity production was renewable. In 2008, renewable resources represented 7 percent of the total energy used. A current trend in the United States is an increase each year in renewable energy consumption, but an overall decrease in total energy consumption. nonrenewable resource - a natural resource that is not replaced as it is used fossil fuel - substances found in Earth s crust that were formed over millions of years from the remains of dead organisms renewable resource - a natural resource that can be replaced Renewable Resources Used for U.S. Electricity Production, 2009 Hydroelectric 35% Geothermal 5% Wind 9% Solar 1% Biomass 50% Data are from the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Figure 16.12: Types of renewable resources used for energy production in 2009 and their percentages. 395
6 Chapter 16 ElEctromagnEts and InductIon geothermal, biomass, and hydroelectric energy Geothermal reservoirs Biomass Hydroelectric Iceland is a country of contrasts. Glaciers cover 11 percent of Iceland, yet there are also many places where molten rock is close to the surface. At these hot spots, where geothermal reservoirs are located, wells have been drilled to tap into the hot water. Geothermal power plants use Earth s internal heat energy, in the form of water or steam, to produce electricity. Iceland produces most of its electricity from geothermal energy. Geothermal power plants can be found all over the world, including Alaska, Hawaii, and some western parts of the United States. people have used wood, a type of biomass, for space and water heating. Now, industrial waste, or agricultural and forestry activities. In waste-to-energy plants, renewable solid waste is burned to produce steam, which is used used to make biomass can be grown over and over, so biomass is considered associated with global climate change but as living plants, the biomass originally consumed carbon dioxide during its growth process. As mentioned earlier, a hydroelectric plant uses energy from falling water to generate electricity (Figure 16.13). The two most common types of hydroelectric power plants are water impoundment using a dam, and pumped storage. An impoundment facility dams up river water and stores it in a reservoir. The water falls from the reservoir and turns a turbine, which spins a generator and produces electricity. Instead of holding back river water in a reservoir, a pumped storage facility actively pumps water from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir during off-peak or low-demand hours. The water is then release back to the lower reservoir during high-demand hours. Again, the energy of the falling water is used to generate electricity. From biomass to electricity The McNeil generating station in Burlington, Vermont, uses waste wood from forestry and used wooden shipping pallets to produce electricity. In 1989, a natural-gas-burning system was added to the plant. The heat energy from the combustion of both wood and gas is fed into the same boiler. This unique power plant has been fully operational since Some interesting McNeil station facts: temperature: 950 F per hour (enough electricity for almost the entire city of Burlington, Vermont) Figure 16.13: A dam is part of a hydroelectric impoundment facility Electric Generators and Transformers
7 ElEctromagnEts and InductIon Chapter 16 Electricity and power A watt is a unit Kilowatt-hours Save money on electricity Electrical power is measured in watts, just like mechanical power. Recall that electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is changed into other forms of energy such as heat, sound, or light. Anything that uses electricity is actually converting electrical energy into some other type of energy. The watt (W) is an abbreviation for 1 joule per second (J/s). A 100-watt light bulb uses 100 joules of energy every second. Figure shows some typical power ratings for common devices. Utility companies charge customers for the number of kilowatt-hours (kwh) used each month. One kilowatt-hour means that 1 kilowatt of power has been used for 1 hour. A kilowatt-hour is not a unit of power but a unit of energy, like a joule. A kilowatt-hour is a relatively large joules. If you leave a 1,000-watt hair dryer on for 1 hour, you have used 1 kilowatt-hour of energy. You could also use 1 kilowatt-hour by using a 100-watt light bulb for 10 hours. The number number of hours the appliance was turned on. Electric companies charge for kilowatt-hours used monthly. Your home is connected to a meter that keeps track of the energy or kilowatt-hours used. How can you save money on your household s electric bill? Use less electrical energy, of course! There are many simple things you can do to use less electricity. When added up, these simple things can mean many dollars of savings each month, which adds up to a large amount of money over a one-year period. What can you do? Make sure your windows seal properly when they are closed. Turn off lights when you are not using them. Switch electric utility company to send an energy consultant to your home to give suggestions on how to conserve electricity. Some utility companies can install devices in homes that allows them to control electricity usage, too. appliance Electric Stove Power (watts) Electric heater 1,500 Toaster 1,200 Hair dryer 1,000 Iron 800 Washing machine Television Light bulb 100 Small fan 50 Clock radio 10 Figure 16.14: Typical power usage of some common appliances. 397
8 Chapter 16 ElEctromagnEts and InductIon transformers Electricity is distributed at high voltage Electric power operate by electromagnetic induction How a works From the perspective of physics, it makes sense to distribute electricity from a generator to homes using high voltage. For example, most main power lines on a city street carry AC current at 13,800 volts. Power is current times voltage, each amp of current provides 13,800 watts of power. The problem is that you would not want your wall outlets to be at 13,800 volts! With a voltage this high, plugging in your appliances would be dangerous. A transformer steps down or decreases a higher voltage to a lower voltage. with little loss of power. The voltage of your wall outlet is a much safer 120 volts. A transformer can take 1 amp at 13,800 volts from the power lines outside and convert it to 115 amps at 120 volts (Figure 16.15). The total 115 A. A transformer uses electromagnetic induction, similar to a generator. Figure shows what a transformer looks like inside its protective case. You may have seen one inside a doorbell or an AC adapter. The input to the transformer is connected to the primary coil. The output of the transformer is connected to the secondary coil. The coils are wound around an iron or the centers of the coils. Consider the transformer between the outside power lines and your house: 1. The primary coil is connected to outside power lines. Current in the the core in Figure The current in the primary coil changes constantly because it is alternating current. 3. As the current changes, so does the strength and direction of the magnetic in the secondary coil. The secondary coil connects to your home s wiring. transformer - a device that increases or decreases the voltage from a power source Figure 16.15: A high-power transformer reduces the voltage, which keeps the power constant. Figure 16.16: A transformer contains coils wrapped around an iron-like core Electric Generators and Transformers
9 Voltage relationships for a transformer The number important Voltage and current Transformers work because there are different number of turns in the coils. induced current all depend on the number of turns (Figure 16.17). In the voltage of the induced current as a coil with 10 turns. With fewer turns than the primary, the secondary coil also has lower induced voltage than the voltage applied to the primary coil. In this case, voltage is stepped down. With more turns than the primary coil, the secondary coil has greater induced voltage than the voltage applied to the primary coil (voltage current) is the same for both coils (neglecting resistance). changing voltage with a transformer ElEctromagnEts and InductIon Chapter 16 A cell-phone AC adapter reduces the 120 V AC to the 6 V DC needed by the phone s battery. If the primary coil has 240 turns, how many turns must the secondary coil have? 1. Looking for: You are asked for the number of turns of the secondary coil. 2. Given: You are given the voltage of each coil and the number of turns of the primary coil. 3. Relationships: V N 1 1 V N 4. Solution: Your Turn: 16.3 Section Review a. A transformer has a secondary coil with 20 turns and a primary coil with 200 turns. What is the secondary voltage if the primary voltage is 120 volts? (Answers are listed at the end of the chapter.) 1. Explain Faraday s law of induction. 2. What is the purpose of a transformer? V 6 V = 240 turns N 2 12 turns N 2 Figure 16.17: The relationship between voltage and the number of turns in a transformer. 399
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