Innovations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal

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1 1 st Annual Innovative Wastewater Technologies Seminar Innovations in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Jose A. Jimenez, Ph.D., P.E. Director of Technology and Innovation Brown and Caldwell July 15 th, 2015

2 Vision of WRRF Recovery of key resources Energy neutral or positive treatment Public and private sector partnerships Optimal integration of sources AND: Always ensure protection of public health 2

3 Innovation 3

4 Fundamentals of Nutrient Removal 4

5 Nutrient Removal Basics Nitrogen Removal Nitrification requires oxygen = energy for blowers/aerators Denitrification requires carbon = organics needed; organics that could have been used for energy production Phosphorus Removal Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms (PAO) require soluble carbon = competition with denitrification for organics; organics could have been used for energy production 5

6 Required and Available Energy for Wastewater Treatment, Exclusive of Heat Energy Energy required for secondary wastewater treatment 1,200 to 2,400 MJ/1000 m3 Energy available in wastewater for treatment 5,850 MJ/1000 m3 COD = 500 mg/l) Energy available in wastewater is 2 to 4 times the amount required for treatment 6

7 Organic Carbon vs. Energy 1.3 MJ/person per day ($0.01/person/day) Can be readily recovered as energy Can also be recovered as value added carbon ($0.05-$0.5/person/day) methane generated from anaerobic digestion bioplastics (i.e., PHA) via activated sludge alginate/biogels via granular sludge soluble organics via fermentation 7

8 Capital costs ($/gpd) Capital costs ($/gpd) Operations costs ($/MG treated) Capital costs ($/gpd) Estimated Capital and Operating Costs for Each Treatment Level 30 1, , , , No N/P removal 600 No N/P removal 8 to 10 mg/l N10 8 to 10 mg/l N 8 to 10 mg/l N; 1 mg/l P 8 to 10 mg/l N; mg/l P 6 mg/l N; 0.5 mg/l P 6 mg/l N; 0.5 mg/l P 5 gpd 3 mg/l 3 mg/l N; N; mg/l mg/l P 200P 3 mg/l 3 mg/l N; N; mg/l mg/l P P Levels 5 of of treatment Levels of Treatment 1: 2: 2 mg/l 2 mg/l N; N; mg/l 0 mg/l P P 1 mg/l 1 mg/l N; N; mg/l mg/l P) P) No N/P removal 8 to 10 mg/l N Levels Levels 5 of of treatment Levels of Treatment 3: 8 to 10 mg/l N; 1 mg/l P 4: 6 mg/l N; 0.5 mg/l P 5: 3 mg/l N; 0.1 mg/l P 6: 3 mg/l N; 0.05 mg/l P 7: 2 mg/l N; 0.05 mg/l P Levels of treatment 8: 1 mg/l N; 0.05 mg/l P)

9 Nitrogen Removal Processes 9

10 Carbon Requirements for Mainstream Biological Nitrogen Removal Processes Constituent Carbon required for nitrogen removal (mg COD /mg N) Net Process Oxygen Requirement (mg O2/mg N Converted to N2) Nitrification denitrification Nitritationdenitritation Partial nitritationdeammonification Influent COD:N Ratio often mgcod/ mgn Opportunities available to divert COD out of the plant and use it for energy generation The conundrum of aerobic treatment is that electrical energy is needed to destroy chemical energy (COD) Process units available to redirect Carbon for energy generation 10

11 Conventional Nitrogen Removal Processes TN 8-10 mg/l TN 3-5 mg/l Electricity ( e.g., aeration, pumping) Infrastructure (facility footprint) Chemicals (e.g., external carbon, alkalinity, polymers) 11

12 Conventional Nitrification-Denitrification Autotrophic Bacteria Aerobic Environment Heterotrophic Bacteria Anoxic Environment 75% O 2 (energy) ~100% Alkalinity 25% O 2 (energy) 1 mole Ammonia (NH 3 / NH 4 + ) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) 1 mole Nitrate (NO 3- ) Nitrite Oxidizing. Bacteria (NOB) 40% Carbon (BOD) 1 mole Nitrite (NO 2- ) 60% Carbon (BOD) ½ mol Nitrogen Gas (N 2 ) 12

13 Advances in Nitrogen Removal 13

14 Recent Advances in N Removal started with Sidestream Treatment 14

15 Anammox Bacteria Very Slow Growth 10 day doubling time at 20 C SRT (30-50 days) Sensitive to: Nitrite causes irreversible loss of activity toxicity based on concentration & exposure time NH 4 + : NO 2 - ratio 1 : 1.3 DO - reversible inhibition Free ammonia (<10 mg/l) Temperature >30 C preferred ph (neutral range) Bernhard Wett, Gallon 80 Gallons 635 Gallons 132,000 Gallons

16 Coupled Aerobic-Anoxic Nitrous Decomposition Operation (CANDO) Couples nitritation (NH3 conversion to NO2) followed be incomplete denitrification (NO2 conversion to N2O) N2O is captured and can be used for combustion (e.g., biogas engine or boiler) Increase power output making the net energy recovery much more favorable Gao, Scherson and Wells

17 17

18 From Green House Gas to Green Biofuel CARBON RECOVERY? CH 4 CH 3 OH NH 3 AOB NH 2 OH ANAEROBIC DIGESTION NO 2 - BNR Process NITRIFICATION NO 3 - Su et. al., 2015

19 Wastewater C:N Ratio C:N ratio into the bioreactor may be a key control factor in defining predominant pathway for TN removal Control denitrification by heterotrophic organisms Higher C:N ratio 6-10 :1 range? Heterotrophs Outcompete Medium C:N 3-5 :1 range? Lower C:N ratio 1-3 :1 range? Anammox Outcompete Conventional Nitrification / Denitrification Nitrite Shunt Deammonification If C/N ratio is sufficient for conventional nitrification/denitrification, opportunity to: Reduce C:N ratio by CEPT and HRAS and reduce Energy needed for nitrogen removed Divert carbon to anaerobic digestion to both recover energy (CHP system) 19

20 Resource Efficient Recycling Options Stage 1 Carbon Removal and Recovery Stage 2 Nitrogen Removal Stage 3 P Removal/ Recovery Water Reuse Biosolids Energy Generation Fertilizer By-Products 20

21 Carbon Removal Processes Anaerobic - UASB Physical - Primary Settling Physical - Micro-Sieves and Micro-Filters Activated Sludge / A-Stage 21

22 Nitrite Shunt/ Mainstream Deammonification 22

23 Nitrogen Species, mg/l Low DO Operation Nitrite-Shunt Process /28/13 8/4/13 8/11/13 8/18/13 8/25/13 9/1/13 Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate Jimenez et al. (2014) 23

24 CONC. (mgn/l) Ammonia vs NOx control D.O. NO2-N NO3-N NH4-N M DO = set point DO Controller/ PLC Aerobic Duration Controller/ PLC S Air NH4-N - NOx-N = setpoint Nitrogen (mg/l) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) /01/ Dissoved Oxygen (mg/l) 12/01/ Aerobic Fraction NH4-N NOx-N N Species 19/01/2013 SecEff Ammonia N SecEff Total inorganic N 1-hour 26/01/2013 2/02/2013 SecEff Nitrite + Nitrate DO Aerobic Fraction 9/02/2013 Regmi et al., hour

25 Nitrite Shunt through FNA Production Zhiguo Yuan, The University of Queensland

26 Approaches to Mainstream Deammonification 26

27 Integrated Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatment Biogas Disintegration of Sewage Sludge Waste sludge Influent Preliminary Treatment Anaerobic Process N Removal Effluent Dewatering Sludge Disposal

28 Energy neutrality or self sufficiency Harness energy content of wastewater (14 MJ/kg COD) While performing nitrogen removal C-redirection Mainstream Deammonification Sidestream Deammonification Anaerobic Digester Strass WWTP, Austria

29 HRSD s Approach A-stage B-stage(AvN+) AER HRAS AER AER PCL AvN AER AER AER AER SCL Anammox MBBR ANX RAS WAS IMLR RAS WAS Carbon redirection Nitrite-shunt Nitrogen Polishing Pilot Plant is Located in Hampton Roads Sanitation District s Chesapeake Elizabeth Treatment Plant, Virginia Beach. Regmi et al. (2014)

30 Enhanced Mainstream Nitrogen Removal Zhiguo Yuan, The University of Queensland

31 What about P Removal? 31

32 Some Traditional Flow Diagrams for Bio-P Barnard (2011) 32

33 Issues with Bio-P and N Removal Bio-P becomes less stable when applied in conjunction with N removal processes due: competition with GAOs introduction of nitrate/nitrite to anaerobic zone competition for carbon N removal via denitrification becomes carbon limited due to bio-p Supplemental carbon is added to enhance denitrification and/or bio-p PAOs that can use nitrate/nitrite as an electron acceptor instead of O 2 to be highly desirable pathway for both N and P removal 33

34 Biological Advances Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal Y. Ma et al,

35 Effluent Quality, mg/l Biological Advances Nitrite Shunt and Bio-P (DPAO?) TN TP 35

36 Ballasted-Flocculation with Magnetite 36

37 Bionanotechnological phosphate removal system with thermostable ferritin BiAqua Technology: Biobased adsorbents 37

38 Struvite Crystallization Processes for Bio-P Plants Liquid technologies: Crystalactor Ostara Pearl PHOSPAQ TM Multiform Harvest Solids technologies: AirPrex

39 Vision of WRRF Recovery of key resources Energy neutral or positive treatment Public and private sector partnerships Optimal integration of sources AND: Always ensure protection of public health 39

40 Presenter contact information Jose Jimenez Ph.D., P.E.

41 HRSD Mainstream Nitrite-Shunt + Anammox Polishing Nitrogen removal in nitrite-shunt Anammox Polishing 41

42 Energy Balance of WRRF ET - thermal energy ES - syntheses energy EE - electricity Wett et al. (2007) 42

43 Jurg Keller, The University of Queensland 43

44 Biological Advances Denitrifying PAOs Anoxic P removal possible by denitrifying PAOs (DPAOs) Carbon and oxygen requirements are curbed PHA stored by PAOs in anaerobic conditions can be used for denitrification and P uptake in anoxic conditions DPAOs activity over nitrite is of interest when integrating bio-p in a shortcut N removal system. Bio-P and denitrifying dephosphatation with advanced biological nitrogen removal processes. 44

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